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Units

The document provides an overview of units and measurements in physics, focusing on the distinction between qualitative and quantitative observations. It explains physical quantities, their classifications into base and derived quantities, and the systems of units including SI units and their definitions. Additionally, it covers prefixes for large and small quantities, standard forms of writing numbers, and supplementary units.

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15 views15 pages

Units

The document provides an overview of units and measurements in physics, focusing on the distinction between qualitative and quantitative observations. It explains physical quantities, their classifications into base and derived quantities, and the systems of units including SI units and their definitions. Additionally, it covers prefixes for large and small quantities, standard forms of writing numbers, and supplementary units.

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iitbombayairone1
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JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA TAKLI

DHOKESHWAR
AHMEDNAGAR

UNITS & MEASUREMENTS I


CLASS XI

MR. ARINDAM DEY


PGT PHYSICS
JNV AHMEDNAGAR
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Quantitative versus qualitative
• Most observation in physics are quantitative
• Descriptive observations (or qualitative) are usually imprecise

Qualitative Observations Quantitative Observations


How do you measure What can be measured with the
artistic beauty instruments on an aeroplane
PHYSICAL QUANTITY
A physical quantity is that which can be measured and consists of a
magnitude and unit.
For example :-Measuring length

TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES


Physical quantities are classified into two types:
• Base quantities
• Derived quantities
Base quantity is like the brick – the basic building block of a house
Derived quantity is like the house that was build up from a
collection of bricks (basic quantity).
TYPES OF UNITS
1. Fundamental Units Those physical quantities which are independent to each other are called
fundamental quantities and their units are called fundamental units.
Fundamental Quantity-Unit-Symbol
1. Length- metre- m
2. Mass- kilogram -kg
3. Time -second -S
4. Temperature- kelvin -kg
5. Electric current- ampere- A
6. Luminous intensity- candela- cd
7. Amount of substance -mole –mol
2. Derived Units Those physical quantities which are derived from fundamental quantities are
called derived quantities and their units are called derived units.
Example : velocity, acceleration, force, work, etc.
FEW DERIVED QUANTITIES WITH FORMULA AND UNIT
Derived Relation with Base and Special
Unit
Quantity Derived Quantities Name
area length × width m2 -
volume length × width × height m3 -
density mass  volume kgm-3 -
speed distance  time ms-1 -
acceleration change in velocity  time ms-2 -
force mass × acceleration kgms-2 newton (N)
pressure force  area Nm-2 pascal (Pa)
work force × distance Nm joule (J)
power work  time Js-1 watt (W)
UNITS FOR MEASUREMENTS
◆ The chosen standard of the same kind taken as reference in order
to measure a physical quantity is called the unit of that quantity.
◆ Measure of physical quantity = numerical value of physical quantity x
size of its unit
◆ It can be represented as :- X = NU
Where X= Quantity To Be Measured N= Numerical Value
U= Size Of The Unit
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDARD UNIT:
Following are the important characteristics of standard
unit:
(I) It should be easily understandable.
(ii)It should not be changed with change in physical
conditions.
(iii)It should not change with place or time.
(iv)It should be easily duplicated.
(v)It should be in accordance with the size of the quality to be
measured.
(vi)It should be properly defined
PREFIXES
◆ Prefixes simplify the writing of very large or very small quantities

Prefix Abbreviation Power


nano n 10−9
micro  10−6
milli m 10−3
centi c 10−2
deci d 10−1
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109
STANDARD FORM OF WRITING A NUMBER
• Alternative writing method
• Using standard form
• N × 10n where 0.5  N < 5 and n is an integer

This galaxy is about 2.5 × 106 light The diameter of this atom is about
years from the Earth. 1 × 10−10 m.
SYSTEMS OF UNITS
• A system of units is the complete set of units, both fundamental and
derived, for all kinds of physical quantities.
• The common system of units which is used in mechanics are given below:
1. CGS System In this system, the unit of length is centimetre, the unit of mass is gram
and the unit of time is second.
2.FPS System In this system, the unit of length is foot, the unit of mass is
pound and the unit of time is second.
3.MKS System In this system, the unit of length is metre, the unit of mass is
kilogram and the unit of time is second.
4.SI System This system contain seven fundamental units and two
supplementary fundamental units.
SYSTEME INTERNATIONALE D’UNITS
Physical quantity Unit Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current Ampere A
Thermodynamic Kelvin K
temperature
Intensity of light candela Cd
Quantity of substance mole mol

Supplementary quantities
Plane angle radian rad
Solid angle steradian sr
DEFINITIONS OF SI UNITS
◆ Metre: It is defined as the distance travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of
1/299, 792, 458 of a second
◆ Kilogram : The mass of a cylinder of platinum–iridium alloy kept in the International Bureau
of weights and measures preserved at Serves near Paris is called one kilogram.
◆ Second : The duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition
between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of caesium–133 atom is called one second.
◆ Ampere : The current which when flowing in each of two parallel conductors of infinite length
and negligible cross– section and placed one metre apart in vacuum, causes each conductor to
experience a force of 2x10–7 newton per metre of length is known as one ampere.
◆ Kelvin : The fraction of 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water
is called kelvin.
◆ Candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that
direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
◆ Mole : The amount of a substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as
there are atoms in 12x10 3 kg of carbon–12 is known as one mole.
DEFINITIONS OF SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
Radian : The angle made by an arc of the circle equivalent
to its radius at the centre is known as radian. 1 radian =
57017’45”.
Steradian : The angle subtended at the centre by one
square metre area of the surface of a sphere of radius
one metre is known as steradian.
SOME MORE DEFINITIONS
◆ Angstrom is the unit of length used to measure the wavelength of light.
1 Å = 10-10 m.
◆ Fermi is the unit of length used to measure nuclear distances. 1 fermi
= 10-15metre.
◆ Light year is the unit of length for measuring astronomical distances.
◆ Light year = distance travelled by light in 1 year = 9.4605x1015m.
◆ Astronomical unit = Mean distance between the sun and earth =
1.5x1011 m.
◆ Parsec is the distance at which average radius of earth’s orbit
subtends an angle of 1 arc second
◆ Parsec = 3.26 light years = 3.084x1016 m

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