TOPIC

REVIEW 7
? Topic Essential Question
How can you investigate chance processes and develop, use, and evaluate
probability models?

Vocabulary Review
Complete each definition, and then provide an example of each vocabulary word.

Vocabulary  vent
e outcome probability
relative frequency sample space simulation

Definition Example

1. The ratio of the number of times an event

occurs to the total number of trials is
the .

2. The set of all possible outcomes is the

.

3. A model of a real-world situation that is used to

find probabilities is a(n) .

4. A single outcome or a group of outcomes is

a(n) .

Use Vocabulary in Writing

A restaurant serves either skim milk or whole milk in glasses that are either
small, medium, or large. Use vocabulary words to explain how you could
determine all the possible outcomes of milk choices at the restaurant. Use
vocabulary words in your explanation.

Topic 7 Topic Review 403

 Concepts and Skills Review
LESSON 7-1 Understand Likelihood and Probability

Quick Review Practice

The probability of an event describes the 1. Use Luke’s 10-sided solid from the example.
likelihood an event will occur. The likelihood Describe an event that is certain and one that is
of an event ranges from impossible to certain, impossible using this solid.
but more common descriptions are likely or
unlikely. An event is a single outcome or
group of outcomes. An outcome is a possible
result of an action. Probability can be
2. A spinner with 8 equal-sized sections is used for
represented as a fraction, as a decimal, or as
a game. Based on the descriptions below, is the
a percent. Something is fair if there is an
spinner fair? Explain.
equal chance for each outcome to occur.
The probability the pointer will land on yellow is
1 out of 4.
Example The probability the pointer will land on blue is
Luke rolls a 10-sided solid with equal-sized 2 out of 8.
faces labeled 1 to 10. What is the probability The probabilities that the pointer will land on
of rolling a 4? green or red are both 25%.
1
1 out of 10, or 10 . It is unlikely to occur.

LESSON 7-2 Understand Theoretical Probability

Quick Review Practice

The theoretical probability of an event 1. Using the example, fifteen people take out a
can be found if the possible outcomes are slip of paper from the bucket without looking
known and are all equally likely. Theoretical and record the results before replacing the
probability can be used to make predictions. slip back into the bucket. How many times is
a slip labeled “5” expected to be drawn?
Example
The numbers from 1 to 5 are written on slips
of paper and placed in a bucket. What is the
theoretical probability of drawing a 2?
number of slips labeled “2”
P(2) = =1
number of possible outcomes 5

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LESSON 7-3 Understand Experimental Probability

Quick Review Practice

The experimental probability or relative 1. Jaylon and Paula spin the pointer 30 times and
frequency is based on actual results from get the results shown in the table.
an experiment and may differ from the
theoretical probability of an event occurring.
This discrepancy decreases as the number of 2 1
trials of an experiment increases. You can use
experimental probability and proportional
reasoning to make predictions.
3 4
experimental probability =
number of times an event occurs
total number of trials
1 2 3 4
Example Jaylon 6 8 9 7
Four people conduct an experiment to find Paula 8 5 7 10
how often a flipped coin lands heads up. The
results are shown in the table below.
What is the theoretical probability of the pointer
landing on the number 2?
Name Total Flips Heads
Ashley 55 26
Brent 70 38
Based on the results in the table, how does the
experimental probability of the pointer landing
Carey 50 22 on 2 compare to the theoretical probability?
David 80 41
TOTAL 255

Based on the results from each person’s coin

flips, find the experimental probability of a
flipped coin landing heads up.
2. Based on the results in the table, about how
The flipped coin landed heads-up in 127 of many times should Jaylon and Paula expect the
255 trials. The experimental probability is pointer to land on 4 out of a total of 130 spins?
about 49.8%. Explain your answer.
How does the experimental probability
compare to the theoretical probability of
a flipped coin landing heads up?
The experimental probability, 49.8%, is very close
to the theoretical probability of 50%.

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LESSON 7-4 Use Probability Models

Quick Review Practice

A probability model consists of a sample 1. Abe has a different spinner. He also wants to
space, or all possible outcomes of an action, develop a probability model.
and a list of events within the sample space
with the probability of each. The sum of the
probabilities in the model is 1. A probability
model can be used to make conclusions about
probabilities of events or to make estimates
or predictions.

Example
Jenna spins the pointer on her spinner How will his probability model be the same as,
20 times. Develop a probability model for the and how will it differ from, Jenna’s model?
situation. What is the sum of the probabilities
in the probability model?

2. Walter has a different spinner.

Sample space, S = {white section, blue section,

white section, red section, white section, yellow
section}
List the events and their probabilities.
P (white) = 1 1
2 ; P (blue) = 6 ; What is the probability that the pointer will land
on a color that is not red?
P (red) = 1 1
6 ; P (yellow) = 6

Find the sum of the probabilities. 3. What is the sample space of Walter’s spinner?
1 1 1 1
2+6+6+6=1
The sum of the probabilities is 1. 4. Walter will spin the pointer 50 times. About
how many times will the pointer land on
each color?

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LESSON 7-5 Determine Outcomes of Compound Events

Quick Review Practice

A compound event is a combination of two or 1. A basket contains a red, a yellow, and a green
more events. An organized list, table, or tree apple. A second basket contains an orange,
diagram can be used to represent the sample a lemon, and a peach. Use an organized list to
space of a compound event. show all the outcomes in the sample space.

Example
2. Simon is playing a game with letter tiles. He
The student shop sells red and black bags has 5 tiles remaining and will spell a new word
printed with the school logo. Students can by placing two tiles–first a consonant and
choose a backpack, duffel bag, or cinch sack then a vowel–in front of a Y already on the
of either color. Make a tree diagram to show board. Complete the table below to describe
all the styles of bags sold at the shop. all combinations of tiles that Simon can use to
backpack spell a new word.
red duffel bag A O
cinch sack
B
backpack
black duffel bag
S
cinch sack

The shop sells 6 different styles of bags. J

LESSON 7-6 Find Probabilities of Compound Events

Quick Review Practice

The probability of a compound event can 1. One set of cards has a beach, a road, a desert, a
be represented by a ratio of the favorable mountain, and an island. A second set of cards
outcomes to all possible outcomes. The has a car, a truck, and a van. Complete the
probability can be calculated using an table below to find the probability of randomly
organized list, a table, or a tree diagram. drawing a mountain card and a truck card.

Car Truck Van

Example
If it is equally likely that a soccer team wins Beach
or loses any game, what is the probability
that the team will win its next two games? Road
Make a tree diagram to list the outcomes.
W L Desert

W L W L Mountain
Only 1 of the 4 outcomes shows the team winning
each of its next two games. Island

P (winning the next two games) = 1

4 = 25%

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LESSON 7-7 Simulate Compound Events

Quick Review Practice

An actual event is sometimes difficult to 1. Felix’s favorite cereal includes 1 of 3 different
perform or record. A simulation can be prizes inside each box. The chance of getting
used to model the outcomes of a real-world each prize is equally likely. Felix conducts a
event. Based on simulated results, you can simulation to see what his chances are of
approximate the probability and predict the collecting all 3 prizes if he buys 5 boxes over
future outcomes of an event. time. Each section of the spinner represents the
possible prizes in a single box.

Example
Mr. Jones assigns homework 60% of the days
that school is in session. His students use a
random number generator to simulate five
trials representing Mr. Jones’s homework
assignments next week. The numbers 0
to 5 represent days on which homework
is assigned, and the numbers 6 to 9
represent days without homework. What YGGBB GBGBG YGGYB BGGYG
is the probability that Mr. Jones will assign
homework on 3 or more days next week? BGBYB GYBYY YYGYG GYYGB

Based on the simulation, what is the probability

14528 62807 53290 24375 40681
that Felix will collect all three prizes?
Number of weeks simulated: 5
Number of weeks in which homework is assigned
on 3 or more days: 4
Based on the simulation, the probability that
2. Reece is playing a carnival game in which he
Mr. Jones will assign homework on 3 or more days
must guess under which of 2 cups a ball is
next week is 4
5 , or 80%. hidden. To simulate the results of this game,
he flips a coin with heads up (H) representing
wins and tails up (T) representing losses. Based
on the simulation below, what is the probability
that Reece will win at least 2 of his next 4
games?

HHTT HTTT HTTT THTH TTHT

HHHT TTHH TTHH HTTH HHTH

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