SCRIPTS DEBATE

Introduc3on:
• Good morning/a,ernoon everyone. My name is Ho Minh Chau and today we’re on the
nega:ve side, agree that the treaty for the NPT is good and we should not repealing it
• I have 2 reasons to support and i will focus on the first reason : Repealing the NPT Could
Lead to Increased Nuclear Prolifera3on

Pointt: Repealing the NPT Could Lead to More Countries Making Nuclear Weapons
Explana3on:
• Repealing the NPT would be very dangerous because it could allow more countries to try
to make nuclear weapons. The NPT helps control the spread of nuclear weapons to only a
few countries and has worked as a protec:on against a nuclear arms race.
• Without the NPT, countries, especially in unstable areas, could easily make nuclear
weapons, which could cause more conflicts and make it harder to maintain peace."

Evidence:
• North Korea’s Exit and Nuclear Development:
o When North Korea le, the NPT in 2003, it started making nuclear weapons,
which made the region less safe. If the NPT was removed, other countries might
follow North Korea’s example and try to make nuclear weapons too.
• Iran’s Nuclear Program:
o Even though Iran is part of the NPT, it has been trying to get nuclear technology,
and many people worry it wants nuclear weapons. If the NPT was repealed,
other countries, especially in the Middle East, might also try to make nuclear
weapons, which could make things even more unstable.

SCRIPT FnB
Introduc3on to Types of Accounting and Accoun3ng Principles
Hello everyone, today we’ll be discussing two key areas in accoun:ng: types of accoun:ng and
the principles that govern them. Accoun:ng is a systema:c process that helps organiza:tons
record, classify, summarize, and interpret financial transac:ons, all aimed at suppor:ng
decision-making."
1. PASSAGE 1 :Types of Accoun3ng and accoun3ng principles
1 nhỏ : Types of accoun3ng :
"There are two main types of accoun:ng: financial accoun3ng and managerial accoun3ng.
• Financial accoun3ng focuses on preparing financial statements that are shared with
external stakeholders—like investors, creditors, and regulators. These statements give an
overview of a company's financial health, enabling stakeholders to make informed
decisions.
• On the other hand, managerial accoun3ng provides financial informa:on to internal
management. This informa:on is crucial for planning, decision-making, and control
within the organiza:on. It helps management keep track of costs, performance, and
opera:ons in order to steer the company effec:vely."
Accoun3ng Principles
"To ensure consistency, reliability, and comparability, accoun:ng is governed by a set of
principles. These principles help standardize the preparation of financial statements, making
sure that users of these statements can trust the data.
The two main sets of accoun:ng standards are:
• GAAP (Generally Accepted Accoun:ng Principles), primarily used in the United States.
• IFRS (Interna:onal Financial Repor:ng Standards), which is adopted by most countries
globally.
While GAAP follows a more rules-based approach, IFRS is more principles-based, allowing for
more judgment in financial repor:ng. Both aim for transparent, comparable, and reliable
financial informa:on."
Key IFRS Accoun3ng Principles
"Let’s dive into some key IFRS principles:
1. Accrual accoun3ng: Revenues and expenses are recognized when earned or incurred,
not when cash is exchanged.
2. Going concern: It assumes that a business will con:nue its opera:ons indefinitely.
3. Consistency: Accoun:ng principles must be applied consistently from one period to the
next.
4. Matching principle: Expenses should be matched with related revenues in the same
period.
5. Full disclosure: All relevant financial informa:on must be disclosed in financial
statements.
6. Materiality: Only significant financial informa:on needs to be disclosed.
7. Prudence: Accountants must exercise cau:on when making es:mates or judgments.
IFRS also introduces fair value accoun3ng, where assets and liabilities can be valued at their
current market value, giving a more accurate snapshot of a company’s financial posi:on."

2. Passage 2 : Introduc3on to Financial Statement

A. Importance of Financial Statements
- Essen:al for making investment and business decisions
- Provides insight into a company's financial health and performance - Helps investors and
business owners make informed decisions
B. Steps for financial statement analysis
Income Statement Analysis : Shows company’s revenue, expenses, and net income - Key points :
Revenue growth and gross profit margin
Balance Sheet Analysis : Shows company's assets, liabili:es, and equity.
- Key point : Current ra:o
Cash Flow Statement Analysis
- Shows cash inflow and oublow
- Key point : Opera:ng cash flow
Comparing Financial Statements to Compe:tors:
- Iden:fy performance rela:ve to compe:tors
- Key point: Key financial ra:os.
Making Investment and Business Decisions:
- Posi:ve indicators: Healthy growth, strong current ra:os, and posi:ve cash flow. - Nega:ve
indicators: High debt and nega:ve cash flow.

3. Passage 3 : Analysis of Financial Statement

Now, let’s move on to analyzing financial statements. To illustrate this, we’ll take a look at
ANNAM Bank's financial statements for the previous year. This will help us understand key
financial ra:os and how they reflect the bank’s financial health."
Balance Sheet Summary
"First, we have the balance sheet. ANNAM Bank had total assets of $500 billion. A significant
portion—60% of total assets—was made up of loans and advances. On the liability side,
deposits accounted for 70% of the total liabili:es, with shareholders' equity standing at $50
billion, represen:ng the bank’s net assets aier all liabili:es.
One key ra:o we can derive here is the loan-to-deposit ra3o. For ANNAM Bank, this ra:o was
85%. This means the bank relied heavily on loans to fund its opera:ons. While a higher ra:o can
be risky, ANNAM Bank’s loans were performing well, as seen in its low non-performing loan
levels."
Income Statement Summary
"Next, let’s look at the income statement. ANNAM Bank reported a net interest income of $10
billion, non-interest income of $3 billion, and opera:ng expenses of $7 billion. The net income
for the year came in at $6 billion.
From this, we can calculate the net interest margin, which for ANNAM Bank was 2%. This
indicates that the bank was effec:vely genera:ng income from its assets, thanks to its ability to
maintain a healthy spread between interest charged on loans and interest paid on deposits."
Statement of Cash Flows Summary

"Moving on to the statement of cash flows, ANNAM Bank had $15 billion in net cash provided
by opera:ng ac:vi:es, $10 billion used in inves:ng activi:es, and $5 billion used in financing
ac:vi:es. The bank saw a net increase of $3 billion in cash and cash equivalents over the year.
From this statement, we can calculate the cash conversion cycle, which for ANNAM Bank was
60 days. This shows that the bank was efficient in conver:ng its assets into cash, primarily due
to its quick collec:on of loans and advances."
Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity Summary
"Lastly, in the statement of changes in shareholders' equity, we can see that the bank
generated $6 billion in net income and paid out $3 billion in dividends. The remaining $3 billion
was added to retained earnings, bringing total shareholders' equity to $50 billion by year-end.
One important ra:o here is return on equity (ROE), which for ANNAM Bank was 12%. This
indicates the bank's ability to generate a healthy return for its shareholders, driven by its strong
interest margin and efficient opera:ons."

4. Real- life materials : Audit Reports and Independence in Financial Repor3ng

Now, let’s move on to an essen:al element of financial repor:ng: Audit reports and
independence in financial repor:ng ensure the accuracy and transparency of financial
statements. Independent audits provide objec:ve evalua:ons, building trust among
stakeholders like investors and regulators. This independence prevents conflicts of interest and
biased repor:ng, fostering confidence in financial markets and contribu:ng to economic
stability.
• - Audit Reports: Auditors evaluate financial statements to ensure they are fair and
comply with accoun:ng standards. A clean audit opinion indicates that the company’s
financial statements are reliable and free from material misstatements.
• - Independence in Financial Repor:ng: An auditor must maintain independence from
the company they are audi:ng. This ensures that the audit is objec:ve and unbiased.
Any conflicts of interest could compromise the integrity of the report, misleading
investors and stakeholders.
EXAMPLE : PwC and Evergrande In September 2023, PwC was banned from practicing in China
for six months and fined 441 million yuan (about $62 million) for viola:ons during the audit of
Evergrande Group. Chinese financial authori:es stated that PwC knew about significant errors in
the audits from 2018 to 2020 but concealed them, leading to financial reports that did not
reflect Evergrande's true financial condi:on.

Slide 11: Conclusion

"In conclusion, the financial statements of ANNAM Bank show a solid financial posi:on. Despite
a high loan-to-deposit ra:o, the bank’s loans were performing well, and its financial ra:os,
including net interest margin, cash conversion cycle, and return on equity, suggest it is opera:ng
efficiently and profitably."
"Understanding financial statements and the key ra:os derived from them is crucial in assessing
the overall health of an organiza:on. These principles and analyses provide the transparency
and insight needed for informed decision-making."
5. Mini games
6. Câu hỏi phụ
Ques3on 1: What is the primary difference between financial accoun1ng and managerial
accoun1ng?
Answer: The main difference is that financial accoun3ng focuses on preparing financial
statements for external stakeholders, such as investors, creditors, and regulators, to provide an
overview of a company’s financial health. On the other hand, managerial accoun3ng provides
financial informa:on to internal management for decision-making, planning, and control,
helping them make informed business decisions.
Ques3on 2: How do GAAP and IFRS differ in terms of accoun3ng standards?
Answer: GAAP (Generally Accepted Accoun3ng Principles) is primarily used in the United
States, while IFRS (Interna3onal Financial Repor3ng Standards) is adopted by most other
countries. The key difference lies in the approach: GAAP is more rules-based, offering detailed
guidelines, while IFRS is principles-based, allowing for more professional judgment in financial
reporng.
Ques3on 3: What does the loan-to-deposit ratio indicate about a bank’s financial health?
Answer: The loan-to-deposit ra3o measures the propor:on of a bank’s loans compared to its
deposits. A higher ra:o, such as 85% for ANNAM Bank, suggests that the bank relies heavily on
loans to fund its opera:ons. While this can be risky if the loans underperform, a low level of
non-performing loans, as seen with ANNAM Bank, indicates that the bank's loans are
performing well and it is managing its risk effec:vely.
Ques3on 4: Why is the net interest margin an important metric for banks like ANNAM Bank?
Answer: The net interest margin is an important metric as it shows the difference between the
interest income generated from loans and the interest paid on deposits. For ANNAM Bank, a
net interest margin of 2% indicates that the bank is effec:vely genera:ng income from its
assets. A healthy net interest margin helps the bank remain profitable and shows it is managing
its lending and deposit opera:ons well.