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Gr.8 Unit 8 Rate of Reaction

The document discusses the rate of chemical reactions, highlighting factors such as surface area, temperature, and concentration that influence reaction rates. It provides examples of reactions, experimental setups, and procedures for measuring rates, emphasizing the importance of understanding these concepts in real-world applications like cooking, medicine, and industrial processes. Key observations include that higher temperatures and concentrations lead to faster reaction rates without increasing the total amount of product formed.

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16 views18 pages

Gr.8 Unit 8 Rate of Reaction

The document discusses the rate of chemical reactions, highlighting factors such as surface area, temperature, and concentration that influence reaction rates. It provides examples of reactions, experimental setups, and procedures for measuring rates, emphasizing the importance of understanding these concepts in real-world applications like cooking, medicine, and industrial processes. Key observations include that higher temperatures and concentrations lead to faster reaction rates without increasing the total amount of product formed.

Uploaded by

badkiaan123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 8: Rate Of Reaction

Understanding the Rate of Reaction

● Reaction Example:
○ When magnesium ribbon reacts with dilute sulfuric acid, bubbles of
hydrogen gas are produced.
○ The reaction begins rapidly, producing many bubbles, then slows down,
and eventually stops when no more gas is released.
● Key Concept:
○ The rate of reaction refers to how quickly reactants are converted into
products.
● Measuring the Rate:
○ Calculate the amount of product formed or reactant used up over a
specific period of time.
○ In this reaction, the easiest way is to measure the volume of hydrogen
gas produced.
Measuring the Rate of Reaction
● Experimental Setup:
○ Use a flask with a
magnesium ribbon and
dilute sulfuric acid.
○ Attach a syringe to the top
of the flask to collect
hydrogen gas.
○ Ensure the system is
sealed so no gas escapes.
Measuring the Rate of Reaction
● Procedure:
○ Record the volume of gas produced at
regular time intervals using the syringe
scale.
○ Plot the volume of gas against time to
observe the reaction rate.
● Observations:
○ At the start: Gas production is rapid (high
rate).
○ As time progresses: Gas production
slows down (lower rate).
○ At the end: No more gas is produced
(reaction stops).
Measuring the Rate of Reaction
● Example: Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid
Reaction:
○ When calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid,
carbon dioxide gas is produced and escapes from the flask.
○ This causes the mass of the flask to decrease over time.
● Key Observations:
○ At the start: Mass decreases quickly (reaction is fast).
○ As time passes: Mass decreases more slowly (reaction
slows down).
● How to Measure:
○ Record the mass of the flask and contents every 30
seconds.
○ Analyze the pattern of mass loss to understand how the rate
changes.
Learner’s book 8.1
8.2_Surface area and the rate of the reaction
1. Magnesium and Oxygen Reaction
○ Magnesium ribbon burns quickly with a bright white
flame, forming magnesium oxide.
○ Magnesium powder burns even faster than the ribbon.
○ A large block of magnesium does not burn in the same
conditions.
2. Why Does This Happen?
○ Only surface atoms can react with oxygen in the air.
○ Block: Few surface atoms exposed; slow or no reaction.
○ Ribbon: More surface atoms; faster reaction.
○ Powder: Maximum surface atoms exposed; fastest
reaction.
8.2_Surface area and the rate of the reaction
8.3_ Temperature and rate of reaction
Introduction to Reaction Rates

● The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by temperature.


● Increasing temperature generally increases reaction rates.
● Particles need to collide with sufficient energy for a reaction to occur.

Why Study Reaction Rates?

● Understanding reaction rates helps in industrial applications, food preservation, and


medicine.
Investigating Temperature Effects with Sodium Thiosulfate and
Hydrochloric Acid
Example Reaction:

● Mixing hydrochloric acid with sodium thiosulfate solution.


● The reaction produces sulfur, forming a cloudy, opaque precipitate.
● Time taken for the solution to turn opaque indicates reaction rate.

Procedure:

1. Prepare a sodium thiosulfate solution and add hydrochloric acid.


2. Observe the formation of the sulfur precipitate.
3. Time how long it takes for the solution to become opaque.
4. Repeat the experiment at different temperatures.

Observations:

● Higher temperature → Faster reaction → Shorter time for the solution to turn opaque.
Typical Results & Explanation
Typical Results:

● Graph of calcium carbonate (marble chips) reacting


with hydrochloric acid.
● Higher temperature leads to faster gas production
(carbon dioxide).
● The final volume of gas remains the same but is
produced in less time.

Explanation:

● Particles move constantly.


● Increased temperature → Particles move faster.
● Faster movement → More frequent and energetic
collisions.
● More collisions with enough energy → Faster
reaction rate.
Conclusion & Real-World Applications
Key Takeaways:

● Higher temperature increases reaction rate by increasing collision frequency and energy.
● The same amount of product is formed, but faster at higher temperatures.
● Understanding reaction rates is crucial in various real-world applications.

Real-World Applications:

● Cooking: Higher temperatures speed up food preparation.


● Medicine: Controlling reaction rates in the body (e.g., enzyme activity).
● Industrial processes: Optimizing conditions for chemical manufacturing.
8.4_ Concentration and the rate of reaction
How Does Concentration Affect the Rate of Reaction?

Key Concept:

● The rate of a chemical reaction can be


affected by various factors, including
concentration.
● In this experiment, we investigate how
concentration influences the reaction rate.

Example Reaction:

● Calcium carbonate (marble chips) reacting


with dilute hydrochloric acid.
● The reaction produces carbon dioxide gas.
● The volume of gas is measured every 10
seconds.
Graphical Representation of Results

Observations from the Graph:

● The total volume of carbon dioxide


produced remains the same for all
concentrations.
● However, at higher acid concentrations,
the gas is produced more quickly.
● This means the reaction is faster but does
not produce more product overall.

Key Takeaway:

● Higher concentration speeds up the


reaction without changing the total amount
of product formed.
Particle Theory Explanation

Using Particle Theory:

● Higher concentration = More acid


particles in the same space.
● More acid particles lead to more
frequent collisions with marble chips.
● More collisions increase the rate of
reaction, producing gas faster.

Conclusion:

● The reaction rate increases with


concentration due to increased collision
frequency.
Real-World Applications

Why is this important?

● Industrial Processes: Faster reactions improve efficiency in manufacturing.


● Medicine: Drug absorption rates depend on concentration.
● Food Science: Preserving food involves controlling reaction rates (e.g., pickling,
fermentation).

Final Thought:

● Understanding concentration effects helps in designing better experiments and real-world


applications.

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