Unit 4: Model the World​

Statement of Inquiry: Generalization can be constructed by modeling

relationships and developing systems with technology.
Goal: Communicate in formal math symbols and languages to make generalizations.

Summative Assessment:
1.​ Exam A.
2.​ Essay B&C:
There are a variety of functions. We are only able to discuss some of them in class. It is a
good opportunity to explore the graph of a function you are interested in by yourself. You could
start from the parent function. Then, use technology to change the parameters
●​ Goal: Generalization can be constructed by modeling relationships and developing
systems with technology. ​
●​ Role: You are a mathematician.
●​ Audience: Your audience is students.
●​ Situation: You want to introduce a new type of function including its characteristics,
how each parameter affects its graph, how to sketch its graph and its application.
●​ Product: You will write an essay answering ALL guiding questions.
●​ Standard: You will be judged by Criteria B & C.

Preview: Desmos Activity​

 Table of Content
I. Function.................................................................................................................................................. 3
Review 1: [Self] Linear Function............................................................................................................ 3
Review 2: [Self] Quadratic Function...................................................................................................... 5
Review 3: [Self] Exponential & Logarithm Function...............................................................................7
Review 4: [Self] Trigonometric Function (Sine & Cosine)......................................................................9
Activity 1: Fluid Filling Functions..........................................................................................................11
Concept 1: Definition of Function........................................................................................................ 12
Problem 1: Evaluate Function............................................................................................................. 15
Concept 2: Domain & Range...............................................................................................................17
II. Composite Function............................................................................................................................19
Concept 1: Composite Function.......................................................................................................... 19
Problem 1: Simplify Composite Function.............................................................................................20
Concept 2: [Extended] Odd/Even Function......................................................................................... 22
Concept 3: Inverse Function................................................................................................................23
Concept 4: Graph of Inverse Function.................................................................................................25
Concept 5: [Extended] Self-Inverse Function...................................................................................... 27
Activity 1: Explore the Behavior of Functions...................................................................................... 28
Concept 6: Transformation.................................................................................................................. 30
Problem 2: Series of Transformation................................................................................................... 33
Concept 7: [Extended] Modulus Transformation................................................................................. 35
Concept 8: [Extended] Reciprocal Transformation.............................................................................. 36
III. Radical Function.................................................................................................................................37
Activity 1: Graph of Radical Function.................................................................................................. 37
Concept 1: Characteristic of Radical Function.................................................................................... 39
Problem 1: Sketch Radical Function................................................................................................... 40
Problem 2: Find Radical Function with a Given Graph........................................................................41
Problem 3: Solve Radical Equation..................................................................................................... 42
Problem 4: Application of Radical Function.........................................................................................43
IV. Rational Function............................................................................................................................... 44
Activity 1: Graph of Rational Function................................................................................................. 44
Concept 1: Characteristic of Rational Function................................................................................... 46
Problem 1: Sketch Rational Function.................................................................................................. 47
Problem 2: Find Rational Function with a Given Graph...................................................................... 49
Problem 3: Solve Rational Equation....................................................................................................50
Problem 4: Solve Rational Inequality...................................................................................................51
Problem 5: Application.........................................................................................................................53

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 I.​ Function

Review 1: [Self] Linear Function

​ _____ points could decide the one and only line. The general form
of linear function is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 where _____ is the gradient (slope) and
_____ is the 𝑦-intercept of the line.

Note: Horizontal line 𝑦 = 𝑘 is a linear function with slope _____.

Note: Vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑘 is NOT a linear function. Its slope is _____.

𝑎 𝑐
Note: Most general equations 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 can be written as linear function: 𝑦 = − 𝑥+
𝑏 𝑏

Example: Sketch and find the linear function with the given information:
(a)​ slope =− 3 and 𝑦-int = 5

(b)​ perpendicular to 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑥-int = 1

(c)​ passing through (2, 1) and (4, − 1)

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 ​Try It

1.​ Find the linear function with the given graph:

(a)​
(b)​

2.​ 𝐴(0, 0), 𝐵(4, 0), and 𝐶(1, 2) form a triangle. Find the orthocenter, the intersection of
altitude, of △𝐴𝐵𝐶.

3.​ A water tank drains at a constant rate. It contains 930 liters of water 3.5 minutes after it
starts to drain. It takes 50 minutes for the tank to empty. Let 𝑊 be the amount of water in
the tank (in liters) 𝑡 minutes after it started to drain.
(a)​ Find a model for 𝑊(𝑡).
(b)​ Find the amount of water in the tank when it starts to drain.
(c)​ Draw the function on coordinate plane.
(d)​ Interpret the slope and 𝑦-intercept of 𝑊(𝑡) in context.
(e)​ Find the rate at which the water tank is emptying.
(f)​ Use your model to find the amount of water after 30 minutes.

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 Review 2: [Self] Quadratic Function

​ A quadratic function is a relationship between two variables 𝑥

2
and 𝑦 which can be written in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
are constants, 𝑎 ≠ 0. The shape of a quadratic function is called a
parabola.
2
Example: The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 is shown below.
Fill in the blank to complete the description of the parabola.
(a)​ The leading coefficient is _____.
(b)​ The parabola is concave _____.
(c)​ The end-behavior is “when 𝑥 → + ∞, 𝑦 →_____;
when 𝑥 → − ∞, 𝑦 →_____.
(d)​ The vertex is __________.
(e)​ The quadratic has a maximum/minimum, _____, when 𝑥 =_____.
(f)​ The axis of symmetry is __________.
(g)​ The constant term is _____.
(h)​ The 𝑦-intercept is _____.​ The 𝑥-intercepts are _____.
2
(i)​ 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 > 0 when _______________.​
2
3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 ≤ 0 when _______________.
(j)​ The domain of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is __________. ​ ​ The range of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is __________.

Note: Other forms of quadratic functions are

2
(1)​ vertex form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 where ( ___ , ___ ) is its vertex.
(2)​ intercept form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞) where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are its ___-intercept.

Note: The discriminant ∆ =__________ can tell the number of 𝑥-intercept(s) of quadratic function.

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 Example: Sketch and find the quadratic function with the given information:
(a)​ vertex = (− 2, − 1), and leading (b)​ 𝑥-int = 1 and 4, 𝑦-int = 8
coefficient = 2

​Try It

1.​ Select a form of quadratic function. Then, find the quadratic function:

(a)​ (b)​ (c)

General/Vertex/Intercept form General/Vertex/Intercept form General/Vertex/Intercept form

2.​ Solve the quadratic inequality:

2 2
(a)​𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 8 ≤ 𝑥 + 6 (b)​𝑥 > 𝑥

3.​ Zander is playing a game of baseball. He hits the ball and the height of the ball is
2
modelled by the function 𝑦 =− 0. 018𝑥 + 0. 54𝑥 + 1. 0, where 𝑦 is the height of the ball,
in meters, and 𝑥 is the horizontal distance in meters. (𝑥, 𝑦 > 0)
(a)​ With the technology, draw the function.
(b)​ Find the vertex. Interpret its meaning.
(c)​ Find the 𝑥-intercept. Interpret its meaning.
(d)​ Find 𝑦-intercept. Interpret its meaning.

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 Review 3: [Self] Exponential & Logarithm Function

​ ​
​ An exponential function is a relationship between two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 which can be written in
𝑥
the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 · 𝑏 + 𝑐 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constants, 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1. It has an asymptote: _______.
A logarithmic function is a relationship between two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 which can be written in the form
𝑦 = 𝑎 lo𝑔𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 where 𝑎, 𝑏, ℎ, 𝑘 are constants, 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1. It has an asymptote: _____.

Note: 𝑎, 𝑏 decide the shape of the curve.

𝑥 −1 𝑥+2
Example: The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 · 2 − 2 and its inverse function 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) = lo𝑔2( 4 ) are

shown below. Fill in the blank to complete the description of the function.

Graph

𝑥 1 𝑥+2
function 𝑦 = 4 ·2 − 2 𝑦= 4
lo𝑔2( 4 )

equation of asymptote

domain

range

𝑦-intercept

𝑥-intercept

increasing or decreasing

As 𝑥 → + ∞, 𝑦 →_____ As 𝑥 → + ∞, 𝑦 →_____
end-behavior
As 𝑥 → − ∞, 𝑦 →_____ As 𝑥 → − 2, 𝑦 →_____

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 Example: Sketch and find the exponential or logarithmic function with the given information:
(a)​ 𝑦-int= 1. Asymptote is 𝑦 = 4. (b)​ 𝑦-int=− 4. 𝑥-int= 3 Asymptote is 𝑥 =− 1
Passing through (1, 2) . 𝑦 = 𝑎 lo𝑔2(𝑥 + ℎ) + 𝑘
The asymptote is horizontal/vertical so
it’s exponential/logarithmic function.

​Try It

1.​ Determine whether it is an exponential or logarithmic function. Then, find the function:

(a)​ (b)​ asymptote: 𝑥 =− 1

Exponential/Logarithmic Exponential/Logarithmic in base 5

2.​ Solve the exponential/logarithmic inequality:

(a)​3 · 2
𝑥−2
+ 4 ≥ 100 (b)​2 +lo𝑔3(𝑥 − 2) ≤lo𝑔3(𝑥 + 6)

𝑘𝑡
3.​ The number of bacteria, 𝑛, in a dish, after 𝑡 minutes is given by 𝑛 = 8𝑒 .
(a)​ Given that the number of bacteria after 23 minutes is 252, determine the value of 𝑘.
(b)​ Find the value of 𝑛 after one hour giving your answer to the nearest integer.
(c)​ After 𝑇 minutes, the value of 𝑛 becomes greater than 100,000. Find 𝑇, where 𝑇 ∈ ℤ.
(d)​Write the relationship of 𝑛 and 𝑡 in a logarithmic function.

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 Review 4: [Self] Trigonometric Function (Sine & Cosine)

​ ​
A sine function is a relationship between two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 which can be written in the form
𝑦 = 𝑎 sin[𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ)] + 𝑘 where 𝑎, 𝑏, ℎ, 𝑘 are constants, 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0.
​ A cosine function is a relationship between two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 which can be written in the
form 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos[𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ)] + 𝑘 where 𝑎, 𝑏, ℎ, 𝑘 are constants, 𝑎, 𝑏 ≠ 0.
2π
Note: 𝑎 = amplitude, 𝑏
= period , 𝑘 = principal axis,

Example: The graphs of 𝑦 = 2 sin2𝑥 + 1 and function 𝑦 = 2 cos2𝑥 + 1 are shown below. Fill in
the blank to complete the description of the function.

Graph

function 𝑦 = 2 sin2𝑥 + 1 𝑦 = 2 cos2𝑥 + 1

equation of principal axis

amplitude

period

domain

range

𝑦-intercept

𝑥-intercept

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 Example: Sketch the sine/cosine function for at least two periods with amplitude, period, principal
axis labelled:

(a)​ (b)​

​Try It

1.​ Find a sine/cosine function that fits the graph.

(a)​

(b)​ with technology

2.​ A weight attached to the end of a long spring is bouncing up and down. As it bounces,
its distance from the floor varies with time. You start a stopwatch. When the stopwatch
reads 0.3 s, the weight first reaches a high point 60 cm above the floor. The next low
point, 40 cm above the floor, occurs at 1.8 s.
(a)​ Sketch the graph of the function.
(b)​ Find a particular cosine function for distance from the floor as a function of time.
(c)​ Find a particular sine function for distance from the floor as a function of time.
(d)​ Find the distance from the floor when the stopwatch reads 17.2 s.
(e)​ Find the distance from the floor when you started the stopwatch.
(f)​ Find the first positive value of time when the weight is 59 cm above the floor.

Flinna 9
 Activity 1: Fluid Filling Functions

When water is added at a constant rate to a cylinder container, the depth of water in the
container is a linear function of time because the volume of water added varies directly to the
time taken to it.

Explain why the graph is a concave-down curve when

water is added at a constant rate to a container like a glass.

Draw a graph about time-depth for each container when water is added at a constant rate.

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​

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 Concept 1: Definition of Function
Functions are widely used in science. It is like a machine: input and output.
We could describe the relationship between variables in many forms: mapping,
table, graph on Cartesian plane, or equation. This relationship is commonly
symbolized as 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) — which is said “𝑓 of 𝑥”.
For every 𝑥, there is a unique value of 𝑦. 𝑥 as input is the independent/dependent
variable and 𝑦 as output is the independent/dependent variable.

Example: Determine whether it is a function. Explain.

For every 𝑥, there For every 𝑥, there

is/isn’t a unique is/isn’t a unique
mapping
value of 𝑦 so it value of 𝑦 so it
is/isn’t a function is/isn’t a function

For every 𝑥, there For every 𝑥, there

graph on is/isn’t a unique is/isn’t a unique
Cartesian plane value of 𝑦 so it value of 𝑦 so it
is/isn’t a function is/isn’t a function

For every 𝑥, there For every 𝑥, there

𝑥 0 1 3 5 is/isn’t a unique 𝑥 0 0 0 0 is/isn’t a unique
table
𝑦 0 0 0 0 value of 𝑦 so it 𝑦 0 1 3 5 value of 𝑦 so it
is/isn’t a function is/isn’t a function

Note: [Extended] Based on mapping, there are four types of function:

One-to-One Function Many-to-One Function Onto Function Into Function

Flinna 11
 Note: We describe the graph of a function by answering the following questions:
(1)​ whether it is linear or non-linear
(2)​ whether it is continuous or discontinuous
(3)​ whether it is line-symmetry, point-symmetry, or none
(4)​ whether it has upper/lower bound
(5)​ whether it has vertical/horizontal asymptote
(6)​ whether it is periodic or not
(7)​ what is its 𝑦-intercept
(8)​ what is its 𝑥-intercept
(9)​ in which part it is increasing or decreasing
(10)​ in which part it is concave up or down
(11)​ in which part it is positive or negative.

It is linear/non-linear.
It is continuous/discontinuous.
It is line-symmetric with _____ as axis of symmetry.
It is point-summetric with ___ as point of symmetry.
It has upper bound _____ and lower bound _____.

𝑦 = sin 𝑥 It does/doesn’t have an asymptote.

It’s increasing as ________________. It has periodic behavior with period _____.

It’s concave up as _______________. Its 𝑦-intercept is _____.

It’s positive as _______________. Its 𝑥-intercepts are __________.

​Try It

1.​ Determine whether it is a function.

2.​ Determine whether it is a function.

𝑥 1 2 3 4 For every 𝑥, there is/isn’t a unique 𝑥 2 1 0 2 For every 𝑥, there is/isn’t a unique
𝑦 3 4 5 6 value of 𝑦 so it is/isn’t a function 𝑦 0 1 3 5 value of 𝑦 so it is/isn’t a function

Flinna 12
 3.​ Use the vertical line test to determine whether it is a function.

For every 𝑥, there For every 𝑥, there For every 𝑥 ≠ 0, For every 𝑥, there For every 𝑥, there
is/isn’t a unique is/isn’t a unique there is/isn’t a is/isn’t a unique is/isn’t a unique
value of 𝑦 so it value of 𝑦 so it unique value of 𝑦 value of 𝑦 so it value of 𝑦 so it
is/isn’t a function. is/isn’t a function. so it is/isn’t a is/isn’t a function. is/isn’t a function.
function.

For every 𝑥, there For every 𝑥, there For every 𝑥, there For every 𝑥, there
is/isn’t a unique is/isn’t a unique is/isn’t a unique is/isn’t a unique
value of 𝑦 so it value of 𝑦 so it value of 𝑦 so it value of 𝑦 so it
is/isn’t a function. is/isn’t a function. is/isn’t a function. is/isn’t a function.

Determine the functions above:

(1)​ Function ___ is a linear function.
(2)​ Function ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ are continuous but function ___ is not continuous.
(3)​ Function ___, ___, and ___ are line-symmetric functions with _______ as axis of symmetry.
(4)​ Function ___ and ___ are point-symmetry with the ______ as point of symmetry.
(5)​ Function ___ and ___ have upper bounds.
(6)​ Function ___ and ___ have lower bounds.
(7)​ Function ___ has a vertical asymptote.
(8)​ Function ___ and ___ have horizontal asymptote.
(9)​ Function ___ and ___ are decreasing for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
(10)​ Function ___, ___ and ___ are increasing as 𝑥 < 0.
(11)​ Function ___ is concave down for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
(12)​ Function ___ is concave up for 𝑥 < 0 and concave down for 𝑥 > 0.
(13)​ Function ___ is positive for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

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 Problem 1: Evaluate Function
For any function 𝑓(𝑥), the value of 𝑓(𝑎) is the value
of the output when input is 𝑎. See the graph at the right as
an example.

Example: Find 𝑓3(𝑎) + 𝑓4(𝑏).

​
2
Example: If 𝑓: 𝑥 ⟼2𝑥 − 3𝑥, find:
(a)​ the value of 𝑓(− 4) (b)​ 𝑓(𝑎) in simplest form (c)​ 𝑓(2𝑥) in simplest form

Example: Given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) alongside, find 𝑓(2).

​Try It
4
1.​ If 𝑓: 𝑥 ⟼𝑥 − 𝑥 , find the value of:

(a)​ 𝑓(2) (b)​ 𝑓(− 2) (c)​ 𝑓(0)

2
2.​ If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 , find the value of:
(d)​ 𝑓(2) (e)​ 𝑓(− 2) (f)​ 𝑓(0)

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3.​ If ℎ: 𝑥 ⟼7 − 3𝑥, find in the simplest form:
(a)​ ℎ(𝑎) (b)​ ℎ(𝑎 + 3) (c)​ ℎ(𝑥 + 3)

2
4.​ If 𝐹(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 1, find in the simplest form:
(a)​ 𝐹(− 𝑥) (b)​ 𝐹(2𝑥 )
2 (c)​ 𝐹(sin𝑥)

𝑏
5.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 Given 𝑓(1) = 1 and 𝑓(2) = 5,

(a)​ find constants 𝑎 and 𝑏 (b)​ write down 𝑓(𝑥) (c)​ find 𝑓(3)

6.​ Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), find 𝑓(2):

(a)​ (b)​ (c)

7.​ Identify which interval of 𝑥 makes 𝑓(𝑥) positive.

(a)​ (b)​ (c)

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 Concept 2: Domain & Range
The domain of a function is the set of values of the independent
variable in the relation. Usually, the domain is the set of values of ___.
The range of a function is the set of values of the dependent variable
in the relation. Usually, the range is the set of values of ___.

Example: Write down the domain and range for each function.

graph

domain

range

​ The following are some types of parent functions you should know its domain and range.

Type Expression Domain Range

Linear 𝑦=𝑥
2
Quadratic 𝑦 =𝑥
3
Cubic 𝑦 =𝑥

Trigonometric 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, 𝑦 = cos 𝑥

Radical 𝑦= 𝑥

1
Rational 𝑦= 𝑥

𝑥
Exponential 2

Logarithmic log 𝑥

Note: Once you know the domain and range of the parent function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), you can deduce the
domain and range of the general function 𝑦 = 𝑎 · 𝑓(𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ)) + 𝑘 by transformation or logic.

Example: State the domain and range of each of the following functions.

function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5 𝑓(𝑥) =

1 𝑓(𝑥) = log(𝑥 + 1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒
𝑥−3
+1
𝑥−5

domain

range

Flinna 16
 ​Try It

1.​ For each of the following graphs, find the domain and range.

function

domain

range

function

domain

range

2.​ State the domain and range of each function. Check your answer by technology.

1 1
function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 𝑓: 𝑥 → 3 𝑦 = 𝑥+1 − 2 𝑦 =−
𝑥

domain

range

graph
3.​ A driver who exceeds the speed limit receives demerit points as
shown in the table.
(a)​ Draw a graph to display this information.
(b)​ Is the relation a function?
(c)​ Find the domain and range of the relation.

4.​ Consider the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) alongside. Decide whether each

statement is true or false.
(a)​ − 5 is in the domain of 𝑓.

(b)​ 2 is in the domain of 𝑓.

(c)​ π is in the range of 𝑓.

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II.​ Composite Function
Concept 1: Composite Function

2
Example: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥, determine:
(a)​ 𝑔(𝑓(1)) (b)​ (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(1) 2
(c)​ 𝑓(𝑓(1)) = 𝑓 (1)

2 3 4
Note: 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)), 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))), 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)))), …

​Try It

1.​ Given 𝑓: 𝑥 ⟼2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔: 𝑥 ⟼1 − 𝑥, find:

(a)​ (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(0) (b)​ (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(0)

2
2.​ Given 𝑓: 𝑥 ⟼4𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔: 𝑥 ⟼𝑥 , find:
(a)​ 𝑓(𝑔(1)) (b)​ 𝑔(𝑓(1))

3 2
3.​ [challenge] Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 5, find the remainder of 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) divided by (𝑥 − 2)

4.​ [challenge] Given 𝑓(0) = 5, 𝑓(5) = 1, 𝑓(1) = 0, find:

2 3 100
(a)​ 𝑓 (0) (b)​ 𝑓 (0) (c)​ 𝑓 (0)

5.​ [challenge] Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥 − 1) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 1), find 𝑔(4).

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 Problem 1: Simplify Composite Function

Example: Given 𝑓: 𝑥 ⟼2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔: 𝑥 ⟼3 − 4𝑥, find in the simplest form of:
(a)​ (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) (b)​ 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) 2
(c)​ 𝑓 (𝑥)

​Try It

1.​ Given 𝑓: 𝑥 ⟼2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔: 𝑥 ⟼1 − 𝑥, find in the simplest form of:

(a)​ (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) (b)​ 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) 2
(c)​ 𝑔 (𝑥)

2.​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏. Given that 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥, for all values of 𝑥,

1 3
(a)​ deduce that 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 =− 2
.

(b)​ determine whether 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 for all 𝑥

Flinna 19
 2
3.​ [challenge] Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3:
(a)​ Find (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) and state domain and range
(b)​ Find (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) and state domain and range

𝑥+1
4.​ [challenge] Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions. Given that (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 2
and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, find

𝑓(𝑥 − 3)

𝑥
5.​ [challenge] Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥+1
, solve for 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) ≤ 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))

2
6.​ [challenge] The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2) − 3. The function 𝑔 is defined by
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants.
(a)​ Find the value of 𝑎 where 𝑎 > 0 and the corresponding value of 𝑏 such that
2 3
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 4

2
(b)​ The function ℎ is defined by ℎ(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 2. The function 𝑘 is defined by 𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2.
Find the value of 𝑐 such that ℎ(𝑘(𝑥)) = 0 has repeated root.

Flinna 20
 Concept 2: [Extended] Odd/Even Function
𝑛
The following table shows the graphs of power functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 .

function 𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥
2
𝑦 =𝑥
3
𝑦 =𝑥
4
𝑦 =𝑥
5
𝑦 =𝑥
6

graph

​ A function 𝑓(𝑥) is even if 𝑓(− 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥. The graph of an even function is symmetric
about __________. For example, 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is an even function. A function 𝑓(𝑥) is odd if
𝑓(− 𝑥) =− 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥. The graph of an odd function is symmetric about __________. For example,
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is an odd function.

Example: Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither:

1 2
(a)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (b)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥

​Try It

1.​ Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither:

2.​ Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 𝑎), 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 is an even function. Find the value of 𝑎.

1
3.​ Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)( 𝑥 + 𝑏), 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 is an odd function. Find the value of 𝑏.

4.​ Prove that: the sum of two odd functions is an odd function.

Flinna 21
 Concept 3: Inverse Function

We have learned some inverse operations:

𝑛 𝑥
+ 10 ↔____​ ​ × 10 ↔_____​​ 𝑥 ↔_____​ ​ 10 ↔_____

−1 𝑦 −1 −1
𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑦) = 2 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑦 𝑓(𝑓 (𝑦))

1 2 2 1 2

2 4 4 2 4

3 6 6 3 6
−1
​ A function 𝑓 must be a one-to-one function if it has the inverse function 𝑓 . Observe the table
above to complete the following statements:
−1 −1
(1)​ 𝑓 (𝑓(𝑥)) =_____​ 𝑓(𝑓 (𝑦)) =_____
−1
(2)​ The domain of 𝑓 is the __________ of 𝑓 .
−1
(3)​ The range of 𝑓 is the __________ of 𝑓 .

Note: To find the inverse function, we can (1) reverse the operation, or
(2) change 𝑥 and 𝑦.
2
Example: For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1) where 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎,
(a)​ Find the least value of 𝑎 for 𝑓 has the inverse function.
−1
(b)​ Find 𝑓 (𝑥)
−1
(c)​ For this value of 𝑎, state the domain and range of both 𝑓 and 𝑓 .

Flinna 22
 ​Try It

1.​ Find the inverse function of the following functions:

(a)​ 𝑓(𝑥) =− 𝑥 (b)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 10 (c)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5

𝑥+2 3−2𝑥 1
(d)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
(e)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
(f)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

2 𝑥−2 3𝑥−8
(g)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = log (𝑥 ), 𝑥 < 0 (h)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 +1 (i)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3

−1
2.​ With the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), write down the domain and range of 𝑓 .

graph

−1
domain of 𝑓
−1
range of 𝑓
3.​ Find the domain and range of the inverse function of:

(a)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5 1
(b)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−5

𝑥 −1
4.​ [challenge] Consider the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥. Solve for 𝑔 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 25.

Flinna 23
 Concept 4: Graph of Inverse Function
Use your calculator to draw the function and its inverse function at the same time. What do you find?

2 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 where 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑓(𝑥) = 10
−1 −1 𝑥 −1
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2 𝑓 (𝑥) = log 𝑥

−1
In conclusion, 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) is the reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with the line __________

Proof:
−1
Let (𝑎, 𝑏) is on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then (𝑏, 𝑎) is on 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥).
The midpoint of (𝑎, 𝑏) and (𝑏, 𝑎) is __________ and
the slope of the segment with endpoints (𝑎, 𝑏) and (𝑏, 𝑎) is __________.
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 is the axis of symmetry of the segment.
−1
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) is the reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with the line _____.
−1
Note: The 𝑥-intercept of 𝑓 will be the ___-intercept of 𝑓 .
−1
​ The 𝑦-intercept of 𝑓 will be the ___-intercept of 𝑓 .
−1
Note: The intersection of 𝑓 and 𝑓 must on the line __________.
−1
Note: The vertical asymptote 𝑥 = 𝑐 of 𝑓 will be the horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑐 of 𝑓 .
−1
​ The horizontal asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑐 of 𝑓 will be the vertical asymptote 𝑥 = 𝑐 of 𝑓 .

Example: Draw the inverse function of each graph.

(a)​ (b)​

Flinna 24
 ​Try It
−1
1.​ For the following graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), draw 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) on the same axes.

​ ​ ​

2.​ The graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 is shown alongside.

−1
(a)​ Sketch 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) on another axes.
(b)​ Solve 𝑓(𝑎) =− 12 for 𝑎
−1
(c)​ Solve 𝑓 (𝑏) = 1 for 𝑏

−1
3.​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is a linear function. Given (2, 1) is on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and (3, 4) is on 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥).
Find 𝑓(𝑥).

2
4.​ [challenge] Consider 𝑓: 𝑥 → 2𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 6, 𝑥 ≤ 𝑘.
−1
(a)​ Find the largest value of 𝑘 such that 𝑓 (𝑥) exists.
For this value of 𝑘:
−1
(b)​ Find 𝑓 (𝑥)
−1
(c)​ Sketch the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) on the same axes.
−1
(d)​ State the domain and range of both 𝑓 and 𝑓 .
−1
(e)​ Find 𝑓 (6)
−1
(f)​ Solve for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥)

Flinna 25
 Concept 5: [Extended] Self-Inverse Function
−1
Any function which has an inverse function itself is a self-inverse function. Thst is, 𝑓 = 𝑓 . For
1
example, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) =− 𝑥, and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
are self-inverse functions.

Note: A self-inverse function’s graph is symmetrical about the line _________.

−1 −1
Note: Since 𝑓 = 𝑓 , 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓 (𝑓(𝑥)) =_____.

Example: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0, show that 𝑓 is self-inverse.

−1
Sol 1. Find 𝑓 (𝑥) Sol 2. Show that 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥

​Try It
2
1.​ The functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 − 3) + 3,

𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑘.
(a)​ Find an expression for 𝑔(𝑥)
(b)​ Find 𝑘
(c)​ Show that 𝑔(𝑥) is self inverse

2.​ Find all linear functions which are self-inverse.

Flinna 26
 Activity 1: Explore the Behavior of Functions
There are three transformations in function:

Transformation Translation Dilation Reflection

Stretches or shrinks the Flips the curve and produces

Move Shift the curve.
curve. the mirror image.

Horizontal

Vertical

2
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 .
2
(a)​ In your GDC, create the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑘. The key to any parabola is its vertex.
(i)​ Systematically change 𝑘 from 1 to 5. Describe how 𝑘 affects the parabola.

(ii)​ Systematically change 𝑘 from − 1 to − 5. Describe how 𝑘 affects the parabola.

2
(b)​ In your GDC, create the function 𝑦 = (𝑥 − ℎ) .
(i)​ Systematically change ℎ from 1 to 5. Describe how ℎ affects the parabola.

(ii)​ Systematically change ℎ from − 1 to − 5. Describe how ℎ affects the parabola.

2
(c)​ Consider 𝑦 = (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘. How do ℎ and 𝑘 affect the parabola? Does the order of the
transformation matter?

Flinna 27
Consider 𝑦 = sin 𝑥.
(a)​ In your GDC, create the function 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥. The key to any wave is its amplitude and period.
(i)​ Systematically change 𝑎 from 1 to 5. Describe how 𝑎 affects the wave.

(ii)​ Systematically change 𝑎 from − 1 to − 5. Describe how 𝑎 affects the wave.

(b)​ In your GDC, create the function 𝑦 = sin(𝑏𝑥). The key to any wave is its amplitude and period.
(i)​ Systematically change 𝑏 from 1 to 5. Describe how 𝑏 affects the wave.

(ii)​ Systematically change 𝑏 from − 1 to − 5. Describe how 𝑏 affects the wave.

(c)​ Consider 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin(𝑏𝑥). How do 𝑎 and 𝑏 affect the wave? Does the order matter?

(d)​ Consider 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin(𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ)) + 𝑘. How do 𝑎, 𝑏, ℎ and 𝑘 affect the wave? Does the order
matter?

Prove your generalization by suggesting points on the function.

(a)​ To prove 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘 is created by shifting 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) vertically for 𝑘 unit, we need to
prove: if (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) is on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑘) is on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘.

(b)​ To prove 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ) is created by shifting 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) horizontally for ℎ unit, we need to
prove: if (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) is on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then (𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑓(𝑎)) is on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ).

(c)​ Obviously, you can use a similar way to prove other transformations. (I’m too lazy 😛)

Flinna 28
 Concept 6: Transformation
For any function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥),

Transformation Vertically Horizontally

Translation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ)

●​ 𝑘 > 0: shift ↑ / ↓ for |𝑘| units ●​ ℎ > 0: shift → / ← for |ℎ| units
●​ 𝑘 < 0: shift ↑ / ↓ for |𝑘| units ●​ ℎ < 0: shift → / ← for |ℎ| units

Dilation 𝑦 = 𝑎 · 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑎 > 0 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑏𝑥) where 𝑏 > 0

●​ 𝑎 > 1: stretch ↕ for a scale factor of ●​ 𝑏 > 1: stretch ↔ for a scale factor of
𝑎 so it’s closer/further to 𝑥-axis 1
so it’s closer/further to 𝑦-axis
𝑏
●​ 𝑎 < 1: stretch ↕ for a scale factor of
●​ 𝑏 < 1: stretch ↔ for a scale factor of
𝑎 so it’s closer/further to 𝑥-axis
1
𝑏
so it’s closer/further to 𝑦-axis

Reflection 𝑦 =− 𝑓(𝑥): reflect over 𝑥/𝑦-axis. 𝑦 = 𝑓(− 𝑥): reflect over 𝑥/𝑦-axis.

Flinna 29
 Note: If a point (𝑝, 𝑞) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then:
(1)​ (________, ________) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘
(2)​ (________, ________) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ)
(3)​ (________, ________) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)
(4)​ (________, ________) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑏𝑥)
(5)​ (________, ________) is on the graph of 𝑦 =− 𝑓(𝑥)
(6)​ (________, ________) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(− 𝑥)

Example: For the graph of 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥) given, sketch on the same axes, the graph of:
(a)​ 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥 − 2) (b)​ 𝑦 = 0. 5ℎ(𝑥) (c)​ 𝑦 = ℎ(− 𝑥)
translation/dilation/reflection translation/dilation/reflection translation/dilation/reflection

​Try It

1.​ The following is the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). Describe the transformation. Then, draw the following
functions on the same axes:
(a)​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2) − 3 1
(b)​ 𝑦 = 2 𝑓(2𝑥)

(c)​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(− 𝑥) (d)​ 𝑦 =− 𝑓(𝑥)

Flinna 30
 2.​ On each of the following 𝑓(𝑥) is mapped onto 𝑔(𝑥) using a single transformation. Describe the
transformation first. Then, write 𝑔(𝑥) in terms of 𝑓(𝑥).

2 2
3.​ Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is transformed to 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3) + 2.
(a)​ State the transformation from 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)

(b)​ State the transformation from 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

(c)​ Find the corresponding points:

2
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) (0, 0) (− 3, 9) (𝑎, 𝑎 )
2
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) (1, 6) (− 2, 27) (𝑏 + 3, 𝑏 + 2)

4.​ Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is transformed to 𝑦 = 3𝑓(2𝑥).

(a)​ State the transformation from 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦 = 3𝑓(2𝑥)

(b)​ State the transformation from 𝑦 = 3𝑓(2𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

(c)​ Find the corresponding points:

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) (3, − 5) (1, 2) (𝑎, 𝑏)

𝑦 = 3𝑓(2𝑥) (2, 1) (− 3, 2) (𝑐, 𝑑)

5.​ Suppose 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is transformed to 𝑦 = 𝑓(− 𝑥).

(a)​ State the transformation from 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑓(− 𝑥)

(b)​ Find the corresponding points:

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) (3, 0) (2, − 1) (𝑎, 𝑏)

𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) (5, − 4) (0, 3) (𝑐 + 1, 𝑑 − 1)

Flinna 31
 Problem 2: Series of Transformation
​ In Activity 1. Explore the Behavior of Functions, we have found that the order of transformation
matters. Just like the order of operation, multiply first and then add. The order of transformation is
dilation or reflection first and then translation. If a point (𝑝, 𝑞) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then
(__________, __________) is on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 × 𝑓(𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ)) + 𝑘

Note: To apply this rule, we must rewrite the function into standard form 𝑦 = 𝑎 × 𝑓(𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ)) + 𝑘.
For example, ​ 𝑦 = 2 sin(− 𝑥 + π) − 1 ​ should be rewrited as ____________________.
𝑥
​ ​ ​ 𝑦 = 4(2 + 1)​​ ​ should be rewrited as ____________________.
This is why completing the square is important to find the transformation of quadratic function.

Example: For the graph of 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥) given, sketch the graph of:
(a)​ 𝑦 = 2ℎ(𝑥 + 2) + 1 (b)​ 𝑦 =− ℎ(2𝑥 − 2)

​Try It

1.​ Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥). Fully describe the transformations which map 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) onto:
(a)​ 𝑦 =− 4𝑓(2(𝑥 − 1)) + 3

(b)​ 𝑦 = 3𝑓(2𝑥 − 1) − 2.

1
(c)​ 𝑦 =− 1 + 2𝑓( 4 𝑥 − 1)

2.​ The following is the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

(a)​ Find the domain and range for 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
1
(b)​ Draw 𝑦 = 2 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) − 2.

1
(c)​ Find the domain and range for 𝑦 = 2 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) − 2.

Flinna 32
 3.​ Given the transformation of the given function 𝑓(𝑥), write down the resulting function.
2
(a)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 stretches vertically by a factor of 3 and translates down for 3 units.

1 1
(b)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
stretches horizontally by a factor of 2 and translate left for 1 units

(c)​ 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| stretches horizontally by a factor of 2 and translate right for 1 units and up for 4 units

4.​ Complete the order of the transformation as 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥 + 2 − 4

related to 𝑦 = 𝑥. Then, draw the graph of 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥 + 2 − 4

based on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Stretch _______________ly by a scale of ____, and
reflect across the ___-axis, and
Shift rightward/leftward for _____ unit(s), and
shift upward/downward for ___ unit(s).

5.​ Dashed curve is the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) and solid curve is the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). Write 𝑔(𝑥) in
terms of 𝑓(𝑥).
​ (a)​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ (b)

​ ​ ​
6.​
10𝑥+11 𝑏
(a)​ Write 2𝑥+3
in the form 𝑎 + 2𝑥+3 where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants.

1 10𝑥+11
(b)​ Hence, describe the combination of transformations which map 𝑦 = 𝑥 onto 𝑦 = 2𝑥+3

Flinna 33
 Concept 7: [Extended] Modulus Transformation
The modulus function, which is also called the absolute value
function gives the magnitude of a number. It always gives a non-negative
value of any number or variable. We write the absolute value of 𝑥 as |𝑥|. The
absolute value is a distance so |𝑥| ___ 0. There are two kinds of modulus
transformation:

(1)​ To sketch the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑓(𝑥)|, we

sketch 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) first, and then for 𝑓(𝑥) < 0, reflect the graph in the ___-axis.

(2)​ To sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(|𝑥|), we

sketch 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) first, and then for 𝑥 < 0, reflect the graph in the ___-axis.

Example: Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), sketch on the same axes:

(a)​ 𝑦 = |𝑓(𝑥)| (b)​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(|𝑥|)

​Try It

1.​ Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), sketch on the same axes:

(a)​ 𝑦 = |𝑓(𝑥)| (b)​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(|𝑥|)

Flinna 34
 Concept 8: [Extended] Reciprocal Transformation
​ See the graph alongside to conclude the reciprocal transformation:
1 1
(1)​ if 𝑓(𝑥) > 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) ___ 0 ; if 𝑓(𝑥) < 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) ___ 0

1
(2)​ if 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing, then 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing/decreasing ;

1
if 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing, then 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing/decreasing.

1
(3)​ the local maxima of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) correspond to local maxima/minima of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ;

1
the local minima of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) correspond to local maxima/minima of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

1
(4)​ If 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, then 𝑓(𝑥) is __________.

1
Hence, the 𝑥-intercept(s) of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) becomes the vertical asymptote of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) .

1
(5)​ If lim 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞, then lim 𝑓(𝑥) =__________.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1
Hence, the vertical asymptote of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) becomes the 𝑥-intercept(s) of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) .

1 1
(6)​ If lim 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞, then lim 𝑓(𝑥) =_____. Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has a horizontal 𝑦 =_____.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→𝑎

1
Example: Consider 𝑦 = 2 .
𝑥 −3𝑥+2

2
(a)​ sketch 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2 with 𝑥-int, 𝑦-int, and its vertex
1
(b)​ state the vertical asymptote(s) of 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 −3𝑥+2

1
(c)​ state its local maxima/minima of 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 −3𝑥+2

1
(d)​ sketch 𝑦 = 2 on the same axes
𝑥 −3𝑥+2

​Try It
1
1.​ Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
with asymptotes, 𝑥-intercept(s), 𝑦-intercept and

local maxima/minima.

Flinna 35
III.​ Radical Function

Activity 1: Graph of Radical Function

A radical (squared-root) function is a function that contains a square root
(index 𝑛 =___). Radical functions are one of the functions that require you to
consider the domain of the function before you graph the function. The radicand
must be __________.

The standard form of radical function is 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘.

Let’s start from the parent function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥.

(a)​ The domain is __________.
(b)​ The range is __________.
(c)​ The graph is increasing/decreasing.
(d)​ The graph has 𝑥-intercept ___ and 𝑦-intercept ___.
(e)​ The graph is concave up/down.
(f)​ As 𝑥 goes to + ∞, 𝑦 goes to __________.

Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 − ℎ
(a)​ Systematically change ℎ from 1 to 5. Describe how ℎ affects the curve.

(b)​ Systematically change ℎ from − 1 to − 5. Describe how ℎ affects the curve.

Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑘
(a)​ Systematically change 𝑘 from 1 to 5. Describe how 𝑘 affects the curve.

(b)​ Systematically change 𝑘 from − 1 to − 5. Describe how 𝑘 affects the curve.

Consider 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
(a)​ Systematically change 𝑎 from 1 to 5. Describe how 𝑎 affects the curve.

(b)​ Systematically change 𝑎 from − 1 to − 5. Describe how 𝑎 affects the curve.

Consider 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥
(a)​ Systematically change 𝑏 from 1 to 5. Describe how 𝑏 affects the curve.

(b)​ Systematically change 𝑏 from − 1 to − 5. Describe how 𝑏 affects the curve.

Flinna 36
 Consider 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘. Apply the transformation rule to conclude. You may need to
conclude for different conditions of 𝑎 and 𝑏 because 𝑎 and 𝑏 change the shape of the curve.

(a)​ The domain of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘

(b)​ The range of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘

(c)​ The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 is increasing or decreasing …

(d)​ The graph 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 is concave up or down …

(e)​ The end-behavior of the graph 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 is as 𝑥 → …

Note: The radicand function is the inverse function of the quadratic function so you can understand
the behavior of the radicand function by reflecting from the quadratic function.

Flinna 37
 Concept 1: Characteristic of Radical Function
Example: Consider each of the following function:

(1)​ Identify the transformation from the parent function 𝑦 = 𝑥 to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

(2)​ Then, apply the transformation rule to sketch the graph on the same axes of 𝑦 = 𝑥.
(3)​ Write down the domain and the range of the function.
(4)​ Determine the function is increasing or decreasing.
(5)​ Determine the function is concave up or down.

(a)​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 − 1 (b)​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥 − 1 + 3

Note: You can substitute some points to verify your answer.

​Try It

1.​ Consider each of the following function:

(1)​ Identify the transformation from the parent function 𝑦 = 𝑥 to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

(2)​ Then, apply the transformation rule to sketch the graph on the same axes of 𝑦 = 𝑥.
(3)​ Write down the domain and the range of the function.
(4)​ Determine the function is increasing or decreasing.
(5)​ Determine the function is concave up or down.

(a)​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 + 1 (b)​ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4 + 1

Flinna 38
 Problem 1: Sketch Radical Function
For the parent function of radical function 𝑦 = 𝑥, the domain is 𝑥 ≥ 0 and the range is 𝑦 ≥ 0.

In general, 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘, 𝑎 affects the domain/range and 𝑏 affects the domain/range.

If 𝑎 > 0, _______ ; if 𝑎 < 0, _______. If 𝑏 > 0, _______ ; if 𝑏 < 0, _______. The domain and
range of the radical function decide the extreme point __________ and the direction of the function.
Another way to identify the direction is by finding another two points.

Example: Identify the domain and range of each function. Then, sketch the following radical function.

(a)​ 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 − 2 + 1 (b)​ 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥
domain: domain:
range: range:

​Try It

1.​ Identify the domain and range of each function. Then, sketch the following radical function. Check
your answer with the technology.

(a)​ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 + 2 (b)​ 𝑦 =− 2 𝑥 + 1 + 4 (c)​ 𝑦 =− 3 5 − 𝑥

domain: domain: domain:
range: range: range:

Flinna 39
 Problem 2: Find Radical Function with a Given Graph
​ Just like sketching the graph of radical function, to find the radical function 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘
fitting the graph, we need to identify its extreme point (___, ___) first. The direction decides 𝑏 is 1 or − 1
. Then, to find 𝑎, we need to substitute another point.

Example: Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘, find the function.

Step 1: Identify its extreme point (___, ___) and its direction

Step 2: Write down the function 𝑦 = (𝑥 − )+

Step 3: Substitute point (1, − 2)

​Try It

1.​ Given the graph of the radical function, find the radical function:
(a)​ passing through (4, 6)

(b)​

(c)​

Flinna 40
 Problem 3: Solve Radical Equation
​ We usually solve radical equations by the following steps:
1.​ Isolate one of the radical terms on one side of the equation.
2.​ Raise both sides of the equation to the power of the index.
3.​ Are there any more radicals? If yes, repeat Step 1 and Step 2 again. If no, solve the new
equation.
4.​ Check the answer in the original equation.

Example: Solve for the unknowns. Check your answer with technology.

(a)​ 𝑥 − 4 = 3 (b)​ 10 + 10𝑥 − 1 = 13 (c)​ 110 − 𝑥 = 𝑥

​Try It

1.​ Solve for the unknowns.

(a)​ 𝑥 + 9 = 1 (b)​ − 10 𝑥 − 10 =− 60

(c)​ 3𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 1 (d)​ 9𝑥 − 2 + 1 = 0

(e)​ 90 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0 (f)​ [challenge] 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 + 9

Flinna 41
 Problem 4: Solve Radical Inequality
We usually solve rational inequalities by the following steps:
1.​ Find any domain restrictions.
2.​ Solve the related equation.
3.​ Split the number line up into intervals based on the critical values.
4.​ Test numbers in each interval to obtain your solution set.
5.​ Combine the intersection of the solution set and domain restrictions.

Example: Solve 5 + 10 𝑥 + 7 ≤ 105 for 𝑥 both with and without technology.

(a)​ with technology (b)​ without technology
(HINT: You need to identify the extreme point!)

​Try It

1.​ Solve the following rational inequalities for 𝑥 both with and without technology.

(a)​ 4𝑥 + 5 < 3
(i)​ with technology (ii)​ without technology

Flinna 42
(b)​ 9 − 𝑥 + 4 ≤ 6
(i)​ with technology (ii)​ without technology

(c)​ 𝑥 + 7 ≥ 2𝑥 − 1
(i)​ with technology (ii)​ without technology

(d)​ [challenge] 𝑥 + 6 > 𝑥

(i)​ with technology (ii)​ without technology

(e)​ [challenge] 𝑥 + 2 < 2 − 𝑥

(i)​ with technology (ii)​ without technology

Flinna 43
 Problem 5: Application of Radical Function
Example: The function 𝐸(𝑑) = 0. 25 𝑑 approximates the number of seconds it
takes a dropped object to fall 𝑑 feet on Earth. The function 𝑀(𝑑) = 1. 6𝐸(𝑑)
approximates the number of seconds it takes a dropped object to fall 𝑑 feet on
Mars. How long does it take a dropped object to fall 64 feet on Mars?

​Try It

1.​ The functions approximate the velocity (in feet per second) of an object dropped from a height of
𝑥 feet right before it hits the ground on Earth and on Mars:

Earth: 𝐸(𝑥) = 8 𝑥 ​ ​ Mars: 𝑀(𝑥) = 0. 6𝐸(𝑥)

Find the velocity of an object dropped from a height of 25 feet before it hits the ground on Mars.

𝐾
2.​ The speed (in knots) of sound waves in air can be modeled by 𝑣(𝐾) = 643. 855 273.15
where

𝐾 is the air temperature (in Kelvin). The speed (in meters per second) of sound waves in air can
𝑣(𝐾)
be modeled by 𝑠(𝐾) = 1.944 . What is the speed (in meters per second) of sound waves when

the air temperature is 305 Kelvin?

3.​ The period of a pendulum is the time the pendulum takes to complete one back-and-forth swing.

The period 𝑇 (in seconds) can be modeled by the function 𝑇 = 1. 11 𝑙 where 𝑙 is the length (in
feet) of the pendulum. Estimate the length of a pendulum with a period of 2 seconds.

4.​ The terminal velocity 𝑣𝑡 (in feet per second) of a skydiver who weighs 140 pounds is given by

140
𝑣𝑡 = 33. 7 𝐴
where 𝐴 is the cross-sectional surface area (in square

feet) of the skydiver. The table shows the terminal velocities (in feet per
second) for various surface areas (in square feet) of a skydiver who
weighs 165 pounds. Which skydiver has a greater terminal velocity for
each value of 𝐴 given in the table?

Flinna 44
IV.​ Rational Function

Activity 1: Graph of Rational Function

𝑛
𝑎𝑛𝑥 +...+𝑎1𝑥+𝑎0
A rational (reciprocal) function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚 is a ratio of polynomials where the
𝑏𝑚𝑥 +...+𝑏1𝑥+𝑏0

polynomial in the denominator/numerator shouldn't be equal to 0. In this unit, we only consider the
𝑎 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
simplest case 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘 or 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 .

𝑎
We first consider the standard form of rational function 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘.

1
Let’s start from the parent function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 .

1 1 1
𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

1
1 −1 2

1
2 −2 3

1
3 −3 4

1
4 −4 5

(a)​ The domain is __________.​ ​ The range is __________.

(b)​ The graph is increasing/decreasing.
(c)​ As 𝑥 goes to + ∞, 𝑦 goes to __________. As 𝑥 goes to − ∞, 𝑦 goes to __________.
+ −
(d)​ As 𝑥 goes to 0 , 𝑦 goes to __________. As 𝑥 goes to 0 , 𝑦 goes to __________.
(e)​ The graph has vertical asymptote ______ and horizontal asymptote _____.
(f)​ The graph is concave up as __________ and concave down as __________.
1
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ .

(a)​ Systematically change ℎ from 1 to 5. Describe how ℎ affects the curve.

(b)​ Systematically change ℎ from − 1 to − 5. Describe how ℎ affects the curve.

1
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑘.

(a)​ Systematically change 𝑘 from 1 to 5. Describe how 𝑘 affects the curve.

(b)​ Systematically change 𝑘 from − 1 to − 5. Describe how 𝑘 affects the curve.

Flinna 45
 𝑎
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 .

(c)​ Systematically change 𝑎 from 1 to 5. Describe how 𝑎 affects the curve.

(d)​ Systematically change 𝑎 from − 1 to − 5. Describe how 𝑎 affects the curve.

1
Why don’t we need to consider 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 ?

𝑎
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘. Apply the transformation rule to conclude. Verify your answer with

technology. You need to conclude for different conditions of 𝑎 because 𝑎 changes the curve's shape.
𝑎
(a)​ The domain of 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘 is …

𝑎
(b)​ The range of 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘 is …

𝑎
(c)​ The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘 has vertical asymptote …

𝑎
(d)​ The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘 has horizontal asymptote …

𝑎
(e)​ The end-behavior of the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘 is as 𝑥 → …

𝑎𝑥+𝑏
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 .

(a)​ The domain is … so it has vertical asymptote …

(b)​ The range is … so is has horizontal asymptote …

𝑎𝑑
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏− 𝑐
(c)​ We use the long division to write 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 as 𝑦 = 𝑐 + 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 . For example,

3𝑥+6 𝑥+2
(i)​ 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 = (ii)​ 𝑦 = 2𝑥−1 =

Flinna 46
 Concept 1: Characteristic of Rational Function
Example: Consider each of the following function:
1
(1)​ Identify the transformation from the parent function 𝑦 = 𝑥 to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

1
(2)​ Then, apply the transformation rule to sketch the graph on the same axes of 𝑦 = 𝑥 .

(3)​ Write down the equations of asymptotes.

(4)​ Write down the domain and the range of the function.
1 2𝑥
(a)​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1 + 2 (b)​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1

Note: You can substitute some points to verify your answer.

​Try It

1.​ Consider each of the following function:

1
(1)​ Identify the transformation from the parent function 𝑦 = 𝑥 to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

1
(2)​ Then, apply the transformation rule to sketch the graph on the same axes of 𝑦 = 𝑥 .

(3)​ Write down the equations of asymptotes.

(4)​ Write down the domain and the range of the function.
1
(a)​ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥−3
𝑥+2
(b)​ 𝑦 = 2𝑥−1

Flinna 47
 Problem 1: Sketch Rational Function
𝑎
​ For 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘, the domain is _____ and the range is _____.

𝑎𝑥+𝑏
For 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 , the domain is _____ and the range is _____. The domain and range of the

rational function decide the asymptotes. The symbol of 𝑎 or 𝑎𝑐 decides the direction of the function.
Another way to sketch the function is by identifying its 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦-intercept, or other points.

Example: Identify the domain and range of each function. Write down its equations of asymptotes.
Find the 𝑥-intercept and 𝑦-intercept. Then, sketch the following rational function.
3 𝑥+4
(a)​ 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 + 1 (b)​ 𝑦 = −2𝑥−6

domain: domain:
range: range:
vertical asymptote: vertical asymptote:
horizontal asymptote: horizontal asymptote:
𝑥-int: 𝑥-int:
𝑦-int: 𝑦-int:

​Try It

1.​ Identify the domain and range of each function. Write down its equations of asymptotes. Find the
𝑥-intercept and 𝑦-intercept. Then, sketch the following rational function. Check your answer with
the technology.
3
(a)​ 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 + 1

domain:
range:
vertical asymptote:
horizontal asymptote:
𝑥-int:
𝑦-int:

Flinna 48
 1
(b)​ 𝑦 = 2−𝑥 + 3

domain:
range:
vertical asymptote:
horizontal asymptote:
𝑥-int:
𝑦-int:

−4𝑥−16
(c)​ 𝑦 = 𝑥−4

domain:
range:
vertical asymptote:
horizontal asymptote:
𝑥-int:
𝑦-int:

𝑥+4
(d)​ 𝑦 = 16−4𝑥

domain:
range:
vertical asymptote:
horizontal asymptote:
𝑥-int:
𝑦-int:

2
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
Note: If you are curios about other rational functions like 𝑦 = 2 or 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥+𝑒
.
𝑐𝑥 +𝑑𝑥+𝑒

​ ​

Flinna 49
 Problem 2: Find Rational Function with a Given Graph
𝑎
Just like sketching the graph of rational function, to find the rational function 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘 fitting

the graph, we need to identify its vertical asymptote _____ and horizontal asymptote _____ first. Then, to
find another unknown, we need to substitute _____ points.
𝑎
Example: Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘, find the function.

Step 1: Identify its vertical asymptote _____ and horizontal asymptote _____

Step 2: Write down the function 𝑦 = 𝑥− +

Step 3: Substitute point (2, − 6)

​Try It
𝑎
1.​ Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘, find the function.

(a)​ (b)​

𝑎𝑥+3
2.​ Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−𝑏 .

(a)​ Find 𝑎 and 𝑏 given that the asymptotes for 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) are 𝑥 =− 1 and 𝑦 = 2
(b)​ Find the axes intercepts of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
−1
(c)​ Hence, sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) with axes intercepts and asymptotes.

Flinna 50
 Problem 3: Solve Rational Equation
We usually solve rational equations by the following steps:
1.​ Note any value of the variable that would make any denominator zero.
2.​ Find the least common denominator (LCD) of all denominators in the equation.
3.​ Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides of the equation by the LCD.
4.​ Solve the resulting equation.
5.​ Check the answer in the original equation.

Example: Solve for the following rational equations. Check your answer with technology.
5 6 𝑥+11 5 3
(a)​ 1 − 𝑥 =− 2 (b)​ 2 = 𝑥−4 − 𝑥−1
𝑥 𝑥 −5𝑥+4

LCD is LCD is

​Try It

1.​ Solve for the following rational equations. Check your answer with technology.
𝑥−3 𝑥 1 3 1
(a)​ 𝑥+5 = 𝑥+2 (b)​ 2𝑥 + 𝑥−7 =− 𝑥

2 4 𝑥−1 𝑥 72
(c)​ 𝑥+2 + 𝑥−2 − 2 =0 (d)​ 𝑥+6 = 2 +4
𝑥 −4 𝑥 −36

Flinna 51
 Problem 4: Solve Rational Inequality
We usually solve rational inequalities by the following steps:
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
6.​ Put the inequality in general form 𝑄 > 0, 𝑄 ≥ 0, 𝑄 < 0, or 𝑄 ≤ 0

7.​ Set the numerator and denominator equal to zero and solve.
8.​ Plot the critical values on a number line, breaking the number line into intervals.
9.​ Identify whether each interval is positive or negative.
a.​ 奇變偶不變
b.​ Take a test number from each interval and plug it into the original inequality.
10.​Write answer to this inequality by including intervals where values plugged in made a true
statement.
𝑃 𝑃
Note: For 𝑄 ≥ 0 or 𝑄 ≤ 0, 𝑃’s zeros are answers but 𝑄’s zeros are not.

Think: Why don’t we solve rational inequalities like solving equations by multiplying both sides of the
inequality by the LCD?
1 2
Example: Solve 𝑥+1 ≥ 𝑥 for 𝑥 both with and without technology.

(c)​ with technology (HINT: You need to identify the asymptote first!)
(d)​ without technology

​Try It

2.​ Solve the following rational inequalities for 𝑥 both with and without technology.
𝑥−1
(f)​ 𝑥−3 > 2

(i)​ with technology (ii)​ without technology

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 3
(g)​ 𝑥+2 ≤ 𝑥

(i)​ with technology (ii)​ without technology

1 2 3
(h)​ 4 − 2 ≥ 𝑥
𝑥

(i)​ with technology (ii)​ without technology

−2𝑥+6
(i)​ [challenge] (𝑥+4)(𝑥−3) >− 1

(i)​ with technology (ii)​ without technology

𝑥+3
(j)​ [challenge] 2 ≤− 1
(𝑥 +𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)

(i)​ with technology (ii)​ without technology

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 Problem 5: Application
Example: Carl decides to explore the Meander River, the location of several recent Sasquatch
sightings. From camp, he canoes downstream five miles to check out a purported Sasquatch nest.
Finding nothing, he immediately turns around, retraces his route (this time traveling upstream), and
returns to camp 3 hours after he left. If Carl canoes at a rate of 6 miles per hour in still water, how fast
was the Meander River flowing on that day?

​Try It

1.​ Working alone, Taylor can weed the garden in 4 hours. If Carl helps, they can weed the garden in
3 hours. How long would it take for Carl to weed the garden on his own?

2.​ Given a cost function 𝐶(𝑥), which returns the total cost of producing 𝑥 items, recall that the
𝐶(𝑥)
average cost function, 𝑐(𝑥) = 𝑥
computes the cost per item when 𝑥 items are produced.

Suppose the cost 𝐶, in dollars, to produce 𝑥 PortaBoy game systems for a local retailer is
𝐶(𝑥) = 80𝑥 + 150, 𝑥 ≥ 0.
(a)​ Find an expression for the average cost function 𝑐(𝑥)
(b)​ Solve 𝑐(𝑥) < 100 and interpret.
(c)​ Determine the behavior of 𝑐(𝑥) as 𝑥 → ∞ and interpret.

3.​ Joe enters a race where he has to cycle and run. He cycles a distance of 25 km, and then runs
for 20 km. His average running speed is half of his average cycling speed. Joe completes the
race in less than 2.5 hours. Find the least average running speed.

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