Thersecr PaY

sCHEME OF SYSTFMATIC QUALILATIVE INORGANIC ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION
SERAL INFERENCE
NO.
I PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Colour and appcarance of the substance a)Blue or bluish green
Cu maybe present
is noted. b) Light pink or earthy Mn may be present
c) No,characteristic colour Cu", Mn ctc may be
absent
Dry hcating test a) A gas pgoduced which turns limec
A little of the substance is heated water milky.
Carbonate may be present.
Nitrate may be present.
strongly in a clean dry test tube. b) Reddish brown fumes of NO Carbonate and Nitrate may
o) Nocharacteristicreaction be absent.
Solubility test
A little of the salt is treated with
Water Soluble Ammonium ion may be
present
Dil. HCI
Soluble Group I cation may b

Dil. HNO
absent
Soluble Group I cation may be
I
present
PRELIMNARY TESTS FOR ANIONS
a) A little of the salt is treated with dil.
HCI
a) Brisk effervescencewith the Presence of Carbonatë
evolution of a colourless odourless
gas

Mc t2Hl>2MCI+HO
b) No characteristic reaction Absence of Carbonate
b) The gas obtained above is passed into The lime water turned milky Presence of Carbonate is
little lime water taken in a test tube and
shaken well. confirmed.
Cai+ C0- CaC0+HO
A little of the salt is rubbed with
a) Vinegar smell Presence of Acetate
dil.H,S04.
CHCoOM+HSsqMHS0,tCHCpOH
&b) No characteristic reaction Absence of Acetate

BaClh solution is added to a little fthe a) Aswhite ppt. insoluble in dil. HCI. Presence of Sulphate
salt solution taken in a test tube.
M90t BaCLBaS0, +2
di
b)No characteristic reaction Absence of Sulphate
Phecipitatu
 *

a) Little conc. HSO4 is addd to a little

of the salt taken in a test tube, warmed a) A colourless gas fuming in moist Presence of Chloride
air and dense white fumes when a
and then heated strongly.
glass rod dipped
in NH,OH
solution
is shown to the mouth of
the test tube.
SaWt Cor HSO MCI+ HS, MH30+ HCl
Hcl + NH,OH- NHCtH,O|
-b) No characteristicreaction
Absenee-of ¬htoride
b) ) Little conc. HSO4 is added toa a) Reddish brown vapours
little, of the salt taken in a test tube, Presence of Nitrate
warmed and then heated strongly and to
theboiled solution a paper ball is
MNOtHS0,> MHSO,+ HNG
introduced. AHNO 4NGt+L0t Q
sl! one.H,SO
b No characteristiC Teaction
Abseneevf Nitrate

II PRETARATION OF STOCK SOLUTION

A'stock solution of the salt in...
. . 1S prepared.

IV. CONFIRMATION TESTS FOR ANIONS

Carbonate
To alitle of the test solution MgSO, . White ppi Presence of Carbonate is
solution is added.
confirmed.
Mco, +MaSs0 > M$0+g

Acetate
a) To the little of the salt solution a few
Red colo
drops of neulral FeCly solution is added.

FechCc0Fe
+ MCI
3eH,COOM +
ud

Feclg tNH,OH
b) To the above solution add water and Reddish brown ppt. Presence of Acetate is
boiled.
confirmed.
CH,coo)Fe 2H0->ec00OPet eH,coOH
a daishbaown ppt.
3 Sulphate
A liitle of the salt solution is acidified White ppt. soluble in excess
with acetic acid and lead acetate solution
of hot Presence of Sulphate is
ammonium acetate solution. confirmed.
is added.

M3+CHcooPb> PLs0,t3CH,CoM
 Ai

Chloride
A little of the salt solution is acidifiod A curdy white ppt. soluble in NH;OH Prescnce of Chloride is
with dil HNO3, boiled, cooled and
solution confirmed.
AgNO solution is added.

Me +AaNo>AgCl+MM,
Nitrate
Brown ring test:
A little of the salt solution is mixed
with A brown ring is formed at the Presence of Nitrate is
freshly prepared FeSO, solution and junction of the two liquids.
conc.. HSO4 confirmed
carefully added along the
sides the test tube without shaking.
24 3t+|
NO+SF +4 3Fe+ot24,0
Fe90, +NOFe 30 wo
VSYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OFCATIONS
Test for Animonium ion
A little of the salt is boiled with NaOH a) Colourless gas with pungent
and produce dense white fumes smellPresence
solution. of ammonium
when ion
a glass rod dippèd /n conc. HCl is
Sel4Nat showi to the mouth of the test tübe.

NH+NaOH>NH,tHo +Na
NH+ HCI9 NCt,
Nocharacteristic siel
Absence of Ammonium
To little of the test
solution add a few A brown ppt ion.
drops of Nessler's reagent Presence of ammonium
ion is confimed.

: 2RHg-tHs t3KOH H-Ha0. Hal +2H+K

1
TEST FOR GROUP I
Dil. HCI is added to a portion of the salt a) White ppt
solution. Presence of GroupI
cations
Sait Se +0ia H Pb+&ci > Pbc
b) No ppt
Absence of GroupI
The ppt. obtained above is boiled with Ppt dissolves on heating cations
excess of water Presence of Lead
To one portion of the hot solution add Yellow ppt.
Potassium chromate solution Presence of Lead is
Pb+kcr0,->PLca0t contirmed
 -
is áya
a) To the second portion ofthe hot Ycllow ppt. 'cgsence of Lcad
solution add Potassiunm iodide solution
Pb t2 K> PI,+2R *nlirntod

b) The yellow ppt. is boiled with water Ppt. dissolves on boiling and Presence of Lcad is again
and cooled. reappcars as golden spangles on confirmed
cooling.
TEST FOR GROUPII
Noobo
HS is passed through the above solution a) A black ppt.
Presence of Group I
C+3 Cu3 cations

b) No pt. Absencé of Group I

cations
TEST FOT GROUP I

A little.of the stock solution is saturated

a) A white gelatinous ppt. Presence f Group II
with solid NH;Cl and cxcess of NH,OH 3+ cations
is'added. AL+30H AI(OH
b)No ppt. Absence of AP
Ash test
A little of the salt is boiled with 1 or 2 Blue ash
drops of dil. HNO, and cobalt nitrate Presence of Al" ion is
solution. Afolded filter paper is dipped Al(OH), ALO+3 L confirmed
in the.solution and burnt.
**

CBu .*

3
Lake test
A little of the salt is dissolved in dil. Blue ppt.(lake) floating in the
HCl. Add 2 drops of blue litmus solution Presence of A" ion is
colourless solution again confirmed
followed by NH,OH solution drop wise
till blue colour
develops. ANON), +3 HCl>ANCLt8|/1,0
Alc +3 NH,OHA(OH + 3NHC

TEST FOR GROUP IV

Salt solution is'saturated with solid ) Flesh colour ppt. Presence of Mn**
NHCl änd-then add excess of NHOH
solution followed by H,S. b) Dirty white ppt. Presence of Zn*

M+ MS
Absence of Group IV
c) No ppt. cations
 ed
in excess. drop by drop and then a) White ppt.
gradually turning brown
Prosence of Mn
Ma tNaDHMkoH,tawcontirmod is
Mno1), +[o)-> Mno )
b) White ppt which
Cxcss of NaOH di_solvos in Presence of Zn* is
giving colourless
solution: confirmedd
Zn tNaDH >2(DH)+ |2v2
|Zn +Va0H>Na, 2»
A little
t2Hh,0
of the salt is mixed
dioxide and conc. with Lead
boiled, cooled and HNO3. The mixture is coloured
The top part of the
solution is
allowed. to stand. pink. Presence of Mn°" is
confirmed again
2MnlV0), +5Plo, +CHNG>SPN0,
4
+2HMa0,t 2t0
Salt solution is
and Potassium acidified with Acetic (Pink)
added. ferrocyanide solution acid | Bluish white ppt (light
is green)
Presence of Zn* is again
confirmed

Ash test
A litle of the salt is
drops of dii. HNQ3 and boiledwith 1 or 2 .'

Green ash
cobalt nitrate
solution. A folded Presence of Zn*is
the solution and filter
in paper is dipped confirmed again
burnt.
22,0 +2 |CG(vo), XC%0 2n0
+ N0, +0
(G1en)
TEST FOR GROUP V
Solid NHCl and excess of NH{OH and ****

(NH)CO, solutions are added to a little a) A white

ppt. Presence of Group V
of the salt
solution. cations
M +CO MO

b) No ppt
Absence of Group V
To the little of the stock cations
solution Acetic a) Yellow pt
acid and Potassium chromate Presence of Ba" is
are added. solutions
confirmed
|Ba +Ca Ba0,
ppt
| b) Yellow colour( No ppo Presence of Ca*
C
 Ammonium oxalate solution is added to
the salt solution White.ppt.
Presence of Ca is
confirmed

Flame test
A little of the
salt is
with conc.HCl in a made into a paste a) Pale grecn flame
watch glass andis
shown to the non Presence of Ba* is
luminous flame with
the help of a glass rod. confimed
b) Brick red flame
Presence of Ca is
TEST FOR GROUP VI
To
confirmed
little of the stock solution, solid
a

NH,Cl, excess of NHOH and disodium a) White crystalline ppt.

hydrogen phosphate are added Presence of Mg"

M+VH Na HPO, >MlMnPo,)t Pn

+

b) No ppt
whb Ppt
2
Absence of Mg"
Ash test
A little
of the salt is boiled with 1 or 2
drops of dil. HNO; and cobalt nitrote Pink tinted ash
i
soiuiou á tolded siter paper is dipped
Pretei vfig-is
ntheysofution and-butnt.. Ma0 t o{V0 confirmed
L
., 2o0|.Mq0+4
Pen wo, tO
RESULT:
The given salt contains
the anion.....
.... and the
caion........