CHEMISTRY

SCHEME OF ANALYSIS

Experiment Observation Inference

PRELIMINARY TEST Colourless (white) Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+etc
1. Colour of the salt
is noted Blue green Presence of Cu2+

Pink Presence of Mn2+

Pale green Presence of Iron

2. Odour of the salt Ammoniacal smell Presence of of NH4+

is noted
Vinegar smell Presence of acetate ion

No characteristic Absence of NH4+ &

smell acetate ion

3. Solubility is noted a) In water

Soluble in water and Presence of NH4+

no precipitate with
Na2CO3

Soluble in water and Absence of NH4+

a precipitate with
Na2CO3

b) In dil. HCl

Soluble in dil HCl Absence of group I

cations.

Insoluble in dil HCl Presence of group I

cations
Flame Test
4. A little of the salt Pale green Presence of Ba2+
is made into a
paste with conc. Crimson red Presence of Sr2+
HCl in a watch
glass and is shown Brick red Presence of Ca2+
in blue flame
No characteristic Absence of Sr2+,Ba2+&
colour is imparted to Ca2+
the flame

5.Ash Test: Blue ash Presence of Al3+

A little of the salt is
dissolved in 2 drops Green tinted ash Presence of Zn2+
of conc. HNO3 and Pink ash Presence of Mg2+
boiled with a few
drops of cobalt No characteristic ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+ &
nitrate solution. A Mg2+
filter paper soaked in
this solution is burnt
to ashes.

II. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS FOR ANIONS

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Dil HCl is added Brisk effervescence of Presence of CO32-

to a little of the a colourless gas
salt
C.R- CO2 gas is evolved

No brisk effervescence Absence of CO32-

2. A little of the salt Vinegar smell Presence of acetate.
is rubbed with dil.
C.R- This is due to the formation of acetic acid
H2SO4 in a watch
glass. No vinegar smell Absence of acetate.

3.A little of the salt is a) colourless pungent Presence of chloride

heated with conc smelling gas is
H2SO4 evolved and dense
white fumes are
produced when a
glass rod dipped in
NH4OH is shown near
the mouth of the test
tube

C.R – Colourless fuming gas is HCl , which

reacts with NH4OH to form dense white fumes
of NH4Cl

b) fuming gas and Presence of Bromide

reddish brown
vapours are evolved.

c) fuming gas and Presence of Iodide

violet vapours are
evolved

d) No characteristic Absence of chloride,

observation Bromide& Iodide

4.A little of the salt is a) Reddish brown Presence of Nitrate

heated with conc. fumes
H2SO4 and paper ball C.R – This is due to the formation of Nitrogen
Dioxide
 b) No reddish brown Absence of Nitrate
fumes

5. A little of the salt a)White ppt Presence of Sulphate

is acidified with dil.
HCl and BaCl2
C.R – This is due to the formation of Barium
solution is added
sulphate

III. Confirmatory test for Anions

I. Carbonate

1. The above gas Lime water turns Presence of carbonate

(refer test no.1 milky is confirmed.
)is passed
through lime C.R- This is due to the formation of insoluble
water(calcium calcium carbonate
hydroxide )
2. To a little of the White ppt. Presence of carbonate
salt solution A is confirmed.
few drops of
BaCl2 solution is C.R - This is due to the formation of Barium
added Carbonate

II. Chloride:

1. A little of the a) white ppt. soluble Presence of Chloride is

salt is acidified in NH4OH confirmed
with dil HNO3
and a few drops C.R- This is due to the formation of silver
of silver nitrate chloride
sol. are added
 Greenish yellow gas is Presence of Chloride
2. A little of the formed. is confirmed
salt is heated
with manganese C.R- This is due to the formation of chlorine
dioxide and gas
conc. Sulphuric
acid

III. Acetate:
1. A little of the Fruity smell Presence of Acetate is
salt is confirmed
warmed with
conc. H2SO4 C.R- This is due to the formation of ethyl
and a little acetate ester.
Ethyl alcohol,
then poured
into excess of
water taken
in a beaker.

2. To a little of Red colour is formed Presence of Acetate is

the salt again confirmed.
solution,
Neutral ferric C.R-This is due to the formation of ferric
chloride acetate
solution is
added.
IV. Nitrate:

1. A small quantity Brown ring is formed Presence of Nitrate is

of freshly at the junction of the confirmed.
prepared ferrous solution
sulphate
Solution is C.R- This is due to the formation of nitroso
added to a little ferrous sulphate complex
of the salt
solution and
then Conc.
H2SO4 is added
along the sides
of the test tube.
2. A little of the Blue colouration Presence of Nitrate is
salt solution is confirmed.
added along the
sides of another C.R- This is due to the oxidation of diphenyl
test tube amine by nitrate
containing
Diphenyl amine.
V. Sulphate:

1. 1. To a little of White ppt. Presence of Sulphate

the salt solution is confirmed.
acetic acid and
C.R- This is due to the formation of lead
lead acetate
solution are sulphate.
added
2. Excess The ppt. dissolved Presence of sulphate
ammonium is confirmed.
acetate solution
is added to the C.R- This is due to the formation of lead
above ppt. acetate.
IV.SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS FOR CATIONS

Prepare salt solution in water.

1. To a little of the No ppt. Presence of Zero

aqueous group. (ammonium)
solution of the
salt, small qty. C.R-This is due to the formation of soluble
of sodium
ammonium carbonate
carbnonate sol.
is added. A precipitate is Absence of zero
formed group

2. Dil. HCl is added White ppt. Presence of group I

to a little of the cation. (lead)
salt solution. C.R- This is due to the formation of Lead
Chloride

No precipitate Absence of group I

cation

3. Dil. HCl is added Yellow or black ppt. Presence of Group II

to a little of the cation(Black: Copper:
salt solution and Yellow: cadmium:
H2S gas is arsenic)
passed No precipitate Absence of Group II
cation

4. Solid NH4Cl is White gelatinous ppt. Presence of group III

added to a little cation. (aluminium)
of the salt
solution and C.R- This is due to the formation of
excess NH4OH is Aluminium Hydroxide
added
No precipitate Absence of Group III
cation
5. Solid NH4Cl is Dirty white ppt. or Presence of group IV
added to a little pink ppt. or black ppt. cation
of the salt White : zinc
solution and Pink : manganese
excess NH4OH is Black : cobalt or
added and then nickel
H2S gas is
passed No precipitate Absence of Group IV
cation

6. Solid NH4Cl is White ppt. Presence of group V

added to a little cation.(Ba2+orCa2+)
of the salt
solution and C.R-This is due to the formation of Barium
then NH4OH carbonate or Calcium carbonate
and (NH4)2CO3
solutions are No precipitate Absence of Group V
added cation

7. A little of the White ppt. Presence of

salt solution is magnesium ion.
treated with
NH4Cl, NH4OH C.R- This is due to the formation of
and then Magnesium ammonium phosphate.
disodium
hydrogen
phosphate
solution is
added. The
inner side of the
test tube is
scratched with a
glass rod.
V. Confirmatory tests for Cation

I. Ammonium ion

1. To a little of the Reddish brown ppt. Presence of

salt solution ammonium is
NaOH solution is confirmed.
added and then C.R- This is due to the formation of mercuric
Nessler’s amino iodide.
reagent[potassi
um tetra iodo
mercurate (II)]

2. A little of the Smell of ammonia Presence of

salt solution is and dense white ammonium is
heated with fumes are produced confirmed.
NaOH solution. when a glass rod
dipped in HCl is
shown at the mouth
of the test tube.
C.R- This is due to the formation of
ammonium chloride

GROUP I CATION
(LEAD)

1. To a little of the Yellow ppt. Presence of lead

salt solution a C.R- This is due to the formation of Lead
few drops of chromate.
potassium
chromate
solution is
added
 2. To a little of the Golden yellow ppt. Presence of lead is
salt solution a confirmed
few drops of
potassium
iodide solution
is added C.R- This is due to the formation of lead
iodide

GROUP II CATION
(Cd2+)

1. Group II ppt. is White ppt. soluble in Presence of cadmium

boiled with dil. excess NH4OH
HNO3 and
NH4OH is added
drop by drop in
excess
GROUP III CATION
(Al3+)
1. The group III Blue ppt. floating in Presence of
ppt. is dissolved the colourless aluminium.
in dil. HCl and solution.
added two
drops of blue
litmus solution
to this added C.R- Aluminium hydroxide is a good
NH4OH drop adsorbent, and therefore it adsorbs the blue
wise. litmus solution and gives this blue lake test.
 2. A little of the
Blue ash Presence of
salt is dissolved
in 2 drops of aluminium is
conc. HNO3 and confirmed.
boiled with a
C.R- This is due to the formation of a double
few drops of
cobalt nitrate oxide of aluminium and cobalt. (CoO.Al2O3)
solution. A filter
paper soaked in
this solution is
burnt to ashes.

GROUP IV CATION
(Zn2+ and Mn2+)

1. The group IV 1. white ppt. Presence of Zinc

ppt. is dissolved dissolved in excess
in dil.HCl and NaOH solution Presence of
NaOH solution is 2. White ppt. turned Manganese
added drop by brown.
drop.

2. To a little of the
salt solution a Presence of Zinc is
few drops of Yellow ppt confirmed
potassium
ferrocyanide
solution are
added.

3. A little of the . Presence of Zinc is

salt solution is confirmed.
boiled with a Green ash
little con.HNO3
and cobalt
 nitrate solution.
A filter paper
soaked in this
solution and
burnt to ashes

4. A little of the
salt solution is Presence of
boiled with a Manganese is
The super natent
few drops of confirmed
solution is coloured
conc.HNO3 and a
pinch of lead pink.
dioxide. Then it
is diluted with
water and kept
for some time
GROUP V CATION:
(Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+)

I. BARIUM

1. A little acetic Yellow ppt. Presence of Barium is

acid and identified.
potassium
chromate
solution are
added to a little
of the salt C.R- This is due to the formation of Barium
solution chromate.
 Flame Test.
A little of the
Pale green colour is Presence of barium is
salt is made into imparted to the again confirmed.
a paste with flame.
conc.HCl and
shown to a
C.R- The colors observed during the flame test
non-luminous
result from the excitement of the electrons caused
flame. by the increased temperature. The electrons "jump"
from their ground state to a higher energy level. As
they return to their ground state, they emit visible
light

II. CALCIUM

1. To a little of the White crystalline ppt. Presence of calcium is

salt solution, confirmed.
ammonium
chloride,
ammonium
hydroxide and C.R- This is due to the formation of calcium
ammonium oxalate.
oxalate solution
are added.

Flame Test.

A little of the salt is Brick red colour is Presence of calcium is

made into a paste imparted to the confirmed.
with conc.HCl and flame.
shown to a
non-luminous flame
C.R- The colors observed during the flame test
result from the excitement of the electrons caused
by the increased temperature. The electrons "jump"
from their ground state to a higher energy level. As
they return to their ground state, they emit visible
light
III. STRONTIUM

1. To a little the A white ppt. is Presence of

salt solution, obtained slowly in Strontium is
acetic acid and the cold but very identified.
calcium readily on boiling.
sulphate
solution are
added and then
boiled

2. Flame test is Crimson red colour is Presence of

conducted. imparted to the Strontium is
flame. confirmed.
GROUP VI (Mg2+)

1. A little of the Blue precipitate Presence of

salt solution is magnesium is
added with identified
C.R- Magnesium forms a complex with
Magneson
magneson reagent.
reagent and
NaOH solution

2. The group VI
ppt. is dissolved Pink Ash Presence of
in 2 drops of Magnesium is
conc.HNO3 and confirmed.
boiled with
cobalt nitrate C.R- This is due to the formation of a double
solution. A filter oxide of magnesium and cobalt. (CoO.MgO)
paper soaked in
this solution and