Module 2

Literature Review and Technical Reading

COURSE COORDINATOR: Prof Manjula G Emmi

2.1 New and Existing Knowledge

1.Purpose of the Literature Review

The primary goal of a literature review is to:

• Identify the problem: Often, researchers have a vague understanding of the issue they
intend to address. A literature review helps to clarify and refine the problem by
reviewing what others have written on the topic.
• Support the chosen approach: It provides the theoretical justification for the
methodology chosen. By analyzing how others have approached the issue, the review
can advocate for the suitability of the researcher’s method.
• Evaluate the research methods: A good literature review examines the strengths and
limitations of the methodologies used by previous researchers, providing a rationale for
the method used in the new study.
• Demonstrate originality: The review ensures that the researcher understands where
their research fits within the existing body of knowledge, and how it contributes
something new and innovative to the field.

2. New and Existing Knowledge

• Context of Knowledge: All new research builds upon the foundation of existing
knowledge. Therefore, the literature review plays a crucial role in demonstrating that
the researcher is aware of the current state of knowledge and that their work fills a
particular gap or extends the understanding of the topic.
• New Knowledge Interpretation: The interpretation of new knowledge depends
heavily on the researcher's background and perspective. Thus, the literature review
helps frame this new knowledge within the appropriate context by referencing existing
work.
• Problem Significance: A literature review demonstrates the importance of the research
problem. By reviewing what has already been published, researchers can make a
compelling argument for why their topic is worthy of study.

3. Sources of Knowledge

• Textbooks: Textbooks are often the starting point for understanding established,
foundational knowledge. They are written to teach and often present the basics of a
field in an accessible manner.
• Research Papers: Research papers represent the cutting edge of knowledge. Unlike
textbooks, they are written for experts who are already familiar with the field and
assume the reader has prior knowledge. The purpose of research papers is to present
 new insights, ideas, or findings, making them essential for understanding the latest
developments.
• Balancing Both: A good literature review incorporates both textbooks for a solid
foundation and research papers for the latest advancements. This balance helps build a
comprehensive understanding of both established and emerging knowledge in the field.

4. Challenges in Conducting a Literature Review

• Difficulty in Finding Relevant Research: It is often challenging to identify the most

relevant and influential research in a field. This requires a systematic approach to
reading and reviewing, ensuring that all important work is accounted for.
• Understanding Complex Research Papers: Unlike textbooks, research papers can be
dense and assume significant background knowledge. Researchers must often refer to
other sources to understand the full implications of a paper’s findings.
• Building a Knowledge Foundation: The ultimate goal of reviewing the literature is to
construct a strong foundation for the research. This involves carefully selecting the most
relevant sources, analyzing their contributions, and synthesizing the information to fit
the researcher’s framework.

5. Structure of a Good Literature Review

• Summarizing Existing Knowledge: A literature review should succinctly summarize

the state of knowledge in the field. This summary should cover all the major theories,
key findings, and important debates.
• Identifying Key Concepts and Relationships: The review should detail the key
concepts within the literature and the relationships between them. This could involve
discussing how various factors interact or how different studies approach similar issues.
• Describing Complementary Approaches: A comprehensive literature review doesn’t
just focus on a single method or perspective. It should highlight various approaches to
solving the problem and discuss their respective merits and limitations.
• Highlighting Inconsistencies and Gaps: One of the primary purposes of the literature
review is to identify inconsistencies or gaps in the literature. These could be areas where
previous research has been inconclusive, where there are conflicting results, or where
no research has yet been conducted.
• Providing a Compelling Reason for Further Research: After identifying gaps and
inconsistencies, a good literature review makes a strong case for why further research
is necessary. This motivates the reader to understand the significance of the research
being proposed.

6. Steps in Conducting an Effective Literature Review

• Identify Major Topics or Subtopics: Break down the research topic into major themes
or concepts. These subtopics serve as a framework for categorizing the sources of
information you review.
• Categorize the Sources: As you read through various sources, place each citation
under the relevant subtopic. This helps in organizing the literature and understanding
how different pieces of research relate to each other.
• Highlight Key Findings: As you read, highlight key principles, findings, or arguments
that are relevant to your research. These highlights should not only focus on what has
been discovered but also why it’s important to your study.
 • Synthesizing the Information: After reading, it’s crucial to write about the highlighted
sections in your own words. This step forces you to think critically about the material
and integrate it into your research framework. By doing so, you’re not just copying
others' ideas but shaping them to support your own research.

7. Continuous Reading and Writing

• Reading: Literature review is an ongoing process. New research is constantly

published, and staying up-to-date is essential to ensure that your work remains relevant
and grounded in the latest knowledge.
• Writing: Writing about what you’ve read helps to clarify your thoughts and ensures a
deeper understanding. By paraphrasing and integrating what you’ve learned, you create
a unique interpretation of the literature that supports your research.

8. Outcomes of an Effective Literature Review

• Theoretical Growth: A well-done literature review supports the theoretical

development in a field by synthesizing previous work and highlighting new directions.
• Foundation for New Research: By identifying gaps, inconsistencies, and the current
state of knowledge, the literature review sets the stage for new, original research that
makes a meaningful contribution to the field.
• Choice of Methodology: The literature review provides a justification for the research
methodologies chosen by explaining what has worked in the past and how it can be
improved upon.
• Novel Contributions: Ultimately, the review demonstrates that the proposed work will
offer something novel, either by filling a gap, proposing a new theory, or using a unique
methodology.

In summary, a literature review is not just a summary of existing research but an essential
part of the research process that provides context, demonstrates gaps, and justifies the need for
further study. It requires careful analysis, continuous reading, and writing, and it must be
structured around concepts rather than individual studies. A successful literature review lays
the groundwork for advancing knowledge and ensures that the research contributes something
meaningful and innovative to the field.

2.2 Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Art

Introduction to Prior Art Analysis

The Importance of Prior Art Analysis

• Why Analyze Prior Art?

o Establishes a baseline of knowledge
o Identifies existing solutions and limitations
o Highlights gaps and opportunities for innovation
• Synthesis of Literature:
o Integrates insights from various studies
 o Leads to new conclusions and contributions to the field

Visual: A diagram representing a funnel filtering down prior studies into new ideas.

Breakdown of Prior Art Articles

Title: Steps to Analyze Prior Art Articles

• Step 1: Understanding the Hypothesis

o Clarify the primary research question
o Check for alignment with your topic
• Step 2: Models and Experimental Conditions
o Review the methods used for consistency and reliability
o Note how different studies approach similar problems
• Step 3: Making Connections
o Identify common themes or trends across articles
o Look for complementary or contradictory findings
• Step 4: Compare and Contrast
o Examine differences in approach, scope, and results
o Understand why certain methods succeed or fail
• Step 5: Identify Strengths and Loopholes
o Critique the robustness of methodologies and results
o Point out gaps in logic or untested variables

Visual: Flowchart representing each step in article analysis.

Using a Literature Survey Grid

Title: Literature Survey Grid

• Purpose of a Survey Grid:

o Organizes information across topics and sources
o Helps visualize how different studies relate
• Grid Example:
o Column Headers: Topics (e.g., Methods, Results, Variables)
o Row Headers: Sources (e.g., Article 1, Article 2)

Visual: Example of a grid with columns representing research components (hypothesis,

methods, results) and rows listing sources.

Critical Synthesis of Articles

Title: Synthesis of Literature Sources

 • Combine Insights:
o Integrate findings from multiple articles into one cohesive understanding
o Group similar findings to reinforce patterns
• Draw Conclusions:
o Identify what the body of literature reveals as a whole
o Highlight areas needing further investigation
• Look for Gaps:
o What hasn’t been covered or adequately explored?

Visual: A Venn diagram showing how different articles overlap and lead to new insights.

Critical Evaluation of Sources

Title: Evaluating the Credibility of Sources

• Authority:
o Check the author’s credentials and institutional affiliation
o Consider the reputation of the publishing journal
• Accuracy:
o Are the data and conclusions supported by references and evidence?
o Are there inconsistencies in the information presented?
• Scope:
o Is the information suitable for the research focus?
o Does it provide the depth needed for your study?
• Additional Factors:
o Currency: How up-to-date is the information?
o Objectivity: Are there biases or conflicts of interest?
o Purpose: Is the source informational or persuasive?

Visual: Checklist with icons for authority, accuracy, scope, currency, and objectivity.
Utilizing Scholarly Resources

Title: The Role of Scholarly Articles and Patents

• Refereed Articles:
o Peer-reviewed research provides validated information
o Essential for building a reliable knowledge foundation
• Patents:
o Official patents document verified and protected innovations
o Useful for technical fields requiring precise data

Identifying Unsolved Issues

Title: Recognizing Gaps in Prior Art

• Unresolved Problems:
o What questions remain unanswered in the literature?
o Highlight unsolved technical or theoretical issues
• Limitations of Models:
o Point out where existing models fail to account for real-world data
• Opportunities for Innovation:
o Recommend new areas for exploration
o Propose enhancements or alternative approaches

Visual: A magnifying glass searching for missing pieces in a puzzle, symbolizing gaps in the
literature.

Conclusion: Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Art

Title: Key Takeaways

• Critical Thinking:
o Always question the validity of sources
o Don’t accept claims without thorough analysis
• Synthesis Drives Innovation:
o Integrating information reveals new research opportunities
• Future Directions:
o Use gaps in the literature as a springboard for original contributions
2.3 Bibliographic Databases

Introduction to Bibliographic Databases

Title: What Are Bibliographic Databases?

• Definition: Abstracting and indexing services that collect citation information

• Purpose: Help researchers find articles, conference papers, and other scholarly sources
• Key Benefit: Allows simultaneous searches across multiple scholarly materials
• Challenges: Each database may have its own limitations

Visual: Illustration of a database search funnel with multiple sources feeding into a scholarly
research pool.

Importance of Using Multiple Databases

Title: Why Use Multiple Bibliographic Databases?

• Avoid Over-Reliance on One Database:

o No single database contains everything
o Avoids limitations from intrinsic shortcomings of a single source
• Wide Coverage: Simultaneous searches through different databases yield diverse
perspectives

Visual: A Venn diagram showing overlapping areas of different databases (e.g., Web of
Science, Google Scholar, etc.).

2.3.1 Web of Science Overview

Title: Web of Science

• Overview:
o Scholarly search engine with multiple specialized tools
o Requires institutional license for access
• Features:
o Search options include fields like title, topic, author, and date
o Allows sorting by citations, date, and refining results through keyword filters
• Cited Reference Search:
o Enables tracking of articles that have cited earlier works
o Helps researchers find how ideas have evolved or been extended

Visual: Screenshot or example of Web of Science interface with filters and citation counts.

2.3.2 Google and Google Scholar

Title: Google vs. Google Scholar

• Google:
o Searches freely available information from a wide range of sources
o Limited refinement and quality control
o Useful for general starting points (reports, government websites, etc.)
• Google Scholar:
o Focuses on scholarly literature but not always reliable
o Some results may not be truly scholarly
o Lacks comprehensive coverage (some publishers exclude their content)

Visual: A comparison chart between Google and Google Scholar (pros and cons).

Google Scholar Search Operators

Title: Improving Google Scholar Searches

• OR: Broadens search by capturing synonyms or spelling variations

o Example: "Synchronous OR asynchronous"
• Quotation Marks: Narrows search by finding words as a phrase
o Example: "Texas Instruments"
• Site Operator: Limits search to specific domains
o Example: "site

.org"

• Filetype Operator: Filters results by file type (PDF, PPT, etc.)

o Example: "filetype

"

Visual: A table listing different search operators with examples for each.

Why Google Isn’t Enough

Title: Limitations of Google and Google Scholar

• Quality Control: Google indexes everything—there’s no guarantee of scholarly

relevance
• Limited Search Functionality: Basic search options with limited refinement
capabilities
• Need for Academic Databases:
o More relevant, focused, and peer-reviewed resources
o Comprehensive subject-specific databases

Visual: A diagram showing academic databases (like Web of Science) as more refined than
broad Google searches.
Conclusion: Choosing the Right Database

Title: Best Practices for Using Bibliographic Databases

• Start Broadly, Then Focus:

o Use general search engines like Google Scholar to explore the topic
o Narrow down through subject-specific databases like Web of Science
• Use Advanced Search Techniques:
o Use operators like OR, site, and filetype to narrow or broaden your results
o Take advantage of database filters to save time

Visual: A flowchart showing the process from broad searches to focused academic searches.

2.4 Effective Search: The Way Forward

What Is a Scholarly Publication?

• Definition:
o Authored by field-specific researchers
o Peer-reviewed for accuracy and validity
• Audience:
o Fellow experts and students
o More complex and advanced content than general publications
• Content Focus:
o Cites all sources used
o Typically introduces new research outcomes

Visual: A comparison table between scholarly journals and popular publications.

Role of Popular Publications in Research

• Overview:
o Informal approach with broader readership (both experts and amateurs)
o Focuses on news, trends, and general information
• Use Case:
o Not used for first-hand research results but valuable for trends and background
• Content Focus:
o Meant for general reading, not peer-reviewed
o Highlights industry updates, trends, and opinions

Visual: Examples of scholarly articles vs. popular publications (e.g., a journal vs. a magazine).

Comprehensive Search Tools

• Why Use Multiple Search Tools:

 o No one database or tool has all the information
o Combine scholarly databases, books, journals, and even print-only resources
• Consider Information Type:
o What type of information is required (specific studies, general data, etc.)?
o Not all information is available online
• Delayed Availability:
o Some scholarly data may take time to be published, especially on emerging
issues

Visual: Flowchart showing multiple search channels leading to a consolidated research

database.

Searching Is an Iterative Process

• Step 1: Experiment with different keywords and search operators

• Step 2: Evaluate and assess results using filters
• Step 3: Modify the search as needed (refine keywords, use filters, try synonyms)
• Step 4: Look at citations and references of relevant articles

Visual: A loop diagram representing the iterative nature of searching and refining.

Engage in Critical Reading

• Key Reading Strategies:

o Critically analyze the relevant articles
o Summarize key findings
o Compare and contrast multiple sources
• Outcome:
o Identify gaps, missing links, and unanswered questions in the literature

Visual: Icon of a researcher comparing articles and taking notes on gaps and findings.

Literature Survey Is Continuous

• Cyclical Process:
o Literature surveys continue throughout the research process
o As understanding grows, more literature may need to be reviewed
• Skill Development:
o Efficient reading and analysis of scholarly content develops with practice
• Active Reading:
o One must build new ideas from what is read, not just consume information

Visual: A continuous loop showing how literature surveys, research, and new insights interact.

Conclusion: Best Practices for Effective Search

• Use All Search Tools Available:

o Combine scholarly databases, books, and even popular sources
• Critical Thinking:
 o Critically assess the relevance of each source
o Be an active reader, engaging deeply with the material
• Iterate and Refine:
o Continuously modify the search and revisit literature as new insights emerge

Importance of Technical Reading

Title: Why Is Technical Reading Important?

• Keep Updated: Researchers need to stay abreast of the latest developments in their
field.
• Fragmented Knowledge: Literature is spread across numerous journals and sources.
• Focus on Quality Sources: Refereed journals and books by reputable publishers are
more reliable than random online sources.

Visual: Icons representing journals, books, and online sources.

2.5 Introduction to Technical Reading

Purpose of Reading Technical Papers

Title: What to Look for in a Technical Paper

• Identify Technical Contributions: Focus on the main ideas or innovations presented

by the authors.
• Quick Skim to Identify Value: Skim papers to decide if they are worth reading in
depth.
• Goal-Oriented Reading: The objective is to extract useful information, not to read
every detail.

Visual: A researcher sorting through papers.

Skimming and Initial Review

Title: Step 1: Skimming the Paper

• Start With the Title and Keywords: These indicate the relevance of the paper.
• Read the Abstract: Get a brief overview of the paper's scope and importance.
• Jump to the Conclusion: Check if the paper’s findings align with your research needs.

Visual: A flowchart showing the steps from title to conclusion in the skimming process.

Efficient Reading Strategy

Title: Step 2: Read Selectively

 • Figures, Tables, and Captions: These provide a quick summary of the paper’s results.
• Introduction: Review the background and context for the study.
• Results and Discussion: The core of the paper, where the main contributions are
discussed.
• Experimental/Modeling Section: Only if needed for deeper understanding.

Visual: A researcher highlighting key sections of a paper.

Critical Evaluation

Title: Step 3: Critically Evaluate the Paper

• Assess the Reputation: Consider the credibility of the authors and the journal.
• Relate to Your Research: Evaluate if the work contributes meaningfully to your
research project.
• Identify Gaps: Consider areas where the paper is lacking or where further research is
needed.

Visual: A magnifying glass over a journal article.

Developing a Strategy for Technical Reading

Title: Forming a Reading Strategy

• Use a Strategic Approach: Focus on relevant papers rather than reading everything.
• Consult Your Advisor: For smaller projects, key papers may be recommended by your
advisor.
• For Larger Projects: You’ll need to search and evaluate literature on your own.

Visual: A researcher setting up a research strategy flowchart.

Conclusion: Key Takeaways

Title: Conclusion: Becoming an Efficient Technical Reader

• Prioritize Quality Sources: Stick to peer-reviewed journals and reputable

publications.
• Skim First, Read Later: Save time by identifying key papers early.
• Develop a Strategy: Adopt a systematic approach to literature search and reading.

Visual: A checklist summarizing key points for effective technical reading.

2.6 Conceptualizing Research
Characteristics of a Good Research Objective

Title: What Makes a Good Research Objective?

• New Knowledge: The research must contribute something original to the field.
• Community Acceptance: It should be recognized as significant by fellow researchers.
• Solvable and Achievable: The objective should be realistic with clear methods and
tools.

Visual: Diagram showing the three pillars of a good research objective—new knowledge,
acceptance, and achievability.

Conceptualizing Research

Title: How to Conceptualize Research

• Link to Existing Knowledge: Research objectives arise from gaps in existing

literature.
• Tools and Methods: Consider the techniques needed to achieve the objective.
• Significance and Originality: Ensure that the problem is relevant and novel.

Visual: Flowchart showing how existing literature leads to the formulation of research
objectives.

The Challenge of Conceptualizing Research

Title: The Difficulty of Defining a Research Objective

• Becoming an Expert: Researchers must immerse themselves in the field's literature to

conceptualize a meaningful objective.
• Edge of Knowledge: A good research objective requires understanding what is already
known.
• At the Ph.D. Level: Conceptualizing research requires advanced knowledge and
expertise.

Visual: An illustration of a researcher sifting through books and papers to formulate a research
objective.

The Three Components of Research

Title: Bringing Together Three Elements

• Significant Problem: Identify a problem worth solving.

 • Existing Knowledge: Use what’s already known to frame the problem.
• Generating New Knowledge: Develop methods to address the gap in the literature.

Visual: Venn diagram with overlapping sections for the three components of research: Problem,
Knowledge, and Methods.

Smaller Scope Research Projects

Title: Conceptualizing Research for Master's or Smaller Projects

• Need for Guidance: Students often rely on supervisors to help identify research
objectives.
• Expert Advice: Supervisors can point to the key literature and guide the research.
• Smaller Scope: Unlike a Ph.D., smaller projects don’t require mastering the edge of
knowledge.

Visual: Flowchart showing the process from advisor guidance to literature review and project
formulation.

Research Is About Knowledge, Not Just Building

Title: Research vs. Engineering

• Making Knowledge: Research aims to create new knowledge, not just build something
new.
• Avoid Obvious Solutions: Ensure that the research contributes something novel and
isn’t considered obvious.
• Reflect on the Objective: Even if building something new, ensure that the research is
generating new understanding.

Visual: A comparison chart of "Building for Knowledge" vs. "Building for Engineering."

Conclusion: Conceptualizing a Meaningful Research Objective

Title: Conclusion: Key Takeaways

• Prioritize New Knowledge: Your research must add value to the existing body of
knowledge.
• Immerse in Literature: Continuously engage with current research to identify gaps
and formulate objectives.
• Work with Experts: Seek guidance when necessary to define a feasible and relevant
research goal.
2.7 Critical and Creative Reading
What Is Critical Reading?

Title: Defining Critical Reading

• Question the Assumptions: Don't assume reported results are correct.

• Evaluate the Problem: Is the paper addressing the right problem?
• Consider Simpler Solutions: Are there overlooked, simpler alternatives?
• Analyze the Assumptions: Are the assumptions reasonable and well-stated?

Visual: Flowchart showing the critical reading process (from assumptions to analysis).

Identifying Flaws in Research Papers

Title: Identifying Mistakes and Flaws

• Logical Flow: Is the argument consistent or are there flaws in reasoning?

• Data Validity: Is the data gathered and interpreted correctly?
• Missed Limitations: Are there limitations that are ignored or not discussed?

Visual: Example of a research paper with annotations highlighting potential flaws.

The Role of Judgment in Critical Reading

Title: Making Informed Judgments

• Use Judgmental Approach: Boldly assess the quality of the work.

• Flexibility: Be open to changing your judgments as you gather more information.
• Data Appropriateness: Assess if the data provided supports the argument fully.

Visual: Icon showing a researcher balancing scales, representing judgment.

What Is Creative Reading?

Title: Defining Creative Reading

 • Look for Extensions: Identify generalizations or extensions the authors may have
missed.
• Explore Modifications: Consider plausible changes that could open new practical
challenges.
• Spot New Research Opportunities: Think about how the work can be extended into
new areas.

Visual: A branching tree diagram showing how creative reading can lead to new ideas and
research directions.

Combining Critical and Creative Reading

Title: Merging Critical and Creative Reading

• Find Good Ideas: Creative reading is harder because it requires a positive, solution-
focused approach.
• Explore New Applications: Look for other applications or broader uses of the research.
• Determine Next Steps: Identify what areas of research could be pursued based on this
paper.

Visual: Venn diagram showing the overlap of critical and creative reading.

Key Questions for Critical and Creative Readers

Title: Questions to Ask When Reading a Research Paper

• Is the problem being solved significant?

• Are there better or simpler solutions?
• What new research avenues can this work inspire?
• How can the results be generalized or applied in new ways?

Visual: Checklist of key questions to ask while critically and creatively reading a paper.

Conclusion: Critical and Creative Reading for Researchers

Title: Conclusion: Key Takeaways

• Be Suspicious: Don’t take the paper at face value; critically evaluate its arguments.
• Think Creatively: Consider how the work can be applied, extended, or modified.
• Combine Both Approaches: Use both critical and creative reading to extract the best
insights from research papers.
2.8 Taking Notes While Reading

Strategies for Effective Research Notes

Importance of Note-Taking

Title: Why Take Notes While Reading?

• Bridge Between Reading and Writing: Notes help transition from reading to writing
research papers.
• Memory Aid: Written notes are better than relying on memory.
• Long-Term Reference: Notes allow easy access to critical ideas when revisiting the
paper later.

Visual: A researcher with notes and highlighted text.

Effective Note-Taking Methods

Title: Methods of Taking Notes

• In Margins: Write key points or questions directly on paper copies.

• Digital Tools: Use article aggregators and digital note-taking tools to highlight and
comment.
• Highlight Key Points: Focus on definitions, explanations, and concepts.
• Write Down Criticisms: Record any questions or critiques immediately.

Visual: A paper with handwritten notes in the margins and a digital note-taking app with
highlights.

After Reading: Summarizing the Paper

Title: Summarizing the Paper After Reading

• Brief Overview: End each reading session with a few sentences summarizing the paper.
• Highlight Key Contributions: Identify the paper's main technical contributions.
• Comparative Perspective: Compare the paper with existing works in the field to
determine its novelty.

Visual: A summary template with headings for contributions, key findings, and comparisons.
Key Aspects to Highlight

Title: What to Highlight in a Research Paper?

• Definitions and Concepts: Important terms and theories.

• Methodology: How the research was conducted.
• Results: Key findings and data.
• Questions and Criticisms: Anything unclear or that needs further review.

Visual: Example of a research paper with highlighted sections for definitions, results, and notes.

Looking at the Paper from a Comparative Perspective

Title: Comparative Analysis of Research

• New Ideas: Does the paper introduce new concepts?

• Existing Ideas in a New Context: Were old ideas applied in a new way or under a
different framework?
• Experimental Validation: Were experiments conducted to validate known theories?
• Framework Combination: Did the paper bring together different ideas under one
framework?

Visual: Comparison chart highlighting different contributions across papers in the same field.

Practical Tips for Effective Note-Taking

Title: Tips for Better Note-Taking

• Be Selective: Don’t write down everything, focus on key insights.

• Use Symbols or Abbreviations: To quickly note key points or critiques.
• Review Notes Regularly: Revisit notes after some time to reinforce learning.
• Keep Summaries Short: Aim for clear, concise summaries that capture the essence of
the paper.

Visual: A checklist of note-taking tips with icons for each point.

Conclusion: The Value of Taking Notes

Title: Conclusion: Key Takeaways

• Good Notes Lead to Better Writing: Notes provide the foundation for research
writing.
• Critical for Long-Term Reference: Notes help when revisiting papers.
 • Comparative Reading: Comparing papers strengthens your understanding of the field.

Visual: A researcher reviewing notes from multiple papers, with thought bubbles of
summarized ideas.

2.9 Reading Mathematics and Algorithms

Understanding the Heart of Technical Papers

The Role of Mathematics in Engineering Research

Title: Why Mathematics is Essential

• Foundation of Research: Mathematics forms the core of many technical advances.

• Cannot Be Avoided: Derivations and proofs are integral to understanding engineering
research.
• Avoid Skimming: Mathematical sections require careful reading and understanding.

Visual: Icons representing math equations and engineering problems.

How to Approach Mathematical Proofs

Title: Approaching Mathematical Derivations

• Understand the Relevance: Ensure the mathematical sections align with your research
problem.
• Break Down Proofs: Read mathematical proofs step by step to understand the logical
flow.
• Identify Key Assumptions: Ensure you recognize any assumptions or constraints in
the derivation.

Visual: A diagram breaking down a mathematical equation or proof into manageable steps.

When to Skim Mathematical Sections

Title: Skimming vs. In-Depth Reading

• When to Skim:
o If it’s something you already know well.
o If it’s too advanced and requires additional background reading.
o If it’s not immediately relevant but could be useful later.
• When to Read Fully:
o If it directly addresses your research problem or provides novel insights.

Visual: A flowchart showing decision points for when to skim or read in-depth.
Understanding Algorithms

Title: How to Read and Understand Algorithms

• Step-by-Step Analysis: Break down the algorithm into individual steps to understand
how it works.
• Consider Coding It: If you're uncertain about the algorithm, coding it (e.g., in C, C++,
or Java) can help verify its functionality.
• Beware of Errors: Even well-documented algorithms might not work as expected.

Visual: A simple algorithm flowchart with coding symbols.

Practical Approach to Implementing Algorithms

Title: Testing Algorithms by Coding

• Quick Testing: Coding the algorithm is a practical way to ensure it works as expected.
• Check for Errors: Debugging while coding can reveal flaws in the logic or design.
• Use of Programming Languages: C, C++, and Java are commonly used for testing
algorithms.

Visual: A screenshot of a coding interface (e.g., C++ code for an algorithm).

Summary: Key Tips for Reading Math and Algorithms

Title: Key Tips for Reading Mathematics and Algorithms

• Don’t Skim the Math: Mathematical derivations are essential for understanding the
core contributions of a paper.
• Break It Down: Work through proofs and algorithms step by step.
• Test Algorithms: Coding is an effective way to ensure algorithms function as intended.

Visual: A checklist of tips for reading mathematics and algorithms in research papers.

2.10 Reading a Datasheet

A Guide to Understanding Electronic Component Documentation
Importance of Datasheets in Engineering

Title: Why Datasheets Are Essential

• Instruction Manuals for Components: Datasheets provide crucial information on how to use
electronic parts.

• Aid in Design and Debugging: They help engineers design circuits and troubleshoot issues with
components.

• Relevant Across Fields: Even non-electronics researchers may need to incorporate electronic
parts.

Visual: Icons representing various engineering fields and documents (e.g., mechanical drawings,
electronics datasheets).

Initial Skimming of a Datasheet

Title: Skimming the First Page

• Quick Overview: The first page often provides a summary of the part’s function and features.

• Functional Block Diagram: Offers a visual representation of the internal workings.

• Basic Specifications: Look for key specs such as voltage, current, and performance limits.

Visual: Example of a datasheet's first page with annotations on key sections (summary, block diagram,
specs).

Understanding Pinouts

Title: Pinouts and Their Importance

• Pin Location: Pinouts show the physical layout of the part’s pins and connections.

• Pin 1 Indicator: Helps ensure the part is correctly inserted into the circuit.

• Signal Paths: Pinouts provide insight into signal paths and input/output configurations.

Visual: A pinout diagram with highlighted connections.

Performance Graphs and Safe Operation Regions

Title: Reading Performance Graphs

• Graphs vs. Criteria: Performance graphs show how the component behaves under varying
conditions like voltage and temperature.

• Safe Operation Region: Ensures the component works reliably within specific limits.
 • Key Metrics: Look for power dissipation, thermal limits, and performance degradation over
time.

Visual: A sample graph from a datasheet showing performance vs. voltage and temperature.

Truth Tables and Timing Diagrams

Title: Understanding Truth Tables and Timing Diagrams

• Truth Tables: Outline the logic of inputs and corresponding outputs for components.

• Timing Diagrams: Detail how data is sent and received, including speeds and delays.

• Critical for Circuit Design: These sections help ensure correct implementation in circuits.

Visual: A truth table and timing diagram example from a datasheet.

Reading Dimensions and Packaging

Title: Dimensions and Packaging Information

• Package Dimensions: Datasheets provide precise physical measurements for the component.

• PCB Layouts: Use these dimensions to plan printed circuit board (PCB) layouts.

• Types of Packages: Check if the component is available in multiple form factors.

Visual: A sample dimension diagram showing component measurements and package types.

Conclusion: Best Practices for Reading Datasheets

Title: Best Practices for Reading Datasheets

• Skim for Relevance: Start with a quick overview to ensure the component meets your needs.

• Focus on Key Sections: Pinouts, performance graphs, truth tables, and timing diagrams are
crucial.

• Use in Circuit Design: Always refer back to the datasheet when designing or troubleshooting
circuits.

Visual: A checklist summarizing key practices for reading and using datasheets effectively.
Chapter 3 Attributions and Citations: Giving Credit
Wherever Due
3.1 Citations: Functions and Attributes
1. The Role of Attributions and Citations

• Attributions and Citations: These are essential practices in academic writing that
ensure proper credit is given to the original authors or researchers whose work has
contributed to the current research.
• Citing refers to the act of quoting or referring to another's work within the text.
• Referencing involves providing the complete publication details of the cited work to
help readers trace the source.
• Acknowledgment differs in that it is more personal and is used to thank those who
contributed to the research but might not have been directly involved in writing or
developing the intellectual content.

2. Importance of Proper Citations

• Giving Credit: Citations are crucial for ensuring that credit is given to the originators
of ideas, data, or research methods. They prevent plagiarism, which is the act of using
someone else’s work without proper acknowledgment.
• Building Upon Prior Knowledge: Research, especially in technological fields, is
incremental. New research builds upon prior findings, and citations create a chain of
knowledge that links the new research to past studies.

3. Functions of Citations

• Verification: Citations allow readers to verify the information presented in a work.

They enable readers to trace the original sources and check whether they were used
appropriately or interpreted correctly.
• Acknowledgment: Citations give credit to authors and researchers for their
contributions. They play a vital role in building a researcher's reputation and may
influence future funding and career opportunities.
• Documentation: Citations serve as a record of the development and progress of
scientific knowledge, documenting how ideas and technologies have evolved over time.

4. Citation Practices

• In-Text Citations and References: Researchers are required to cite each source
twice—once within the text and again in the references section at the end of the
document.
• Consistency in Style: While citation styles (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) may vary, it is
essential to be consistent in using one style throughout a research paper.
• LaTeX: This is a document preparation system commonly used in technical fields for
formatting documents, especially for automatically handling citations and references.

5. Types of Citations
 • Spurious Citations: These occur when an unnecessary or irrelevant citation is
included, adding no value to the paper. Spurious citations waste the time of readers and
reviewers.
• Biased Citations: Authors may cite the work of friends or colleagues, or they may omit
relevant work intentionally to avoid giving credit to competitors. This undermines the
integrity of the research.
• Self-Citations: Citing one’s prior work is acceptable if relevant, as it provides context
and continuity. However, excessive self-citations that do not add value can be seen as
an attempt to inflate one’s impact.
• Coercive Citations: Sometimes journal editors push authors to cite articles from the
same journal to boost its impact factor. This practice is unethical and harms the
journal’s reputation.

6. Impact of Citations

• Reputation: Proper citations enhance the credibility of the author and the work.
Researchers and journals gain reputation and influence through well-cited work.
• Legal and Ethical Responsibility: Failing to cite properly can infringe on the
intellectual property rights of the original authors and can result in accusations of
plagiarism.

7. Balancing Citations

• Researchers must strike a balance between citing too many sources and too few.
Overcitation can dilute the focus of the paper, while under-citation can appear negligent
or even dishonest.

Conclusion

It emphasizes the essential role of attributions and citations in maintaining academic integrity,
fostering transparency, and recognizing the contributions of other researchers. Citations help
verify the quality of research, provide necessary background information, and allow
researchers to ethically build upon the work of others.

It also highlights the various types of improper citation practices (spurious, biased, self, and
coercive citations) that can undermine the credibility of the research and the integrity of
academic publishing.

The chapter concludes by reminding authors to give credit wherever due, whether it is their
own work or the work of others, and to avoid any practices that would harm the academic
process.
3.2 Impact of Title and Keywords on Citations
The citation rate of research papers is influenced by a variety of factors, including the
significance of the journal, publication types, research area, and the impact of the research
itself. However, certain attributes of the paper, such as the title and keywords, also play a crucial
role in determining its citation count.
Title's Importance and Impact:
• The title is a key factor in attracting readers and conveying the paper's subject.
• A well-crafted title is informative, attention-grabbing, and aids in marketing the paper.
• The title influences the paper's visibility during literature searches and contributes to its
traceability.
Title Characteristics and Citation Rates:
1. Title Length:
• Longer titles tend to have a positive impact on the number of citations.
• Longer titles often include methodological details or results, attracting more attention.
2. Types of Titles:
• Question-type titles may attract more downloads but are poorly cited.
• Descriptive or declarative titles are generally more effective in garnering citations.
• Titles containing a question mark or reference to a specific geographical region may result in
lower citation rates.
3. Keywords in Titles:
• Titles with at least two keywords increase the chances of discovery, reading, and citation.
• Keywords in titles assist in categorizing the research and directing it to the relevant audience.
Studies on Title Characteristics and Citations:
1. Stremersch et al.: Analyzed papers published from 1990 to 2002.
Found a positive relationship between title length and citation count.
2. Sagi and Yechiam: Discovered that highly amusing titles have fewer citations.
Pleasant titles showed no significant relation with citations.
3. Jacques and Sebire: Analyzed titles of highly cited and least cited papers.
Strong association between title length and citation rates.
4. Jamali and Nikzad: Articles with question-type titles are downloaded more but poorly cited.
Declarative titles are less downloaded and cited compared to descriptive titles.
5. Habibzadeh and Yadollahie: Longer titles are associated with higher citation rates.
Longer titles often include study methodology and detailed results.
Keywords and their Role:
• Keywords provide essential information about the paper's content.
• Search engines, indexing services, and digital libraries use keywords to categorize research
topics.
• Keywords ensure the paper reaches the relevant audience and enhances visibility.
Importance of Keywords in Citations:
• Using the maximum allowable keywords increases the likelihood of the paper being found.
• Overuse of new keywords should be avoided to maintain familiarity within the research
community.
The citation rate of research papers is influenced by a multitude of factors, including the paper's
title and keywords. Crafting an informative and attention-grabbing title, incorporating relevant
keywords, and following established trends in title characteristics can positively impact the
visibility, readership, and ultimately the citation count of a research paper

3.3 Knowledge Flow Through Citation

Knowledge flows are crucial in the research community, facilitating the creation and
dissemination of new knowledge. Various forms of communication, including verbal
exchanges, written documents, videos, audio recordings, and images, contribute to the spread
of knowledge. In the realm of engineering research, knowledge flow is primarily observed
through books, theses, articles, patents, and reports.
Importance of Citing Sources:
• Citing sources is integral to the transmission of knowledge from existing work to new
innovations. • It is a way to acknowledge and reference the work that contributes to one's
research.
• Proper citation establishes a network of connections between research papers, allowing the
flow of knowledge from previous research to current studies.
Citation Network and Knowledge Flow:
• Knowledge flow occurs through citation networks, connecting different elements of research.
• When one paper (A) is cited by another paper (B), knowledge is disseminated across
institutions and researchers.
• Figure 3.1 illustrates the relationship between citations, knowledge flow, researchers, papers,
journal publications, conferences, and institutions.
Role of Collaboration in Knowledge Flow:
• Interdisciplinary research promotes collaboration among scholars.
• Collaborative research enhances the quality of work and encourages knowledge exchange.
• Sooryamoorthy's study examined the citation impact of South African publications,
highlighting those co-authored papers received more citations than single-author papers.
• The number of authors had a positive correlation with the number of citations.
Knowledge flow is essential in the research community and takes various forms of
communication. Properly citing sources establishes a network of knowledge dissemination,
enabling researchers to build upon existing work and contribute to the advancement of their
respective fields. Collaboration among scholars further enhances knowledge flow, contributing
to higher quality research and increased citation impact.
Figure 3.2 shows the relationship between integration and different fonts. For X and Y
sentences, consider three articles (X, Y, and Z) and five documents (X1, X2, X3, Y1 and Y2),
respectively. A, B, and C are authors of article X, and D, E, F, G, and A are authors of article
Y. Article Z has two authors, H and E.
The authors of reference X1, X2, X3, Y1 and Y2 are (A, P), (H, R), (D), (Q, B, F) and (R),
respectively. According to the corresponding author, documents X1 and Y1 are considered self-
quoted; The use of X3 is a level 1 author citation because the author of article Y is a direct
collaborator of author A and the reference X2 is level 1. Quotation. Since the author network
is a partner of E co-operating with author A, H.

3.3.1 Citing Datasets

In modern engineering research, data plays a crucial role in substantiating claims, providing
experimental evidence, and enabling scientific advancement. Just as research articles are cited,
data citations also deserve proper credit and recognition for their role in supporting research
claims.
Significance of Data Citations:
• Engineering research heavily relies on data to validate hypotheses and conclusions.
• Data citations are essential for giving credit and legal attribution to the creators of datasets.
• Proper data citations enable other researchers to access and utilize the same datasets for their
own work.
Challenges in Data Ownership:
• Ownership of data can be complex, especially with large datasets involving multiple
contributors.
• Funding sources and agreements can complicate data ownership and usage permissions.
License and capacity:
• Researchers must obtain the appropriate license to use data from a particular source.
• Submitted documents must contain clear information so that readers can find and access the
original document in the future, even through a direct link.
Balance general and specific information:
• Effective information balances general information with specific information.
• Reports should contain sufficient background information to allow readers to confidently
identify the information they are looking for.
Adaptability of the citation style:
• Unlike a specific citation style, which is suitable for all types of documents, it needs to be
flexible due to the variety of documents.
• Evidence should be suitable for different formats, storage locations and locations.
In the rapid evolution of engineering research, data has become an essential part of supporting
claims and conclusions. Just as research papers are accurately described, references should give
credibility and legitimacy to the creator of the dataset. Ensuring appropriate licensing,
providing comprehensive information, and managing changes to the registry are critical to
understanding the important role of information in technology advancing engineering
knowledge. Article Ex

3.3.2 Citation Styles

Citation styles differ in the order and grammar of the material cited, with an emphasis on
brevity, readability, date, spelling, and publication. Some of the most common citation formats
used by engineers (and other authors) are:
1. ASCE format (American Society of Civil Engineers)
 (a) Reference list: this section should be included in the book. At the end of an article or guide,
or in space. A model for the same example is given below:

(b) Books or articles written in books: The following sections will be placed after the words
pertaining to the internal work:

3. IEEE Style (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

IEEE Style is the standard for all IEEE journals and journals and is often used for papers and
articles in business, electronics and computer science.
The IEEE style requires the use of final letters and numbers to include references. Submitters
of content to IEEE publications should refer to the relevant journal or journal's guidelines and
may also refer to the entire IEEE Reference Guide.
Listed below are some examples of the IEEE citation style for different types of resources:
A place to get a brief introduction to the organization. or charities. These can be shown at the
end of the text or in footnotes if there are no specific instructions for publication.

3.4 Acknowledgments and Attributions

Acknowledgment is the practice of recognizing the person or organization responsible for
producing the research published in a particular article. Accreditation demonstrates the
relationship between people, organizations, institutions and science. In some cases, an
individual may assist with research but may not be eligible to be listed as an author. Such
cooperation should be regarded as gratitude.
Group recognition leads to many factors such as spiritual, financial, correctional, office or
business and provides strategic support
Recognition and recognition on social media is also very important, leave newsletters or
meetings. Providing the right recognition at the right time is very important, and even a small
contribution should not be overlooked. Researchers should always be aware of the interests of
others. Whenever possible, authors should provide the names, or even the names, of people
who may be responsible for the design, creation, operation or other achievement. Considering
the importance of the printing press, writing is also important.
The award triangle shows the relationship between articles, acknowledgments, and authors.
Recognition in engineering research; It is for professionals, students, funding agencies,
accountants, schools, or anyone who provides research ideas, shares results without
publication, does not provide material, or participates in discussions.

3.4.1 What Should Be Acknowledged?

Acknowledgments in engineering research play a crucial role in giving credit where it's due
and maintaining ethical research practices. Authors must recognize various contributions and
support that enable their research efforts.
Types of Contributions to Acknowledge:
1. Quotation:
• Direct quotations are rarely used in technical writing.
• Direct quotations must be enclosed in quotation marks and attributed properly.
• Indirect quotations (paraphrasing) should be acknowledged with name and date.
2. Scientific and Technical Guidance:
• Acknowledge individuals who provided scientific or technical guidance.
• Include those who engaged in discussions or shared valuable information.
3. Assistants, Students, and Technicians:
• Acknowledge those who contributed experimentally and theoretically.
• Mention individuals who assisted in conducting experiments or theoretical analyses.
4. Funding Agencies:
• Acknowledge funding agencies and grant numbers if the research was supported by grants.
• Provide full details of the funding program.
5. Facilities and Organizations:
• Acknowledge centers or organizations that provided services or facilities.
• If not formally affiliated, acknowledge external support received.
6. Presentation Elsewhere:
• If results were presented elsewhere (journals, meetings, symposia), acknowledge
appropriately.
• Provide citations for abstracts or relevant gatherings.
Ethical and Professional Importance:
• Acknowledgments demonstrate integrity and ethical behavior in research.
• Encourages continued collaboration from individuals who contributed.
Compliance and Funding Requirements:
• Funding agencies often require acknowledgment of their support in publications.
• Ensure compliance with funding terms and conditions for proper acknowledgment.
• Failure to acknowledge funding might lead to discontinuation of funding or future
ineligibility.
Professional Impact and Collaboration:
• Acknowledgment is no longer just an expression of gratitude; it's a professional impact
indicator.
• Proper acknowledgment strengthens colleagues' careers and builds collaboration.
Acknowledge contributions, support, and funding appropriately in engineering research.
Proper acknowledgment demonstrates ethical conduct, encourages collaboration, and complies
with funding requirements. By attributing ideas and contributions, authors uphold research
integrity and foster a culture of ethical and transparent scientific communication.
An example of acknowledgment of grant received is as follows:
3.4.2 Acknowledgments in Books/Dissertations
A disclaimer page is usually added at the beginning of the post/ad, just after the Content. These
acknowledgments are longer than a paragraph or two in a journal or conference article. This
detailed acknowledgment allows researchers to thank everyone who contributed to the success
of the research project. The views that need to be recognized should be given good attention in
this order. In general, express your interest clearly and avoid using emotional words.
These recognitions usually recognize the following persons: first advisor, second advisor,
laboratory staff, other department staff, staff assistants or assistants in the department,
colleagues from other departments, other organizations or associations, former students,
relatives and friends.

3.4.3 Dedication or Acknowledgments?

Dedication is rarely used in written documents, meetings, or patents; used only for large
documents such as a book, article, or article report. While special appreciation is given to those
who help the book in some way (editing, moral support, etc.), the dedication is to the author
who wants to give it, whether it's the author's mother or the best people. A friend, a pet dog, or
God Almighty. Yes, it's nice to give something to someone while they're still talking about it.
For example, a person might give a book to their spouse but acknowledge her honesty and
patience during times of great stress.

Module 2
Question bank :

1. Explain Fabrication, Falsification and Plagiarism related to Engineering research.

2. How do researcher distinguish between new and existing knowledge during a
literature review?
3. What is an effective search?
4. Explain critical and creative reading.
5. How can researchers effectively use search engines to find relevant literature in their
fields?
6. What challenges do researchers commonly face when reading , mathematical
content or algorithms?
7. How to read mathematics and algorithms.
8. Explain the method of reading a datasheet.
9. Explain the impact of title and keywords on citations.
10. What is impact of Title and Keywords on Citations ? Explain Citation based
knowledge flow .
11. What are the styles of citations?
12. What should be acknowledged and how?
13. What are citations?
14. Describe the analysis and synthesis of prior art bibliographic databases.
15. Briefly explain the following:
Scopus Indexed Journals b. Science Citation Index c. Journal Impact Factor d. h – Index
e. SJR