VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

(State University of Government of Karnataka. Established as per the VTU Act, 1994)
"Jnana Sangama" Belagavi-590018, Karnataka, India.

A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

"FAKE PROFILE DETECTION ON SOCIAL MEDIA USING MACHINE LEARNING"

Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

Submitted by
ASHOK AMMANAGI
(2VX23SAD03)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. R.H. GOUDAR
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, VTU, Belagavi-590018
Academic year- 2023-2024
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(State University of Government of Karnataka. Established as per the VTU Act, 1994) "Jnana
Sangama" Belagavi-590018, Karnataka, India.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project (22SAD25) work, titled " BLOCKCHAIN BASED E-
VOTING " is a bonafide work completed by the students of the Department of Computer Science
Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, "Jnana Sangama," Belagavi, in partial fulfillment
for the award of Master of Technology in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2023-24. It is certified that all the corrections or
suggestions have been approved as they satisfy the academic requirements concerning the project work
prescribed by VTU, Belagavi for the said degree.

Guide Chairperson

Dr.R.H. Goudar DR.S.L. Deshpande

Name of the Examiners Signature

1)

2)
 DECLARATION

I, Ashok Ammanagi student of second-semester M.Tech in Artificial Intelligence and Data

Science, Department of Computer Science and Engineering Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi, hereby declare that this mini project report entitled "BLOCKCHAIN BASED E- VOTING
" embodies the details of our project completed at the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, "Jnana Sangama", Belagavi under the guidance of
Dr. R. H. Goudar Associate Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi. This report is submitted in partial fulfillment for the
award of Master of Technology in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi, during the year 2023-24.

ASHOK AMMANAGI

2VX23SAD03
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratefulness to almighty God for giving me strength and wisdom
in my work. I have achieved a good amount of knowledge through the research and the help
that I got from many others. I owe my gratitude to all those who made it possible and made
my project course work appreciable forever.

I express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my project guide Dr. R.H. Goudar
, Associate Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering, V.T.U. Belagavi,
for providing precious guidance, inspiring discussion and constant supervision throughout the
course of this work. His timely help, constructive criticism, and conscientious efforts made it
possible to present the work contained in this Mini Project.

We are grateful to Dr. Santosh L Deshpande, Professor and Chairperson Department of

Computer Science and Engineering, VTU Belagavi, for their advice and suggestions at
various stages of the work.

It is my proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and guidance received
from several people in preparation of this report.

Apart from my own, the success of this report depends largely on the encouragement and
guidelines of many others. It would have not been possible to prepare this report in this form
without their valuable help, co- operation and guidance.
 ABSTRACT

Decentralized voting using Ethereum blockchain is a secure, transparent and tamper-proof way of
conducting online voting. It is a decentralized application built on the Ethereum blockchain network,
which allows participants to cast their votes and view the voting results without the need for
intermediaries. In this system, votes are recorded on the blockchain, making it impossible for anyone
to manipulate or alter the results. The use of smart contracts ensures that the voting process is
automated, transparent, and secure. The use of the blockchain technology and the implementation of a
decentralized system provide a reliable and cost-effective solution for conducting trustworthy and fair
elections.

Technology has transformed different elements within our societies including politics and the area of
democratic elections. These include vote-rigging, fraud and general lack of trust in the systems. A
blockchain-based e-voting system has provided one of the best solutions to face up such difficulties.börd
To solve these challenges, blockchain-based electronic voting system is an emerging effective way. The
goal of this project is to develop an efficient e-voting infrastructure that protects voters’ data and ensures
transparency in the process. Using its key features of decentralisation, immutability, and transparency, the
proposed e-voting system guarantees that the voting process is intact and secure. This system is able to
eliminate middlemen through the use of smart contracts to facilitate trust-free transactions among the
participants. The key components of the blockchain-based e-voting system include the following: it
comprises a distributed network of nodes, a consensus procedure, voter user interface and a secure
backend. Once the vote is logged into the blockchain, no one cannot modify the system hence audible.
Secondly, the application of cryptography ensures that the voters remain anonymous and private about
them. Extensive testing and analysis will be carried out to evaluate the system’s performance and security.
A series of test cases such as attempts at attack or vulnerability of the system will be implemented in order
to prove its durability. User testing will also be carried out to help ensure a simple and seamless interaction
and navigation system for easy user experience. The results of this project will be very important for future
advances in electronic voting systems. It is worth noting that there are a number of benefits associated with
using the blockchain-based approach, including improved security, transparency and operational
efficiency.
 CONTENTS

Sl No Chapter Name Page No

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction to Blockchain

1.2 Decentralized Voting Using Blockchain

2 Literature survey 3

2.1 Literature survey on Online Voting System

Using Blockchain

2.2 A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-

Analysis on Scalable Blockchain-Based Electronic
Voting Systems

2.3 A Survey of Blockchain Based on E-voting Systems

2.4 Survey on Voting System using

Blockchain Technology

2.5 A Survey on Smart Electronic Voting

System Using Blockchain Technology

3 Existing System 6

3.1 Brief Explanation of Existing Systems

3.2 Disadvantages of Existing System

4 Proposed System 7
4.1 Brief Explanation of Proposed System

4.2 Advantages of Proposed System

4.3 Objective of the Proposed Research

4.4 System Architecture

 CONTENTS
Sl No Chapter Name Page No

5 Modules 10
6 System Design 11

6.1 Requirement Analysis

6.2 Data Flow Diagram

6.3 ER Diagram

6.4 Use Case Diagram

7 Coding 15
8 Testing 25

8.1 Types of Testing

8.2 Test Results

Conclusion and Future Enhancement 29

Screenshots 30
 List of Figures

Sl No Figure Name Page No

1 System Architecture 8

2 Level 0 data flow diagram 12

3 Level 1 data flow diagram 12

4 Level 2 data flow diagram 13

5 ER Diagram 13
6 Use Case Diagram 14
 Blockchain Based E- Voting

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Blockchain

Blockchain is a distributed digital ledger technology that allows participants in a network to

share and validate transactions in a secure and transparent manner without the need for
intermediaries. The technology is designed to be decentralized, meaning that the data is
stored on a network of computers instead of a central database. This makes it difficult to
hack or manipulate the data, ensuring the integrity and security of the system.

The blockchain technology gained popularity with the emergence of Bitcoin, which was the
first decentralized cryptocurrency. However, the technology has since been applied to
various industries, including finance, supply chain management, healthcare, and voting,
among others.

Blockchain works by creating blocks of data that are linked together in a chain, hence the
name blockchain. Each block contains a unique code, known as a hash, that is generated
based on the contents of the block. This hash is then used to link the block to the previous
one, forming a chain of blocks.

Once a block is added to the blockchain, it cannot be altered or deleted without the
consensus of the network participants. This makes the technology immutable, ensuring that
the data stored on the blockchain is tamper-proof and transparent.

Overall, blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we store and share
data, making it more secure, transparent, and accessible.

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 Blockchain Based E- Voting

1.2 Decentralized Voting Using Blockchain

A decentralized voting system built on the Ethereum blockchain has the potential to
revolutionize the way we conduct elections. By leveraging the security, transparency, and
immutability of blockchain technology, decentralized voting systems can eliminate many of
the challenges and risks associated with traditional voting systems.

In a decentralized voting system, each voter has a unique digital identity, and their vote is
recorded on the blockchain, ensuring that the vote is tamper-proof and cannot be altered.
Decentralized voting systems also eliminate the need for intermediaries, such as government
agencies, to oversee the election process, making it more efficient and less susceptible to
corruption or manipulation.

Furthermore, decentralized voting systems can increase voter participation by allowing

voters to cast their ballots from anywhere in the world, as long as they have an internet
connection. This can lead to a more democratic and inclusive electoral process, with greater
voter engagement and higher turnout. Overall, a decentralized voting system using the
Ethereum blockchain has the potential to bring significant benefits to the electoral process,
making it more secure, transparent, and accessible to everyone.

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 Blockchain Based E- Voting

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Literature survey on Online Voting System Using Blockchain

Authors: Vaibhav Anasune, Pradeep Choudhari, Madhura Kelapure, Pranali Shirke

and Prasad Halgaonkar

Highly advanced security methods are necessary to introduce effective online voting system
in the whole world. The aspect of security and transparency is a threat from global election
with the conventional system. General elections still use a centralized system where one
organization that manages it. Some of the problems that can occur in traditional electoral
systems are with an organization that has full control over the database and system, it is
possible to manipulate with the database. This paper presents a survey on some previous
voting system that is used by different countries and organizations.

2.2 A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis on Scalable

Blockchain- Based Electronic Voting Systems

Authors: Uzma Jafar, Mohd Juzaiddin Ab Aziz, Zarina Shukur and Hafiz Adnan Hussain

Electronic voting systems must find solutions to various issues with authentication, data
privacy and integrity, transparency, and verifiability. On the other hand, Blockchain
technology offers an innovative solution to many of these problems. The scalability of
Blockchain has arisen as a fundamental barrier to realizing the promise of this technology,
especially in electronic voting. This study seeks to highlight the solutions regarding scalable
Blockchain-based electronic voting systems and the issues linked with them while also
attempting to foresee future developments. A systematic literature review (SLR) was used to
complete the task, leading to the selection of 76 articles in the English language from 1
January 2017 to 31 March 2022 from the famous databases. This SLR was conducted
to
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 Blockchain Based E- voting
identify well-known proposals, their implementations, verification methods, various
cryptographic solutions in previous research to evaluate cost and time. It also identifies
performance parameters, the primary advantages and obstacles presented by different
systems, and the most common approaches for Blockchain scalability. In addition, it outlines
several possible research avenues for developing a scalable electronic voting system based
on Blockchain technology. This research helps future research before proposing or
developing any solutions to keep in mind all the voting requirements, merits, and demerits
of the proposed solutions and provides further guidelines for scalable voting solutions.

2.3 A Survey of Blockchain Based on E-voting Systems

Authors: Yousif Osman Abuidris, Rajesh Kumar and Wang Wenyong

Blockchain technology as a decentralized and distributed public ledger in a P2P network has
recently gained much attention. In this technology, a linked block structure is applied, and a
trusted consensus mechanism is established to synchronize data modifications, making it
possible to develop a tamper-proof digital platform for data storage and sharing. We think
that blockchain could be used in various interactive online systems, such as the Internet of
Things, supply chain systems, voting systems, etc. The scope of this survey is to shed light
on some recent contributions of the security and privacy issues associated with e-voting
based on blockchain. At the end of this paper, we provided a comparison for the security
andprivacy requirements of the existing e-voting systems based on blockchain.

2.4 Survey on Voting System using Blockchain Technology

Authors: Mayur Shirsath, Mohit Zade, Riteshkumar Talke, Praful Wake and Maya Shelke

The use of information technology has in some ways revolutionized in many sectors. E-
voting is said to be a symbol of modern democracy. While research on the topic is still
emerging, it has mostly focused on the technical and legal issues instead of taking advantage
of this technology and implementing it for good cause. Usefulness of e-voting will perform
best when compared with the existing framework. The word Vote means to choose a
candidate from a given list of candidates who will lead the organization or the group .The
main goal of voting is to practice voting in such a way that every person votes to elect their

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 Blockchain Based E- voting
leader. Most countries in the world, India is no exception, had trouble voting. Voting is still
carried out in countries in physical mode. This physical mode process is not safe as it can be
manipulated by members of voting commitment. There are many issues such as voting
stations being too far and improper voting tools. The proposed flagship internet-based
onlinevoting system supported by blockchain technology solves this very problem.
Blockchain technology uses encryption and hashing techniques with which it makes voting
secure. In this case, each vote is considered as a unique transaction. A private blockchain is
created using a peer to peer network where we store voting transactions. This application is
programmed in such a way so that the details of voting are abstract from the user. Users will
be given enough time for voting with the system running. The main purpose of this paper is
to come up with a new unique solution, which does not require any technical skills. Since
voting is in online mode, increased voter turnout is likely. In this project, the concept of
developing an electronic voting system using blockchain technology is implemented.

2.5 A Survey on Smart Electronic Voting System Using Blockchain Technology

Authors: Naina Nagesh Dhepe and Dr. Pathan Mohd Shafi

India is the world’s largest democracy with a population of more than 1 billion; India has an
electorate of more than 668 million and covers 543 parliamentary constituencies. Voting is
the bridge between the governed and government. The last few years have brought a
renewed focus on to the technology used in the voting process. The current voting system
has many security holes, and it is difficult to prove even simple security properties about
them. A voting system that can be proven correct has many concerns. There are some
reasons for a government to use electronic systems are to increase elections activities and to
reduce the elections expenses. Still there is some scope of work in electronic voting system
because there is no way of identification by the electronic voting system whether the user is
authentic or not and securing electronic voting machine from miscreants. The proposed
system is to develop a compatible voting machine with high security by using Block-chain
technology in order to increase security and transparency between the users.

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEM

3.1 Brief Explanation of existing system

The existing voting system typically involves voters physically visiting a designated polling
place to cast their vote on paper ballots. These ballots are then manually counted and
recorded. Some countries also have electronic voting systems in place, which allow voters
tocast their votes electronically through machines or the internet. However, electronic voting
systems have faced criticism due to security concerns and potential vulnerabilities.

3.2 Disadvantages of existing system

1. Lack of transparency: In most voting systems, it's difficult for voters to know
whether their vote was counted correctly, and for observers to ensure that the vote
counting process is fair.

2. Vulnerability to fraud: Both paper ballots and electronic voting machines can be
vulnerable to tampering, hacking and other types of fraud. This can be especially
problematic when there is no paper trail or other way to audit the results.

3. Slow results: Counting paper ballots can be a time-consuming and labor-intensive

process, which can delay the announcement of election results.

4. Cost: Running a traditional voting system can be expensive, requiring the hiring of
poll workers, the purchase of voting machines or paper ballots, and the rental of
polling places.

5. Centralization: Many traditional voting systems are centralized, meaning that they
are controlled by a small number of authorities. This can create the potential for
abuse of power or manipulation of the voting process.

6. Limited Accessibility: Some voting systems require voters to travel to specific

polling places, which can be difficult or impossible for people with disabilities,
limited mobility, or other challenges. This can result in voter disenfranchisement.

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 Brief explanation of proposed system

The proposed decentralized voting system using Ethereum blockchain aims to provide a
transparent and tamper-proof solution for conducting elections. By leveraging smart
contracts on the Ethereum network, the system enables secure and anonymous voting, while
ensuring the integrity and immutability of the voting data. This would increase voter trust in
the election process and reduce the risk of fraud or manipulation.

4.2 Advantages of Proposed System

 Decentralization ensures that no party controls the voting process.

 Transparency throughout the voting process.

 It is tamper proof.

 Voters can vote from any part of the world.

 This method of voting is cost effective.

 The results are provided in real time.

4.3 Objectives of the Proposed Research

1. Security: The proposed system aims to provide a secure platform for conducting
elections, eliminating the possibility of tampering with votes, and ensuring that the
election results are transparent and verifiable.

2. Transparency: The proposed system aims to provide complete transparency to the

voters, allowing them to view the entire voting process, including the vote counting
and results.

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

3. Accessibility: The proposed system aims to make the voting process more accessible
to all eligible voters by eliminating the need for physical presence at a polling
station, thus increasing voter turnout.

4. Efficiency: The system aims to increase the efficiency of the voting process by
reducing the time and resources required to conduct elections. Since the system is
automated and eliminates the need for intermediaries, it can significantly reduce the
cost and time associated with traditional voting methods.

5. Trust: The proposed system aims to increase trust in the voting process by providing
a transparent and tamper-proof mechanism for recording and tallying votes.

4.4 System Architecture

Figure 1 System Architecture

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

User enters the credentials (voter id & password) and they are matched with the database. If
the match is found user is either redirected to admin page or voter page as per their role
corresponding to the credentials in the database. Once the admin is logged in he/she can start
the voting process by adding candidates and defining dates. Voter can vote once the voting
process has been started. Once the voter has voted the transaction is recorded to the
blockchain and the voting page is updated with real-time votes.

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

CHAPTER

MODULES

5.1 Modules

1. Voter - The voter module is designed for individuals who are eligible to participate in
the voting process. It provides functionalities related to the voting experience and
ensures the integrity and security of the votes. The main features of the voter module
include:

a. Voters can securely authenticate themselves to access the voting system

using their unique credentials.

b. Voters can access information about the candidates running for various
positions, such as their names, parties, and other relevant details.

c. Voters can verify the status of their votes and ensure that their choices are
accurately recorded in the blockchain.

2. Admin - The admin module is designed for administrators or election officials

responsible for managing and overseeing the voting system. It provides functionalities
toconfigure and monitor the voting process. The main features of the admin module
include:

a. Admins can set up the system parameters, such as defining the start and end
dates of the voting period, candidate registration, and other administrative
settings.

b. Admin can manually verify the candidate and can start the voting process.

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

CHAPTER 6
SYSTEM DESIGN

6.1 Requirement Analysis

In order to effectively design and develop a system, it is important to understand and

document the requirements of the system. The process of gathering and documenting the
requirements of a system is known as requirement analysis. It helps to identify the goals of
the system, the stakeholders and the constraints within which the system will be developed.
The requirements serve as a blueprint for the development of the system and provide a
reference point for testing and validation.

 Hardware Requirements
o Processor – 2 GHz or more
o RAM – 4 GB or more
o Disk Space – 100 GB or more

 Software Requirements
o Node.js (version – 18.14.0)
o Web3.js (version – 1.8.2)
o Truffle (version – 5.7.6)
o Solidity (version – 0.5.16)
o Ganache (version – 7.7.3)
o Metamask
o Python (version – 3.9)
o FastAPI
o MySQL Database (port – 3306)

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

6.2 Data Flow Diagram

 Level 0 data flow diagram

Figure 2 Level 0 Data Flow Diagram

 Level 1 data flow diagram

Figure 3 Level 1 Data Flow Diagram

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

 Level 2 data flow diagram

Figure 4 Level 2 Data Flow Diagram

6.3 ER Diagram

Figure 5 ER Diagram

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

6.5 Use Case Diagram

Figure 6 Use Case Diagram

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

CHAPTER 7
CODING

1. Migrations.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.15;

contract Migrations {
address public owner;
uint public last_completed_migration;

modifier restricted() {
require(msg.sender == owner, "Access restricted to owner");
_;
}

constructor() public
{ owner = msg.sender;
}

function setCompleted(uint completed) public restricted {

last_completed_migration = completed;
}

function upgrade(address new_address) public restricted {

Migrations upgraded = Migrations(new_address);
upgraded.setCompleted(last_completed_migration);
}
}

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

2. Voting.sol

pragma solidity ^0.5.15;

contract Voting {
struct Candidate
{ uint id;
string name;
string party;
uint
voteCount;
}

mapping (uint => Candidate) public

candidates; mapping (address => bool)
public voters;

uint public
countCandidates; uint256
public votingEnd; uint256
public votingStart;

function addCandidate(string memory name, string memory

party) public returns(uint) {
countCandidates ++;
candidates[countCandidates] =
Candidate(countCandidates, name, party, 0);
return countCandidates;
}

function vote(uint candidateID) public {

require((votingStart <= now) && (votingEnd > now));

require(candidateID > 0 && candidateID <= countCandidates);

//daha önce oy kullanmamıs olmalı

require(!voters[msg.sender]);

voters[msg.sender] = true;

candidates[candidateID].voteCount ++;
}

function checkVote() public view

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 Blockchain Based E - voting
returns(bool){ return
voters[msg.sender];
}

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

function getCountCandidates() public view

returns(uint) { return countCandidates;
}

function getCandidate(uint candidateID) public view returns

(uint,string memory, string memory,uint) {
return
(candidateID,candidates[candidateID].name,candidates[candidateID].part
y, candidates[candidateID].voteCount);
}

function setDates(uint256 _startDate, uint256 _endDate) public{

require((votingEnd == 0) && (votingStart == 0) && (_startDate
+
1000000 > now) && (_endDate > _startDate));
votingEnd = _endDate;
votingStart = _startDate;
}

function getDates() public view returns

(uint256,uint256) { return (votingStart,votingEnd);
}
}

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

3. App.js

const Web3 = require('web3');

const contract = require('@truffle/contract');

const votingArtifacts =
require('../../build/contracts/Voting.json'); var VotingContract
= contract(votingArtifacts)

window.App = {
eventStart:
function() {
window.ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_requestAccounts' });
VotingContract.setProvider(window.ethereum)
VotingContract.defaults({from:
window.ethereum.selectedAddress,gas:6654755})

// Load account data

App.account = window.ethereum.selectedAddress;
$("#accountAddress").html("Your Account: " +
window.ethereum.selectedAddress);
VotingContract.deployed().then(function(instance){
instance.getCountCandidates().then(function(countCandidates){

$(document).ready(function(){
$('#addCandidate').click(function() {
var nameCandidate = $
('#name').val(); var partyCandidate
= $('#party').val();
instance.addCandidate(nameCandidate,partyCandidate).th
e n(function(result){ })

});
$
('#addDate').click(functi
on(){ var startDate =
Date.parse(document.getElementById("startDate").value)/1000;

var endDate
= Date.parse(document.getElementById("endDate").value)/1000;

instance.setDates(startDate,endDate).then(function(rs
t){ l

console.log("tarihler verildi");

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 Blockchain Based E - voting
});

});

instance.getDates().then(function(result){

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

var startDate = new

Date(result[0]*1000); var endDate =
new Date(result[1]*1000);

$("#dates").text(
startDate.toDateString(("#DD#/#MM#/#YYYY#")) + " - " +
endDate.toDateString("#DD#/#MM#/#YYYY#"));
}).catch(function(err){
console.error("ERROR! " +
err.message)
});
});

for (var i = 0; i < countCandidates; i++ ){

instance.getCandidate(i+1).then(function(data){
var id = data[0];
var name =
data[1]; var party
= data[2];
var voteCount = data[3];
var viewCandidates = `<tr><td> <input class="form-
check- input" type="radio" name="candidate" value="${id}" id=$
{id}>` + name + "</td><td>" + party + "</td><td>" + voteCount +
"</td></tr>"
$("#boxCandidate").append(viewCandidates)
})
}

window.countCandidates = countCandidates
});

instance.checkVote().then(function
(voted) { console.log(voted);
if(!voted) {
$("#voteButton").attr("disabled", false);

}
});

}).catch(function(err){
console.error("ERROR! " +
err.message)
})
},

vote: function() {
var candidateID = $
("input[name='candidate']:checked").val(); if (!
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 Blockchain Based E - voting
candidateID) {
$("#msg").html("<p>Please vote for a candidate.</p>")
return
}
VotingContract.deployed().then(function(instance){

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

instance.vote(parseInt(candidateID)).then(function(result){
$("#voteButton").attr("disabled", true);
$("#msg").html("<p>Voted</p>");
window.location.reload(1);
})
}).catch(function(err){
console.error("ERROR! " +
err.message)
})
}
}

window.addEventListener("load",
function() { if (typeof web3 !==
"undefined") {
console.warn("Using web3 detected from external source like
Metamask")
window.eth = new Web3(window.ethereum)
} else {
console.warn("No web3 detected. Falling back to
http://localhost:9545. You should remove this fallback when you
deploy live, as it's inherently insecure. Consider switching to
Metamask for deployment. More info here:
http://truffleframework.com/tutorials/truffle-and-metamask")
window.eth = new Web3(new
Web3.providers.HttpProvider("http://127.0.0.1:9545"))
}
window.App.eventStart()
})

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

4. Login.js

const loginForm = document.getElementById('loginForm');

loginForm.addEventListener('submit', (event) => {

event.preventDefault();

const voter_id = document.getElementById('voter-

id').value; const password =
document.getElementById('password').value; const
token = voter_id;

const headers = {
'method': "GET",
'Authorization': `Bearer ${token}`,
};

fetch(`http://127.0.0.1:8000/login?voter_id=${voter_id}&password=$
{pas sword}`, { headers })
.then(response => {
if (response.ok)
{
return response.json();
} else {
throw new Error('Login failed');
}
})
.then(data => {
if (data.role === 'admin') {
console.log(data.role)
localStorage.setItem('jwtTokenAdmin', data.token);
window.location.replace(`http://127.0.0.1:8080/admin.html?
Authoriz
ation=Bearer ${localStorage.getItem('jwtTokenAdmin')}`);
} else if (data.role === 'user'){
localStorage.setItem('jwtTokenVoter', data.token);
window.location.replace(`http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.html?
Authoriz
ation=Bearer ${localStorage.getItem('jwtTokenVoter')}`);
}
})
.catch(error => {
console.error('Login failed:', error.message);
});
});

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

5. Main.py

# Import required modules

import dotenv
import os
import mysql.connector
from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, status,
Request from fastapi.middleware.cors import
CORSMiddleware
from fastapi.encoders import
jsonable_encoder from mysql.connector
import errorcode
import jwt

# Loading the environment variables

dotenv.load_dotenv()

# Initialize the todoapi

app app = FastAPI()

# Define the allowed origins for CORS

origins = [
"http://localhost:8080",
"http://127.0.0.1:8080",
]

# Add CORS middleware

app.add_middleware(
CORSMiddleware,
allow_origins=origins,
allow_credentials=True
,
allow_methods=["*"],
allow_headers=["*"],
)

# Connect to the MySQL

database try:
cnx = mysql.connector.connect(
user=os.environ['MYSQL_USER'],
password=os.environ['MYSQL_PASSWORD'],
host=os.environ['MYSQL_HOST'],
database=os.environ['MYSQL_DB'],
)
cursor = cnx.cursor()
except mysql.connector.Error as err:

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 Blockchain Based E - voting
if err.errno == errorcode.ER_ACCESS_DENIED_ERROR:
print("Something is wrong with your user name or
password")

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

elif err.errno ==
errorcode.ER_BAD_DB_ERROR:
print("Database does not exist")
else:
print(err)

# Define the authentication middleware

async def authenticate(request:
Request):
try:
api_key = request.headers.get('authorization').replace("Bearer
",
"") cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM voters WHERE voter_id = %s",
(api_key,))
if api_key not in [row[0] for row in
cursor.fetchall()]: raise HTTPException(
status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
detail="Forbidden"
)
except:
raise HTTPException(
status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
detail="Forbidden"
)

# Define the POST endpoint for login

@app.get("/login")
async def login(request: Request, voter_id: str, password:
str): await authenticate(request)
role = await get_role(voter_id, password)

# Assuming authentication is successful, generate a token

token = jwt.encode({'password': password, 'voter_id':
voter_id, 'role': role}, os.environ['SECRET_KEY'],
algorithm='HS256')

return {'token': token, 'role': role}

# Replace 'admin' with the actual role based on

authentication async def get_role(voter_id, password):
try:
cursor.execute("SELECT role FROM voters WHERE voter_id = %s
AND password = %s", (voter_id, password,))
role =
cursor.fetchone() if
role:
return role[0]
else:
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 Blockchain Based E - voting
raise HTTPException(
status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
detail="Invalid voter id or password"

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

)
except mysql.connector.Error as err:
print(err)
raise HTTPException(
status_code=status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
detail="Database error"
)

6. Package.json

{
"name": "decentralized-
voting", "version": "1.0.0",
"description": "",
"main": "index.js",
"scripts": {
"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
},
"author": "",
"license": "ISC",
"dependencies": {
"jsonwebtoken": "^9.0.0",
"@truffle/contract": "^4.6.18",
"browserify": "^17.0.0",
"dotenv": "^16.0.3",
"express": "^4.18.2",
"web3": "^1.9.0"
}
}

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

CHAPTER 8
TESTING

Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find whether
it satisfies the specified requirements or not. It includes a set of techniques and methods to
identify defects, bugs, performance issues and providing a reliable and quality product. The goal
is to identify issues as early as possible and improve the overall quality of the system.

8.1 Types of Testing

8.1.1 Unit Testing

Unit testing is a type of testing that is used to evaluate the individual units or
components of a software system. This type of testing helps ensure that each unit or
component of the system is working correctly and is able to perform its intended
function.

8.1.2 Integration Testing

Integration testing is a type of testing that is used to evaluate how well the different
units or components of a software system work together. This type of testing helps to
identify and resolve issues related to compatibility, performance, and data flow between
the different units or components.

8.1.3 Functional Testing

Functional testing is a type of testing that is used to evaluate how well a system or
software performs the specific functions or tasks that it is designed to perform. It is done
by testing the system or software with various inputs and verifying that the outputs are
correct. This type of testing ensures that the system or software is working as intended
and is able to perform the functions it was designed to perform.

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

8.1.4 White Box Testing

White box testing, also known as structural testing or glass-box testing, is a type of
testing that examines the internal structure and implementation of a software system. It
involves testing the code itself and checking that it is functioning correctly and
adheringto coding standards. This type of testing helps to identify and resolve issues
related to logic, control flow, and data structures within the system.

8.1.4 Black Box Testing

Black box testing, also known as functional testing, is a type of testing that examines the
external behavior and interfaces of a software system. It involves testing the system
from the user's perspective, without looking at the internal structure or implementation,
and checking that it is functioning correctly and meeting the requirements. This type of
testing helps to identify and resolve issues related to usability, compatibility, and
performance.

8.2 Test Results

8.2.1 Test Case 1

Test Case No. 1

Test Type Unit Test
Name of Test Checking JWT Authorization
Test Case Description The objective of this test case is to check jwt authorization.
Input Login and Password
Expected Output User should not be able to login without proper authorization.
Actual Output User cannot access voting or admin page without authorization.
Result Pass
Comments Working properly.

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

8.2.2 Test Case 2

Test Case No. 2

Test Type Functional Test
Name of Test Verify user login
Test Case Description The objective of this test case is to verify that user can login to the
voting portal.
Input Voter_id and password
Expected Output User must be able to login if credentials match the database, else
unauthorized error is shown.
Actual Output User is able to login with correct credentials only.
Result Pass
Comments Working properly.

8.2.3 Test Case 3

Test Case No. 3

Test Type Unit Test
Name of Test Verify candidate registration
Test Case Description The objective of this test case is to verify that candidate can be
registered by admin.
Input Candidate name and party.
Expected Output Registration transaction should be successful.
Actual Output Registration transaction is successful.
Result Pass
Comments Working properly.

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

8.2.4 Test Case 4

Test Case No. 4

Test Type Unit Test
Name of Test Verify date registration
Test Case Description The objective of this test case is to verify that date of voting can
be specified by admin.
Input Starting and ending date
Expected Output Date transaction should be successful.
Actual Output Date transaction is successful.
Result Pass
Comments Working properly.

8.2.5 Test Case 5

Test Case No. 5

Test Type Functional Test
Name of Test Verify voting
Test Case Description The objective of this test case is to verify that voter is able to cast
their vote.
Input Select a candidate and click “Vote” button.
Expected Output Vote transaction should be successful.
Actual Output Vote transaction is successful.
Result Pass
Comments Working properly.

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Conclusion:

Decentralized Voting with Ethereum Blockchain offers a robust and transparent solution for
secure elections. By leveraging blockchain technology, it ensures the integrity of votes and
provides a tamper-proof platform. With continued enhancements, including improved user
experience, scalability, and integration with other cutting-edge technologies, it has the
potential to revolutionize the democratic process and empower citizens to participate in a
trusted and efficient voting system. It represents a significant step towards building a more
democratic and accountable society.

Future Enhancement:

In future iterations, the decentralized voting system can be enhanced by implementing

additional features such as real-time vote counting, secure voter identification mechanisms,
advanced data analytics for voter insights, and integration with emerging technologies like
artificial intelligence and biometrics. These enhancements will further enhance the
efficiency, security, and accessibility of the voting process, making it more inclusive and
trustworthy.

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 Blockchain Based E - voting

SCREENSHOTS

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Blockchain Based E - voting

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