A

Project Report
on

Decentralized Online Voting: Enhancing Election

Security with Blockchain
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Submitted by

KAPU AJAY SAI PRASAN 21A31A05B2

LAKSHMI MEGHANA CHEKKA 21A31A0579
SHAIK AYYAZ 21A31A05C6
KOVVURI VEERA VENKATA SATYANARAYANA REDDY 21A31A05B4
KADIYAM HARISH GANAPATHI 21A31A05B1

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. V. Prem Kumar

Assistant Professor
Department of CSE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, KAKINADA, Accredited by NBA)
1-378, ADB Road, Surampalem, Near Peddapuram-533437 2024-25

2024-2025
 PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada, Accredited by NBA)

1-378, ADB Road, Surampalem, Near Peddapuram-533437

CERTIFICATE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Decentralized Online Voting:
Enhancing Election Security with Blockchain” is being submitted by Kapu Ajay Sai Prasan
(21A31A05B2), Lakshmi Meghana Chekka (21A31A0579), Shaik Ayyaz (21A31A05C6),
Kovvuri Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy (21A31A05B4), Kadiyam Harish
Ganapathi (21A31A05B1) in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology, during the year 2024-25 in Computer Science Engineering of Pragati Engineering
College, for the record of a Bonafide work carried out by them.

Project Guide: Head of the Department:

Mr. V. Prem Kumar Dr. D. V. Manjula
Assistant Professor Associate Professor & HoD
Department of CSE Department of CSE

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our thanks to project guide Mr. V. PREM KUMAR, Assistant Professor of
Computer Science Engineering, who deserves a special note of thanks and gratitude, for having
extended their fullest co-operation and guidance, without this, project would never have
materialized.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. D. V. MANJULA, Associate Professor and
Head of the Department of Computer Science Engineering, for having shown keen interest at
every stage of development of our project and for guiding us in every aspect.

We wish to express our special thanks to our beloved Dr. K. SATYANARAYANA,

Professor & Academic Director for giving guidelines and encouragement.

We wish to express our special thanks to our beloved Dr. G. NARESH, Professor &
Principal for giving guidelines and encouragement.

We wish to express sincere gratitude to our beloved and respected Dr. P. KRISHNA RAO,
Chairman and Sri. M. V. HARANATHA BABU, Director (Management) and Sri. M.
SATISH, Vice-President for their encouragement and blessings.

We are thankful to all our faculty members of the Department for their valuable
suggestions. Our sincere thanks are also extended to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of
Pragati Engineering College.

We also thank our parents whose continuous support has helped us in the successful
completion of the project.

KAPU AJAY SAI PRASAN 21A31A05B2

LAKSHMI MEGHANA CHEKKA 21A31A0579

SHAIK AYYAZ 21A31A05C6

KOVVURI V V SATYANARAYANA REDDY 21A31A05B4

KADIYAM HARISH GANAPATHI 21A31A05B1

 ABSTRACT

In democratic societies, the voting process is a cornerstone of decision-making.

Traditional voting systems, primarily paper-based, have been in use for decades but face
challenges such as fraud, inefficiency, and logistical complexity. Electronic voting (e-voting),
introduced over the last decade, aimed to address these issues but continues to face significant
concerns regarding security, transparency, and reliability. Blockchain technology emerges as a
robust solution to these problems by providing decentralization, immutability, and enhanced
security. This project proposes a blockchain-based decentralized online voting system designed
to ensure election integrity, voter anonymity, and transparency. Unlike centralized systems,
blockchain technology eliminates reliance on a single authority by recording votes on a
distributed ledger, ensuring tamper-proof election processes. The system uses homomorphic
encryption to protect voter identities while enabling vote verification. Furthermore, smart
contracts automate vote validation and counting, reducing the possibility of human error and
manipulation.

The proposed system allows voters to cast their ballots remotely through a secure web
interface, increasing accessibility for individuals in remote locations or with disabilities. The
system's architecture is designed to handle the entire election workflow, including voter
registration, vote casting, and real-time result computation, without compromising privacy or
transparency. To validate its effectiveness, the system was tested on multiple blockchain
networks, including public and private ones, highlighting its scalability and reliability. The
results demonstrate that blockchain technology can provide a secure, transparent, and efficient
voting platform capable of addressing the challenges associated with traditional and electronic
voting systems. This project not only enhances voter confidence in electoral processes but also
sets a foundation for the broader adoption of blockchain technology in public sector applications,
particularly in fostering trust and transparency in democratic systems.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• ABSTRACT
• LIST OF FIGURES
 CHAPTER 1:
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Objective 2
 CHAPTER 2: Literature Survey 3-4
 CHAPTER 3: System Analysis
3.1. Existing System 5
3.2. Proposed System 5
3.3. Modules 6
3.4. Process model used with justification 7-11
3.5. Software Requirement Specification 12-13
 CHAPTER 4: System Design
4.1. System Architecture 14
4.2. UML Diagrams 15-22
 CHAPTER 5: Implementation 23-24
 CHAPTER 6: Results 25-31
 CHAPTER 7: System Testing 32-35
 CHAPTER 8: Conclusion & Future Works 36
 CHAPTER 9: References 37
 APPENDIX 38-40
 PAPER PUBLICATION 41-47
LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure No Name of the figure Page No
3.4.1 Software Development Process Flow – Structured SDLC Approach 7
3.4.2 Requirement Gathering Stage 8
3.4.3 Analysis Stage 9
3.4.4 Designing Stage 9
3.4.5 Development (Coding) Stage 10
3.4.6 Integration & Testing Stage 11
4.1.1 System Architecture for Decentralized Online Voting 14
4.1.2 Data Flow Diagram – Blockchain-Based Online Voting System 14
4.2.1 Class diagram of blockchain-based e-voting system 16
4.2.2 Use Case diagram of Secure Online Voting using Block Chain 17
4.2.3 Sequence Diagram of Casting a Vote by Voter 18
4.2.4 Sequence Diagram of Admin Voting System 18
4.2.5 Component diagram of Blockchain-Based E-Voting System 19
4.2.6 Admin Component diagram of secure online voting 20
4.2.7 User Component diagram of secure online voting 20
4.2.8 Admin Management Flow for Election System 21
4.2.9 Blockchain-Based Voting Process for Voters 21
6.1 home page 25
6.2 admin login 25
6.3 admin page 26
6.4 add party details 26
6.5 view party details 27
6.6 view votes 27
6.7 new user registration 28
6.8 capturing user face 28
6.9 user login 29
6.10 page after successful user login page 29
6.11 casting vote 30
6.12 interface after successfully casting vote 30
6.13 interface if a user tries to vote 2nd time 31
 DECENTRALIZED ONLINE VOTING: ENHANCING ELECTION SECURITY WITH BLOCKCHAIN

CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The concept of e-voting systems is still in its early stages, yet it holds immense potential for
transforming electoral processes. In an era where digital transformation is reshaping various
sectors, the need for secure, transparent, and efficient voting mechanisms has become more
evident than ever. We selected this domain because traditional voting systems face multiple
challenges, including fraud, accessibility issues, inefficiencies, and security vulnerabilities, many
of which remain unresolved. With the rapid adoption of e-Government initiatives, there is a
growing need for an electronic voting system that is not only reliable but also instills confidence
in the democratic process. Despite its advantages, e-voting presents several challenges, primarily
concerning security and transparency. Traditional voting methods, such as paper ballots and
centralized electronic voting systems, have been susceptible to tampering, fraud, and lack of
verifiability. These concerns necessitate a robust alternative that maintains or exceeds the security
of conventional voting systems while ensuring accessibility and efficiency. Blockchain
technology has emerged as a promising solution, offering decentralized, immutable, and
transparent record-keeping mechanisms that can address these concerns.

Our project, Blockchain-Based Secure Online Voting System, aims to leverage blockchain
technology to develop a decentralized and tamper-proof online voting system. Unlike traditional
voting systems that rely on a central authority, blockchain ensures that the election process remains
distributed, secure, and verifiable by all participants. By utilizing smart contracts, the system
automates vote counting and validation, eliminating human intervention and reducing the
possibility of errors or manipulation. Moreover, blockchain’s cryptographic security measures,
such as encryption and hashing, ensure that voter identities remain anonymous while maintaining
the integrity of the voting data.

One of the major shortcomings of conventional e-voting systems is the lack of transparency, which
often leads to skepticism among voters. In many cases, citizens have no way of verifying whether
their votes have been counted correctly or if any tampering has occurred. Blockchain technology
addresses this issue by providing a transparent and immutable ledger, enabling voters and
authorities to audit the entire voting process without compromising security or privacy. This level
of transparency fosters trust and confidence in digital voting systems, making them a viable
alternative to traditional electoral mechanisms.

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1.2 OBJECTIVE
Voting systems have been around for centuries, with paper ballots being the most widely used
form globally. However, electronic voting (e-voting) has gained traction only in the last decade,
and its adoption still faces significant challenges. The main issues with e-voting systems are
related to security, credibility, transparency, reliability, and functionality. While Estonia has
emerged as a leader in the field, its approach remains one of the few advanced models, and there
are limited implementations that leverage blockchain technology for e-voting.

Blockchain, with its inherent advantages such as immutability, decentralization, and enhanced
security, offers promising solutions to many of the challenges faced by e-voting systems. Despite
its potential, existing blockchain-based e-voting platforms often focus on only one specific aspect
of the voting process or lack comprehensive testing and comparison across different blockchain
frameworks.

In this project, we propose a blockchain-based e-voting platform designed for broad applicability
across various types of voting scenarios. Our platform fully utilizes blockchain technology,
ensuring that all processes—from voter registration to the final count—are managed within a
decentralized and transparent framework. Once voting begins, the platform operates
autonomously, with no possibility of external manipulation. Voter identities are securely protected
using homomorphic encryption, ensuring privacy while maintaining transparency in the voting
process.

We have tested our platform on three different blockchain systems—public and private—and
compared their performance. The results indicate that both types of blockchains can be effectively
used with only minimal differences in processing speed. The key innovation of our platform lies
in its fully decentralized management of the voting process through blockchain. This solution
ensures transparency at every stage while safeguarding voter privacy and security through
homomorphic encryption.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Title: “Decentralized Online Voting: Enhancing Election Security with Blockchain”

Abstract: Decentralized online voting uses blockchain technology to improve election security.
It ensures that votes are securely recorded in a digital ledger that is transparent, tamper-proof, and
can’t be altered once cast. Each vote is stored as a block, and the entire system is distributed across
many computers, making it resistant to hacking or fraud. This method also provides privacy, as
voter identities are kept secure. By removing central control, decentralized voting enhances
transparency, trust, and accessibility in elections, offering a safer and more efficient way for
people to vote remotely while protecting the integrity of the process.

Author(s): Sarad Venugopalan, Ivan Homoliak, Zengpeng Li, Pawel Szalachowski

Title: “BBB-Voting: 1-out-of-k Blockchain-Based Boardroom Voting”
Abstract: This paper introduces BBB-Voting, a decentralized and self-tallying online voting
protocol designed for boardroom elections. Implemented as a smart contract on Ethereum, the
protocol eliminates the need for a trusted authority to compute results or safeguard voter privacy.
Voters control their own privacy, which can only be compromised through unanimous collusion.
The protocol's execution is ensured by Ethereum's consensus mechanism. Feasibility tests on
Ethereum's test network demonstrate its practicality, with analyses of financial and computational
costs provided.

Author(s): Satoshi Nakamoto

Title: “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System”

Abstract: This paper introduces a completely decentralized digital currency system, allowing
online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial
institution. It proposes a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network
that timestamps transactions by hashing them into a continuous chain of hash-based proof-of-
work. The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any
cooperating group of attacker nodes.

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Author(s): Vitalik Buterin

Title: “Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application
Platform”
Abstract: This whitepaper introduces Ethereum, a decentralized platform designed to run smart
contracts—applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of downtime,
fraud, or third-party interference. Ethereum expands on Bitcoin’s blockchain design to support
more complex and general-purpose computation, enabling developers to build decentralized
applications with custom rules and states.

Title: "Electronic Voting Enhanced by Distributed Ledger Technology: A Transparent and

Verifiable Approach"
Abstract: Electronic voting implementations vary significantly across global jurisdictions, with
each system offering distinct advantages and challenges. Among the most critical concerns is the
inadequate ability to audit and verify the integrity of these systems. Distributed ledger technology,
which has emerged as a significant innovation in recent years, presents a potential remedy to these
verification challenges. This article introduces a Verifiable Distributed Ledger Electoral System
(VDLES), which outlines the digital voting procedures and essential elements of a monitored
online voting platform with comprehensive audit and verification capabilities. VDLES
accomplishes this through the implementation of distributed ledger architecture combined with a
tangible paper-based verification mechanism that voters can confirm.

Blockchain-based decentralized online voting has emerged as a promising solution to enhance

election security, transparency, and voter privacy. Various studies and implementations highlight
the effectiveness of blockchain in ensuring tamper-proof, verifiable, and secure voting systems.
Unlike traditional electronic voting methods, decentralized approaches eliminate reliance on a
central authority, reducing vulnerabilities to fraud and manipulation. Research also explores
distributed ledger technology’s role in real-time auditing and maintaining voter anonymity.

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

Traditional voting methods have been in use for centuries, with paper ballots being the most
widely adopted system worldwide. However, in recent years, electronic voting (e-voting) has
gained popularity, particularly in the last decade. Despite its growing adoption, e-voting systems
still face significant challenges related to security, credibility, transparency, reliability, and overall
functionality. Estonia has been a pioneer in implementing digital voting solutions, setting a
benchmark in the field.
However, the integration of blockchain technology into e-voting remains limited, with only a few
solutions available. Blockchain has the potential to address many of the existing challenges by
ensuring immutability, decentralization, and enhanced security. While blockchain-based voting
systems offer promising advantages, many current implementations focus only on specific aspects
rather than providing a comprehensive solution. Additionally, inadequate testing and lack of
comparative analysis hinder their widespread adoption.
Disadvantages of the Existing System:

• Insufficient security measures, making voting systems vulnerable to manipulation.

• Limited transparency and verifiability, raising concerns about trust in election results.
• Challenges in implementing a fully decentralized and tested blockchain-based e-voting
system.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

This project introduces a blockchain-based e-voting platform designed to support various types of
elections. The system is entirely built on blockchain technology, ensuring that all voting processes
are securely managed within the decentralized network. Once voting begins, the platform operates
autonomously, eliminating external interference and preventing any modifications to the voting
process. The system guarantees transparency by making election data publicly verifiable while
preserving voter anonymity through homomorphic encryption.
To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, we conducted tests on three different
blockchain networks. The results indicate that both public and private blockchains are viable for
e-voting, with only minor variations in processing speed. The key innovation of this system lies
in its fully decentralized management, ensuring a transparent and verifiable election process while
maintaining the highest level of security and voter privacy through encryption techniques.

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Advantages of the Proposed System:

• Enhanced security, reducing the risk of election fraud and data manipulation.
• Improved transparency and verifiability of the voting process.
• Strong voter privacy protection through advanced encryption methods.
• Decentralized control, eliminating the need for a central authority.

3.3 MODULES
1. Admin Module
2. User Module
Modules Description:

• Admin-Module:
The Admin is responsible for managing party and candidate details within the system. The
admin can add new parties, view the party details, and monitor the vote count. The admin
accesses the system through a dedicated login interface, with the username and password
both set to ‘admin’ by default.
• User-Module:
The User module enables individuals to register, login, and cast their votes securely. To
begin, users must sign up by creating an account with their username and uploading a
photo captured via a webcam. After successful registration, users can log in using their ID,
which is validated within the system.
• Once logged in, users proceed to the voting process, which includes the following steps:
o Face Capture:
The system connects to the user's webcam and captures their face image for
verification purposes.
o Identity Verification:
Using OpenCV, the application detects the user's face. A Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN) is employed to predict and match the user's identity against the
captured image. If the system successfully verifies the user's identity, it proceeds
to display the list of voting candidates.
o Voting Process:
If the user has not yet cast their vote, they can select their preferred candidate by
clicking a link associated with a party or candidate's name.
o Vote Recording:
Once the vote is cast, the system captures the voter and candidate details. The
data is then encrypted and securely stored in the blockchain, ensuring
transparency and immutability of the voting process.

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3.4 PROCESS MODEL USED WITH JUSTIFICATION

SDLC (Umbrella Model):

Fig 3.4.1: Software Development Process Flow – Structured SDLC Approach

SDLC is nothing but Software Development Life Cycle. It is a standard which is used by software
industry to develop good software.

Stages in SDLC:
• Requirement Gathering
• Analysis
• Designing
• Coding
• Testing
• Maintenance

1. Requirement Gathering Stage:

In this phase, the core goals of building a secure and transparent blockchain-based voting platform
are translated into clear system requirements. These are documented in the Requirements
Document and tracked using a Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM) to ensure all features
align with the project's objectives.
Key Outputs:
• Requirements Document: Defines features like voter registration, vote casting, result
generation, and blockchain integration.

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• RTM: Maps each requirement (e.g., one vote per user, encrypted data storage) to its project
goal.
• Updated Project Plan: Reflects timelines and milestones based on finalized requirements.

Fig 3.4.2: Requirement Gathering Stage

Additional Elements:
• Feasibility Study: Assesses challenges in using blockchain for real-time voting.
• Team Formation: Roles defined for frontend, backend, blockchain, and testing.
•Project Specifications:
o Inputs: Voter details, authentication data
o Outputs: Vote confirmations, live results
o Reports: Admin dashboards, voting logs
2. Analysis Stage:
The Analysis Stage focuses on thoroughly understanding the goals and requirements identified
during planning. It lays the foundation for defining system functionalities and identifying technical
challenges related to blockchain integration, security, and user roles.
Key Activities:
• Project Structure Definition: Establish clear boundaries for voter, admin, and blockchain
components.
• Feasibility and Risk Assessment: Evaluate whether blockchain can support scalability, data
privacy, and fault tolerance.
• Requirement Prioritization: Derive detailed requirements from high-level goals like secure
vote casting, eligibility checks, and immutability.
Major Outputs:
• High-Level Goals List: E.g., One user, one vote; Transparent result compilation.
• Configuration Management Plan: Strategy for handling system changes and smart contract
updates.
• Quality Assurance Plan: Outlines how system reliability, performance, and security will be
tested.
• Project Plan and Schedule: Timeline and effort estimates for each SDLC phase, beginning
with requirements gathering.

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Fig 3.4.3: Analysis Stage

The outputs of the planning stage include the configuration management plan, quality assurance
plan, project plan, and schedule, detailing activities for the Requirements stage and high-level
effort estimates for subsequent stages.

3. Designing Stage:
The Designing Stage begins after the approval of the requirements document. Each requirement
is translated into detailed design components that act as a blueprint for the system’s development.
Key Activities:
• Transform requirements into design modules (e.g., voter registration, vote casting, result
generation).
• Create visual and logical representations, including:
o Functional Hierarchy Diagrams
o UI Mockups for voter and admin interfaces
o Business Rule Tables (e.g., voting eligibility logic)
o Process Flowcharts for smart contract execution
o ER Diagram and Data Dictionary for blockchain data and user credentials

Fig 3.4.4: Designing Stage

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Major Outputs:
• Design Document: Comprehensive blueprint for system development
• Updated RTM: Links each design element to its requirement
• Revised Project Plan: Incorporates time and resources for design implementation

4. Development (Coding) Stage:

The Development Stage focuses on converting the design specifications into a working software
system. Each design module (e.g., voter login, vote casting, admin dashboard) is developed as a
software component.
Key Activities:
• Develop system components: UI forms, smart contracts, blockchain integration, and backend
functions.
• Develop test cases for each component to ensure functionality.
• Finalize the Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM) by linking code, design, and test
cases.

Fig 3.4.5: Development (Coding) Stage

Major Deliverables:
• Fully functional decentralized voting system
• Test Plan: Covers all test cases for validation
• Implementation Map: Highlights key code entry points
• Finalized RTM and updated project plan

5. Integration & Testing Stage:

In this phase, all developed components—like the blockchain backend, user interface, and online
help system—are moved to a testing environment. Predefined test cases are executed to verify
functionality, security, and compliance with requirements.

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Key Activities:
• Execute unit, integration, functional, black-box, and security test cases.
• Validate user roles, smart contract behavior, and vote integrity.
• Finalize reference data (e.g., sample voter info) and assign roles to test users.

Fig 3.4.6: Integration & Testing Stage

Major Deliverables:
• Fully integrated voting system with online help
• Updated Implementation Map
• Production Initiation Plan with finalized reference data and test user roles
• Acceptance Plan containing the final test case set
• Revised project plan

6. Maintenance
The Maintenance Phase ensures the long-term reliability, security, and scalability of the online
voting platform after deployment.
Key Activities:
• Requirement Review & Documentation Study: Team members analyze system
documentation to understand architecture and functionality.
• Task Assignment & Training: Specific roles (e.g., blockchain monitor, UI support) are
assigned and relevant training is provided.
• Continuous Updates & Bug Fixes: Resolve issues, enhance features, and adapt the
system to new election policies or security threats.
• Ongoing Support: Like an umbrella’s never-ending support, this phase continues
indefinitely to ensure the platform remains functional and secure.

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3.5. Software Requirement Specification

3.5.1 Overall Description

A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) is a comprehensive document that describes the
behavior and functionality of a system to be developed. It outlines both functional and non-
functional requirements. The SRS includes use cases, which detail all the interactions users will
have with the software. Additionally, it defines non-functional requirements, which place
constraints on the design or implementation, such as performance standards, quality requirements,
or design limitations.

System Requirements Specification

A System Requirements Specification is a structured compilation of information that encapsulates
the system's requirements. A Business Analyst (BA), sometimes referred to as a System Analyst,
plays a crucial role in analyzing business needs and identifying issues to propose solutions. They
serve as a liaison between the business side and the IT department or external service providers.
Within the systems development lifecycle (SDLC), the BA ensures that the business requirements
are met effectively.
Projects often involve three types of requirements:
• Business Requirements: These define what must be achieved in business terms to provide
value.
• Product Requirements: These specify the characteristics or properties of a system or
product that will help meet business goals.
• Process Requirements: These describe the activities performed by the development team,
such as the initial investigation to assess project feasibility.

Preliminary Investigation and Feasibility Study

During the preliminary investigation, the feasibility study is conducted to determine the viability
of the project. The primary goal of this study is to assess the technical, operational, and economic
feasibility of adding new modules or debugging an existing system. In an ideal scenario with
unlimited resources and time, all systems would be feasible. The feasibility study also examines
key aspects such as:
• Technical Feasibility: Evaluating whether the technology can support the system
requirements.
• Operational Feasibility: Assessing how well the proposed solution fits with the
organization's operations.
• Economic Feasibility: Analyzing the financial viability of the project.

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3.5.2. External Interface Requirements

User Interface
The system features a user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) built with Python, providing
a seamless experience for users.

Hardware Interfaces
The interaction between the user and the system is facilitated through Python's capabilities,
connecting with the console for smooth communication.

Software Interfaces
The system requires Python as its primary software platform for functionality.

Operating Environment
The system is designed to operate on minimum version Windows 7.

Hardware Requirements
• Processor: Intel i3 or higher
• RAM: 256 MB (minimum)
• Hard Disk: 20 GB
• Keyboard: Standard Windows Keyboard
• Mouse: Two or Three Button Mouse
• Monitor: SVGA

Software Requirements
• Operating System: Windows 7/8
• Programming Language: Python

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CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:

Fig 4.1.1: System Architecture for Decentralized Online Voting

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) shows how data moves through a system.

Fig 4.1.2: Data Flow Diagram – Blockchain-Based Online Voting System

The DFD explains how votes, user data, and admin actions move between the user, system,
smart contract, and blockchain.

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4.2 UML DIAGRAMS

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) provides a standardized way for software engineers to
create an analysis model using a structured notation, governed by specific syntactic, semantic, and
pragmatic rules.
A UML system is depicted through five distinct views, each offering a unique perspective on the
system. These views are represented by different types of diagrams:
• User Model View
o Represents the system from the user’s standpoint.
o The analysis model illustrates a usage scenario from the end user's perspective.
• Structural Model View
o Focuses on the internal data and functionality of the system.
o Primarily represents the static structure of the system.
• Behavioral Model View
o Describes the dynamic aspects of the system, showing how different structural
components interact.
o Depicts various interactions within the user and structural models.
• Implementation Model View
o Demonstrates how the system's structural and behavioral components will be
developed.
• Environmental Model View
o Highlights the structural and behavioral factors of the environment where the
system will be deployed.

4.2.1 Class Diagram

A class diagram serves as a fundamental component of object-oriented modeling. It is used for
both high-level conceptual modeling of an application’s structure and detailed modeling,
facilitating the translation of models into programming code. Additionally, class diagrams can be
utilized for data modeling.
In a class diagram, classes represent the primary objects and their interactions within the
application, as well as the classes to be implemented in code. Each class is depicted as a box
divided into three sections:
• Top Section: Displays the class name.
• Middle Section: Lists the class attributes.
• Bottom Section: Specifies the methods or operations the class can perform.

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Fig 4.2.1: Class diagram of blockchain-based e-voting system

The image represents a UML class diagram for a blockchain-based e-voting system. It consists of
the following classes:
• Voter - Has attributes voterID and name, and a method castVote(), which allows a voter
to cast a vote.
• Election - Contains electionID, startTime, and endTime, with a method initiateElection()
to start an election. It registers candidates.
• Candidate - Stores details such as candidateID, name, and party.
• SmartContract - Implements validateVote() and computeResults() to ensure vote
authenticity and compute results.
• Blockchain - Has methods storeVote() to securely record votes and verifyIntegrity() to
ensure data integrity.
The diagram shows relationships between these entities:
• Voters cast votes in an election.
• Elections register candidates.
• Smart contracts validate votes and compute results.
• Blockchain securely stores votes and verifies their integrity.

4.2.2 Use Case Diagram

A use case diagram is a visual representation of a user's interaction with a system, illustrating the
specifications of a use case. It helps depict different types of users and the various ways they
interact with the system.
Use case diagrams are commonly used alongside textual descriptions of use cases and are often
supported by other diagrams to provide a comprehensive understanding of system functionality.

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They serve as an essential tool in software development for analyzing system requirements and
user interactions.

Fig 4.2.2: Use Case diagram of Secure Online Voting using Block Chain
The image represents a UML use case diagram for a blockchain-based e-voting system. It consists
of the following actors, use cases:
• Register Voter: Voter signs up with personal details.
• Login: Voter or administrator logs into the system.
• Cast Vote: Voter selects a candidate and submits their vote.
• Validate Vote: Smart contract checks for duplicate or invalid votes.
• Store Vote: Blockchain records the vote immutably.
• Compute Results: After the election ends, results are calculated.
• View Results: Voters and administrators can view the election outcome.

4.2.3 Sequence Diagram

A sequence diagram is a type of interaction diagram that illustrates how processes communicate
and the sequence in which they occur. It is a visual representation of a Message Sequence Chart,
showing object interactions arranged in a time-ordered sequence.
Sequence diagram highlights the objects and classes involved in a scenario and the sequence of
messages exchanged between them to execute a specific function. Sequence diagrams are
commonly linked to use case realizations in the Logical View of a system under development.
They are also referred to as event diagrams, event scenarios, or timing diagrams due to their
focus on event-driven interactions.

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Fig 4.2.3: Sequence Diagram of Casting a Vote by Voter

The above sequence diagram describes about Casting a Vote
• Actors: Voter, Election System, Smart Contract, Blockchain
• Sequence:
1. Voter logs in.
2. System verifies identity.
3. Voter selects a candidate and submits vote.
4. Smart contract validates vote.
5. Blockchain records the vote.
6. System confirms vote submission.

Fig 4.2.4: Sequence Diagram of Admin Voting System

This Sequence Diagram illustrates the Admin Voting System Workflow, showing interactions
between the Admin, Login, Add Party Details, View Party Details, View Votes, and Logout
modules.
Process Flow:
1. Admin logs in → receives a success response.
2. Adds party details → confirmation received.
3. Views party details.
4. Views votes → vote count displayed.
5. Logs out → session ends.

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4.2.4 Component Diagram

In the Unified Modeling Language (UML), a component diagram visually represents how
different components are interconnected to form larger software systems. It is particularly useful
for illustrating the structure of complex systems.
Components are linked using assembly connectors, which connect the required interface of one
component to the provided interface of another. This establishes a service consumer-service
provider relationship, showcasing how components interact within the system.

Fig 4.2.5: Component diagram of Blockchain-Based E-Voting System

The image represents a UML component diagram for a blockchain-based e-voting system. It
consists of the following:
• Admin Components:
o Web Portal (Admin Panel): Login, manage elections, monitor voting, generate reports.
o Backend Server: Handles admin requests, authentication, and database updates.
o Smart Contract: Ensures authorized actions and election rule validation.
o Blockchain Ledger: Stores election data securely.
o Database: Maintains voter registration and election metadata.
• User Components:
o Web Portal (Voter Dashboard): Login, view elections, cast and verify votes.
o Backend Server: Processes authentication and vote submissions.
o Smart Contract: Prevents duplicate votes and secures transactions.
o Blockchain Ledger: Stores votes immutably.
o Database: Verifies voter details and fetches election info.

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4.2.5 Deployment Diagram

A deployment diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) represents the physical deployment
of software artifacts on hardware nodes. It is commonly used to illustrate the architecture of a
system, such as a website, by showing:
• Nodes (e.g., web servers, application servers, database servers).
• Artifacts (e.g., web applications, databases) running on each node.
• Connections between components (e.g., JDBC, REST, RMI).
Nodes are depicted as boxes, with artifacts represented as rectangles inside these boxes. Some
nodes may contain sub-nodes, represented as nested boxes, and a single node may represent
multiple physical devices, such as a cluster of database servers.

Admin User

Fig 4.2.6: Admin Component diagram of secure online Fig 4.2.7: User Component diagram of
voting secure online voting

Represents the Admin Component of an election Represents the User (Voter) Component
management system. of the system.
Admin can perform the following actions: Voter can perform the following actions:
1. Login – Authenticate into the system.
2. Add Party Details – Register new political 1. Login – Authenticate and access
parties. the system.
3. View Party Details – Check the registered 2. Cast Your Vote – Select and
party information. submit their vote.
4. View Votes – Monitor the voting results. 3. Take Snapshot – Capture proof
5. Logout – Exit the system securely. of voting (if applicable).
4. Validate User – Ensure
authentication and eligibility.
5. Logout – Exit the system
securely.

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4.2.6 Activity Diagram

An activity diagram is a crucial Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram used to depict the
dynamic aspects of a system. It functions as a flowchart, illustrating the transition from one activity
to another.
Each activity represents an operation within the system, and the control flow is drawn to show
how operations transition between one another. This flow can be:
• Sequential – One activity follows another.
• Branched – Multiple possible paths based on conditions.
• Concurrent – Multiple activities occur simultaneously.
Activity diagrams help visualize workflows, making them useful for modeling business processes
and system behaviors.

Admin User

Fig 4.2.8: Admin Management Flow for

Election System
Fig 4.2.9: Blockchain-Based Voting Process for Voters

Represents the process for an

Represents the voting process for a user.
admin managing the voting
1. The user logs in and enters credentials.
system.
2. If credentials are valid, access is granted;
1. The admin logs in.
otherwise, access is denied.
2. Adds party details.
3. The voter selects a candidate, encrypts and signs
3. Views party details.
the vote.
4. Views votes.
4. A smart contract verifies the vote.
5. Logs out after completing
5. If the vote is valid, it is stored in the blockchain,
tasks.
and results are computed after the election.
6. If the vote is invalid, it is rejected.

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ALGORITHM:
SHA-256 in Decentralized Online Voting
In the project "Decentralized Online Voting: Enhancing Election Security with Blockchain",
the SHA-256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit) plays a vital role in ensuring the security,
transparency, and integrity of the voting process. SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function that
produces a unique 256-bit fixed-length output for any given input. Its properties make it ideal for
securing data within a blockchain-based election system.
Purpose of Using SHA-256
• Data Integrity: SHA-256 ensures that once a vote is recorded, it cannot be altered
without detection. Any change in the input data results in a completely different hash
output, making tampering immediately noticeable.
• Blockchain Security: Each block in the blockchain contains a hash of its contents and
the hash of the previous block. SHA-256 secures this linkage, ensuring that the entire
chain remains immutable and tamper-proof.
• Voter Anonymity and Data Protection: Sensitive information such as voter identities
and vote content can be hashed to ensure privacy while still allowing for secure and
verifiable processing.
Implementation Overview
In this project, SHA-256 is applied to:
• Hash voter authentication data for secure login
• Convert vote data into hashed format before storing it on the blockchain
• Generate block hashes to maintain the chain’s integrity
• Example:

The resulting hash is stored on the blockchain. During verification, the same input data is rehashed
and compared with the stored hash to confirm authenticity.
Advantages for the Voting System
• Tamper Resistance: Unauthorized changes to vote data are easily detectable.
• Enhanced Trust: Voters and officials can verify data integrity without exposing
sensitive information.
• Decentralized Security: Eliminates dependence on a central authority by securing data
cryptographically.

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CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION

Python: A Versatile and Powerful Language

Python is a widely-used, general-purpose language known for its simplicity, readability, and
flexibility. Created by Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s and released in 1991, Python was
developed as a scripting language with easy syntax and robust functionality. Interestingly, the
name “Python” was inspired by the British comedy series Monty Python’s Flying Circus, not the
snake.
Key Features
• Beginner-Friendly: Clear, concise syntax.
•
Open Source: Freely available and modifiable.
• Integration: Works with C, C++, Java, and more.
• Rich Library: Built-in modules for web, data, ML, and more.
• Object-Oriented: Supports OOP principles like inheritance and encapsulation.
Applications
• Web Development: Django, Flask
• Data Science: NumPy, Pandas, TensorFlow
• Automation & Scripting
• Game Development: Pygame, Panda3D
• Efficient: Less code, minimal type declarations, and better readability.

HTML & CSS: Web Structure & Styling

• HTML (1991, Tim Berners-Lee) structures web content.
• CSS (1996, Håkon Wium Lie) styles and enhances layout.
Why Use Them?
• HTML: Structures text, links, and multimedia content.
• CSS: Adds colors, layouts, responsiveness, and animations.
• Combined: They create responsive, user-friendly web pages.
Key Features
• HTML: Platform-independent, semantic tags, multimedia support.
• CSS: Separates design from content, reusable stylesheets, supports responsive and
animated designs.
Applications
• Websites & Web Apps
• Email Templates
• Browser-based Games

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Implementation
The implementation phase is where the conceptual framework of the Decentralized Online
Voting System is transformed into a functional and secure application. After thorough planning
and design, the system was developed using blockchain technology to ensure transparency,
tamper-resistance, and trust in the voting process.

Platform Setup
The system is deployed on a blockchain network, which acts as a decentralized ledger for storing
votes. Smart contracts were created to manage operations such as voter registration, vote casting,
and result tallying. The blockchain platform chosen for implementation is Ethereum, due to its
support for smart contracts and wide adoption.

Smart Contract Development

Smart contracts are at the core of the voting logic. These contracts are written using Solidity and
handle functions such as:
• Registering eligible voters
• Casting and recording votes
• Ensuring one-person-one-vote rule
• Automatically computing election results
Smart contracts were deployed to the Ethereum test network during development to verify their
functionality and security before moving to a live environment.

User Interface Design

A user-friendly web interface was developed using HTML, CSS, JavaScript for blockchain
interactions. The interface allows:
• Voters to register and authenticate securely
• Admins to add or manage election data
• Users to view election results in real time
Meta mask was integrated to allow users to connect to the blockchain through their wallets,
enabling secure transaction signing and identity verification.

Database Integration (for metadata)

While blockchain handles vote data securely, an auxiliary database was used to manage non-
sensitive data such as session logs and system configurations. This ensures better performance
and monitoring without compromising the privacy and security of the voting process.

Security Implementation
To ensure data confidentiality and system integrity, the following were implemented:
• End-to-end encryption of all communications
• Immutable vote records on blockchain
• Role-based access control (RBAC) for admin operations

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CHAPTER 6
RESULTS

Fig 6.1: home page

This is the project's home page, which appears at the start. It includes options for Admin login,
User login, and User registration.

Fig 6.2: admin login

On the home page, clicking on "Admin Login" redirects to this page, where the admin can log
in and perform his tasks.

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Fig 6.3: admin page

This is the admin page, where the admin can manage the system by performing various tasks such
as adding party details and viewing votes.
The admin's responsibilities include:
• Adding Party Details: Registering political parties and their candidates in the
system.
• Viewing Party Details: Accessing and reviewing information about registered
parties and candidates.
• Viewing Votes: Monitoring vote counts in real time to ensure transparency and
security.

Fig 6.4: add party details

This is the page where the admin can add party candidate details. The admin enters the
candidate's name, party name, area name, and uploads a profile picture to register them in the
system.

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Fig 6.5: view party details Fig 6.6: view votes

This page provides the admin with a This page allows the admin to view party
comprehensive view of registered political details along with the votes each party has
parties and their candidates. The admin can received. The admin can monitor the voting
access detailed information, including party results in real time, ensuring transparency and
names, candidate names, assigned areas, and accuracy in the electoral process. This feature
profile pictures. This feature helps in helps in tracking election progress and
managing and verifying party and candidate analyzing voting trends.
details efficiently.

Disclaimer: All candidate names, party names, and area names used here are for illustrative
purposes only. Actual details may differ.

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Fig 6.7: new user registration

This page allows new users (voters) to register or sign up by providing their username, password,
contact number, email ID, and address. This ensures secure access to the system, enabling them
to participate in the voting process.

Fig 6.8: capturing user face

After entering all the required details, users must click on "Register." Upon registration, the system
prompts them to capture a photo, which is then linked to their profile. This photo is used for
identity verification during the voting process, ensuring security and authenticity.

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Fig 6.9: user login

This is the User Login page, where voters can log into the portal by entering their credentials.
Once logged in, they can securely cast their vote.

Fig 6.10: page after successful user login page

After successfully logging in, the voter can cast their vote by clicking the "Cast Your Vote"
option. Upon clicking, the system performs facial recognition to verify the voter's identity. If the
verification is successful, the voter is allowed to proceed and cast their vote securely.

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Fig 6.11: casting vote

After successful verification, the voter can select a candidate from the list displayed on the screen
and cast their vote securely.

Fig 6.12: interface after successfully casting vote

After successfully casting their vote, the user will see a confirmation screen displaying a message
that their vote has been accepted.

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Fig 6.13: interface if a user tries to vote 2nd time

If a user attempts to log in and vote a second time, the system prevents tampering
by restricting multiple votes per person. A message will be displayed stating, "You
have already cast your vote," ensuring that each voter can only vote once.

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CHAPTER 7
SYSTEM TESTING

Testing is a critical phase in ensuring the security, accuracy, and efficiency of the Decentralized
Online Voting System. The testing process involves preparing test data, validating system
functionalities, and ensuring that the platform operates seamlessly under different conditions.
Various testing strategies are applied to ensure that all components work together as a unified
system.
System Testing:
System testing is essential in evaluating the overall performance and reliability of the voting
system. Since the platform is built on blockchain, rigorous testing is conducted to verify the
integrity of vote recording, smart contract execution, identity verification, and result
computation.
The system undergoes stress testing to check how it handles a high volume of transactions,
ensuring that it remains functional during peak voting periods. Additionally, security testing is
performed to prevent any unauthorized access, manipulation, or cyberattacks.

Test Cases:
The table below outlines some of the key test cases used for validation
Test
Test Case Expected Actual
Case Description Test Steps Priority
Name Result Result
ID
Verify whether
Enter Admin should be
the admin can
1 Admin Login credentials and able to access the Passed High
log in
submit. dashboard.
successfully.

Verify whether
Enter User should be
the voter can
2 User Login credentials and able to access the Passed High
log in
submit. voting page.
successfully.
Authenticate,
Ensure that a
select a Vote should be
3 Vote Casting user can cast a Passed High
candidate, recorded securely.
vote only once.
submit vote.
Check if votes
Submit a vote,
Vote remain Vote should be
4 attempt Passed High
Integrity immutable after unchangeable.
modification.
submission.
Validate
Cast multiple Results should be
Result whether results
5 votes, verify correctly Passed High
Computation are computed
result accuracy. displayed.
correctly.

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1. Unit Testing
Definition:
Unit Testing involves testing individual functions or components of the system in isolation. It
focuses on the internal logic of specific code units (like functions, methods, or classes).
Purpose:
To verify that each module or function performs as expected before integration.
Example in Voting System:
• Testing the castVote() function to ensure it properly records a vote.
• Testing the isEligibleToVote() method to validate a user’s age and ID.
Performed By:
Developers during development.

Test Unit test Name Description Test Steps Expected Actual Status
Case Result Result
ID
Check if user
validation Pass
returns correct valid/invalid Returns `true` or
UT01 validateUser() result credentials `false` Passed Pass
Call function Returns success,
Ensure vote is with valid updates
UT02 castVote() recorded once vote input blockchain Passed Pass
Check vote Cast votes, Returns correct
UT03 getResults() counting logic call function tallies Passed Pass
Check voter Pass Age and
eligibility citizenship Returns `true` or
UT04 isEligibleToVote() function inputs `false` Passed Pass
Test Pass sample
encryption data for Returns
UT05 encryptData() function encryption encrypted string Passed Pass

This Unit Testing table outlines test cases for individual functions within the Decentralized
Online Voting System. Each test case verifies a specific function’s behavior in isolation:
1. UT01 checks user validation logic with valid/invalid credentials.
2. UT02 ensures a vote is recorded correctly once cast.
3. UT03 tests if the system accurately counts and returns vote results.
4. UT04 validates the logic determining voter eligibility.
5. UT05 confirms that data encryption works correctly.
All tests passed successfully, confirming that the core units of the system function as expected
before integration.

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2. Functional Testing
Definition:
Functional Testing ensures that the system performs according to functional requirements. It
checks if each function works correctly from the user’s perspective, regardless of internal code.
Purpose:
To validate end-to-end business scenarios and ensure each function delivers the correct output
for given inputs.
Example in Voting System:
• Voter Registration: Validates the registration workflow.
• Vote Casting: Ensures one vote per voter and secure blockchain recording.
• Result Generation: Confirms votes are accurately counted and displayed.
Performed By:
QA/Testers.

Test Functionality Description Test Steps Expected Result Actual Status

Case Result
ID
Voter Register new voter Fill form → Account
FT01 Registration with valid info Submit successfully created Passed Pass
Voter logs in to Enter credentials Redirects to
FT02 Login System cast a vote → Submit dashboard Passed Pass
Cast one vote per Select candidate Vote recorded,
FT03 Vote Casting user → Submit vote confirmation shown Passed Pass
Result Verify result Cast votes → Accurate tally
FT04 Generation tabulation View result displayed Passed Pass
Redirects to login
FT05 Logout End user session Click logout page Passed Pass

This Functional Testing table validates the key user-facing features of the Decentralized Online
Voting System:
1. FT01 ensures successful voter registration.
2. FT02 checks login functionality for voter access.
3. FT03 verifies that a user can cast only one secure vote.
4. FT04 confirms accurate vote result generation.
5. FT05 tests proper logout functionality.
All functions performed as expected, confirming that the system meets its functional requirements.

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3. Black Box Testing

Definition:
Black Box Testing evaluates the system without any knowledge of its internal workings. It treats
the system as a “black box,” focusing only on inputs and expected outputs.
Purpose:
To ensure that the system behaves correctly in various user scenarios and handles both valid and
invalid inputs.
Example in Voting System:
• Invalid Login: Check how the system reacts to wrong credentials.
• Duplicate Voting: Ensure users can vote only once.
• Unauthorized Access: Prevent access to admin features by regular users.
Performed By:
QA/Testers, often during later stages of testing.

Test Scenario Description Test Steps Expected Result Actual Status

Case Result
ID
Enter wrong
Test incorrect user credentials → Error message
BB01 Invalid Login credentials Submit shown Passed Pass
Vote once →
Duplicate Try to vote more than Attempt second Block second vote,
BB02 Voting once vote show alert Passed Pass
Unauthorized Try to access admin Log in as voter →
BB03 Access page as voter Access admin URL Access denied/error Passed Pass
Vote
Tampering Submit vote → Try System blocks, vote
BB04 Attempt Try to alter vote via UI JS injection remains unchanged Passed Pass
System Crash Enter malformed input Input long strings System handles
BB05 Test or overload system → Submit error gracefully Passed Pass

This Black Box Testing table focuses on validating the system’s behavior under various real-world
scenarios without knowing the internal code:
1. BB01 tests login with invalid credentials.
2. BB02 checks prevention of duplicate voting.
3. BB03 ensures restricted access to admin pages.
4. BB04 verifies vote tampering is blocked.
5. BB05 tests system stability against malformed input.

All scenarios passed successfully, proving the system handles unexpected or malicious user behavior
effectively.

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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORKS

CONCLUSION
This project successfully implements a secure and transparent e-voting system using blockchain
technology. By leveraging facial recognition for voter authentication, the system ensures that each
individual can cast only one vote, preventing duplication and electoral fraud. The admin panel
provides functionalities for adding and managing party and candidate details, while real-time vote
monitoring enhances credibility and transparency.
Comparing public and private blockchain implementations, we observe that public blockchains
provide greater transparency and security, whereas private blockchains offer slightly better
performance but at the cost of decentralization. Despite minor variations in transaction speeds,
blockchain technology proves to be an efficient and reliable solution for modern elections by
ensuring data integrity, immutability, and verifiability.

FUTURE WORK
To enhance the security, scalability, and usability of the blockchain-based e-voting system,
future improvements can include:
• Government Integration: Linking voter details with official databases (Aadhaar, SSN)
for better verification.
• Multi-Factor Authentication: Adding OTP-based verification alongside facial
recognition for added security.
• Decentralized Identity: Using Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) to give voters control over
their data.
• Scalability Enhancements: Optimizing blockchain mechanisms to support millions of
users efficiently.
• Mobile Voting Support: Developing a secure mobile app for remote voting.
• AI-Based Fraud Detection: Implementing AI to monitor voting patterns and prevent
cyber threats.

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CHAPTER 9
REFERENCES

1. S. T. Alvi, M. N. Uddin, and L. Islam, Digital Voting: A Blockchain-Based E-Voting System

Using Biohash and Smart Contract, in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Smart Systems and Inventive
Technology (ICSSIT), Tirunelveli, India, pp. 228–233, 2020.
2. A. M. Al-Madani, A. T. Gaikwad, V. Mahale, and Z. A. T. Ahmed, Decentralized E-Voting
System Based on Smart Contract by Using Blockchain Technology, in Proc. Int. Conf. on Smart
Innovations in Design, Environment, Management, Planning and Computing (ICSIDEMPC),
Aurangabad, India, pp. 176–180, 2020.
3. A. M. Antonopoulos and G. Wood, Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps,
O’Reilly Media, 2018.
4. H. Aziz, M. Brill, V. Conitzer, E. Elkind, R. Freeman, and T. Walsh, Justified Representation in
Approval-Based Committee Voting, Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 461–485,
2017.
5. P. Faliszewski, P. Skowron, A. M. Slinko, and N. Talmon, Multiwinner Voting: A New
Challenge for Social Choice Theory, in U. Endriss (Ed.), Trends in Computational Social
Choice, AI Access, pp. 27–47, 2017.
6. F. Fusco, M. I. Lunesu, F. E. Pani, and A. Pinna, Crypto-Voting: A Blockchain-Based E-Voting
System, in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Knowledge Management and Information Sharing, vol. 3,
pp. 223–227, 2018.
7. F. Þ. Hjálmarsson, G. K. Hreiðarsson, M. Hamdaqa, and G. Hjálmtýsson, Blockchain-Based E-
Voting System, in Proc. 11th IEEE Int. Conf. on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), San Francisco,
USA, pp. 983–986, 2018.
8. A. Indapwar, M. Chandak, and A. Jain, E-Voting System Using Blockchain Technology, Int. J.
of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3, 2020.
9. D. M. Kilgour, Approval Balloting for Multi-Winner Elections, in J. F. Laslier and M. R. Sanver
(Eds.), Handbook on Approval Voting, Springer, pp. 105–124, 2010.
10. M. Lackner and P. Skowron, Multi-Winner Voting with Approval Preferences, Springer, 2023.
11. J. F. Laslier and M. R. Sanver (Eds.), Handbook on Approval Voting, Springer, 2010.
12. K. Sadia, M. Masuduzzaman, R. Kumar Paul, and A. Islam, Blockchain-Based Secured E-Voting
by Using the Assistance of Smart Contract, in Proc. Int. Conf. on Blockchain Technology
(Springer-IETE), pp. 161–176, 2019.
13. J. Uzma, M. J. A. Aziz, and Z. Shukur, Blockchain for Electronic Voting System—Review and
Open Research Challenges, Sensors, vol. 21, no. 17, p. 5874, 2021.
14. S. Nikolopoulos, N. Karanikolas, and C. Kaklamanis, AQUA: A Blockchain-Based Multi-Winner
E-Voting System, Technium, vol. 11, pp. 32–43, 2023.

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APPENDIX

SAMPLE CODE OF THE PROJECT:

from hashlib import sha256
import json
import time
import pickle
from datetime import datetime
import random
import pyaes, pbkdf2, binascii, os, secrets
import base64
class Block:
def init (self, index, transactions, timestamp, previous_hash):
self.index = index
self.transactions = transactions
self.timestamp = timestamp
self.previous_hash = previous_hash
self.nonce = 0

def compute_hash(self):
block_string = json.dumps(self. dict , sort_keys=True)
return sha256(block_string.encode()).hexdigest()

class Blockchain:
# difficulty of our PoW algorithm
difficulty = 2 #using difficulty 2 computation

def init (self):

self.unconfirmed_transactions = []
self.chain = []
self.create_genesis_block()
self.peer = []
self.translist = []

def create_genesis_block(self): #create genesis block

genesis_block = Block(0, [], time.time(), "0")
genesis_block.hash = genesis_block.compute_hash()
self.chain.append(genesis_block)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering 38

DECENTRALIZED ONLINE VOTING: ENHANCING ELECTION SECURITY WITH BLOCKCHAIN

@property
def last_block(self):

return self.chain[-1]

def add_block(self, block, proof): #adding data to block by computing new and previous
hashes
previous_hash = self.last_block.hash

if previous_hash != block.previous_hash:
return False

if not self.is_valid_proof(block, proof):

return False

block.hash = proof
#print("main "+str(block.hash))
self.chain.append(block)
return True

def is_valid_proof(self, block, block_hash): #proof of work

return (block_hash.startswith('0' * Blockchain.difficulty) and block_hash ==
block.compute_hash())

def proof_of_work(self, block): #proof of work

block.nonce = 0

computed_hash = block.compute_hash()
while not computed_hash.startswith('0' * Blockchain.difficulty):
block.nonce += 1
computed_hash = block.compute_hash()

return computed_hash

def add_new_transaction(self, transaction):

self.unconfirmed_transactions.append(transaction)

def addPeer(self, peer_details):

Department of Computer Science & Engineering 39

DECENTRALIZED ONLINE VOTING: ENHANCING ELECTION SECURITY WITH BLOCKCHAIN

self.peer.append(peer_details)

def addTransaction(self,trans_details): #add transaction

self.translist.append(trans_details)

def mine(self):#mine transaction

if not self.unconfirmed_transactions:
return False

last_block = self.last_block

new_block = Block(index=last_block.index + 1,
transactions=self.unconfirmed_transactions,
timestamp=time.time(),
previous_hash=last_block.hash)

proof = self.proof_of_work(new_block)
self.add_block(new_block, proof)

self.unconfirmed_transactions = []
return new_block.index

def save_object(self,obj, filename):

with open(filename, 'wb') as output:
pickle.dump(obj, output, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering 40

.

PAPER
PUBLICATION

41
 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 03 | Mar-2025

Decentralized Online Voting: Enhancing Election Security with Blockchain

Kadiyam Harish Ganapathi1, Kapu Ajay Sai Prasan2, Lakshmi Meghana Chekka3 , Shaik Ayyaz4,
Kovvuri Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy5, Mr.V.Prem Kumar6
harishhari8247@gmail.com1, ajaysaiprasankapu@gmail.com2 , chlmeghana03066@gmail.com 3
,
shaikayyaz8008@gmail.com4, kvvsnreddy123hai@gmail.com5 premkumar.v@pragati.ac.in6 ,

Pragati Engineering College, Surampalem, Kakinada.Dist, A.P-533437

***
Abstract -The evolution of democratic systems has blockchain-based voting systems protect voter identities while
emphasized the critical importance of secure and fair elections, maintaining verifiable election results [4].
a practice deeply rooted in history since ancient Greece. This project introduces Aqua, a blockchain-based multi-winner
Traditional voting methods, typically requiring physical approval voting system built on the Ethereum network. Aqua
presence at a polling station, face challenges such as tampering utilizes smart contracts that are activated when an election is
and security vulnerabilities. To address these issues, we scheduled, ensuring an efficient, tamper-resistant voting process
propose a secure online voting system based on Blockchain [5]. The system decentralizes election management across
technology, incorporating homomorphic encryption and multiple blockchain nodes, eliminating reliance on a central
hashing techniques to ensure the integrity and privacy of each authority and enhancing election transparency. Aqua has been
vote. The system employs smart contracts, which activate when rigorously tested on both public and private blockchain
an election is scheduled, ensuring an efficient, tamper-resistant environments, demonstrating reliable performance while
voting process. With an ever-growing voter base, modernizing ensuring data privacy through homomorphic encryption [6].
voting infrastructure to enhance security and maintain fairness
has become essential. Our approach decentralizes e-voting
platform management across blockchains, leveraging a multi- 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
winner approval voting system called Aqua on the Ethereum
blockchain. This solution was rigorously tested and compared 2.1. Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems
on public and private blockchains, demonstrating reliable
performance at a relatively low speed while ensuring complete Nikolopoulos et al. [1] introduced Aqua, a multi-winner
data privacy through homomorphic encryption blockchain-based voting system that implements an approval
voting scheme on the Ethereum blockchain. The system utilizes
Key Words: Blockchain-based voting, decentralized e-voting smart contracts to ensure transparency and security while
platform, election integrity, homomorphic encryption, secure decentralizing election management. Their research
online voting, smart contracts demonstrated the efficiency of blockchain in preventing vote
tampering and ensuring integrity in multi-winner elections.
Indapwar et al. [2] proposed a blockchain-based e-voting
1. INTRODUCTION system utilizing the Ethereum framework. Their system
combines permissioned, public, and shared blockchains to
The integrity and security of electoral processes are fundamental enhance transparency and allow public scrutiny of votes. While
to democratic systems. Traditional voting methods, which their approach improves security, the authors identified
require physical presence at polling stations, are vulnerable to transaction verification speed as a challenge, which remains a
vote tampering, fraud, and accessibility issues [1]. With significant limitation in large-scale implementations.
advancements in digital technology, electronic voting (e-voting) Aziz et al. [3] explored approval-based committee voting,
has gained prominence due to its ability to streamline the voting highlighting the Justified Representation model in multi-
process and increase accessibility. However, security winner elections. Their work discusses voting mechanisms that
vulnerabilities such as hacking, data manipulation, and lack of ensure fair representation and resistance to strategic
transparency remain critical concerns [2]. manipulation. This research is essential for designing
Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to blockchain-based voting systems that require multi-winner
enhance the security and transparency of online voting systems. selection while maintaining fairness and transparency.
A blockchain-based voting system leverages a decentralized and
immutable ledger to ensure vote integrity, making electoral 2.2. Security and Cryptographic Mechanisms
fraud nearly impossible [3]. By employing cryptographic Sadia et al. [4] proposed a blockchain-based secure e-voting
techniques such as homomorphic encryption and hashing, system utilizing smart contracts. Their model follows a three-

© 2025, JOIREM |www.joirem.com| Page 1

 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 03 | Mar-2025

phase voting approach: pre-voting, voting, and post-voting. allow eligible participants to contest elections. The smart
The pre-voting phase involves voter registration and candidate registration and authentication module manages secure access
nomination, while the voting phase ensures voter anonymity and identity verification using cryptographic techniques.
using cryptographic techniques. The results phase utilizes Voters cast their ballots through a RESTful API-enabled ballot
blockchain consensus mechanisms to verify and count votes. box, which securely transmits votes to the central server.
Their study highlights the role of smart contracts in automating Blockchain and smart contracts play a crucial role in ensuring
and securing e-voting processes. data immutability and transparency, preventing vote tampering
Fusco et al. [5] designed Crypto-Voting, a permissioned and fraudulent activities. The vote counting server processes
blockchain-based voting system. Their architecture consists of the collected votes, while the election commission oversees the
two linked blockchains: one for recording voter registrations entire voting process to ensure regulatory compliance. Finally,
and another for storing votes and election results. By the election results module generates and displays verified
anonymizing network consensus nodes, their approach election outcomes, ensuring trust and reliability in the system.
enhances voter privacy and security. However, the study By integrating blockchain technology, cryptographic
indicates that permissioned blockchains require centralized authentication, and decentralized data storage, the proposed e-
oversight, which may reduce the level of decentralization voting system enhances election security, making it a robust
compared to fully public blockchain systems. solution for modern electronic voting.
Hjálmarsson et al. [6] proposed a decentralized e-voting system
based on Ethereum smart contracts. Their research 3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
demonstrates the feasibility of blockchain voting by allowing
voters to register, vote, and verify their choices through a web Traditional voting methods, including paper-based and
interface. Their system prevents data manipulation but faces electronic voting machines (EVMs), are vulnerable to several
scalability issues due to Ethereum's transaction limitations. security and operational challenges. These issues include vote
tampering, fraudulent voting, centralized database
2.3. Decentralized and Smart Contract-Based E-Voting vulnerabilities, and limited accessibility for remote voters [1].
Al-Madani et al. [7] implemented a decentralized e-voting With the increasing need for a transparent and tamper-proof
system using Ethereum smart contracts. Their model enables voting system, blockchain technology has emerged as a viable
voters to register and vote via a web application while ensuring solution to enhance election security, integrity, and
immutability and transparency. A major advantage of their transparency. The proposed Secure Online Voting System
system is its ability to provide real-time voting results while Using Blockchain leverages the Ethereum blockchain, smart
preventing unauthorized vote modifications. However, gas fees contracts, and cryptographic techniques to develop a
associated with Ethereum transactions remain a critical decentralized and transparent voting mechanism. The system
challenge. ensures the integrity of elections by eliminating centralized
Lackner and Skowron [8] provided a comprehensive study on control, preventing vote manipulation, and enabling voters to
approval-based multi-winner voting. Their research explores verify their votes without compromising anonymity. The
voting mechanisms that maximize voter representation while system is specifically designed to support multi-winner
minimizing the risks of manipulation. Their findings support approval voting, allowing voters to approve multiple
the implementation of approval voting in blockchain-based candidates instead of selecting only one. This mechanism
electoral systems, such as Aqua, to enhance decision-making ensures fair representation and is suitable for multi-member
fairness and inclusivity. elections.

3. System Architecture
The architecture of the proposed system integrates blockchain,
smart contracts, encryption, and voter authentication
techniques to ensure a secure voting process. The system
consists of the following key components:
3.1 Blockchain-Based Voting Framework
The proposed system is built on the Ethereum blockchain,
ensuring a decentralized and immutable voting process. Unlike
traditional centralized e-voting systems, where a central
authority manages voter data and election results, this
blockchain-based approach distributes control across multiple
nodes, making tampering virtually impossible [2]. Each vote is
Fig 1: Architecture Of E-Voting encrypted using homomorphic encryption before being stored
on the blockchain. This cryptographic technique allows the
Figure 1 illustrates the architecture of a blockchain-based system to process votes without decrypting them, ensuring
secure e-voting system, designed to ensure transparency, voter privacy while maintaining verifiability [3].
integrity, and voter privacy in digital elections. The process
begins with voter registration, where individuals authenticate
their identity using ID numbers, face recognition, or fingerprint
verification. Candidate registration is also incorporated to

© 2025, JOIREM |www.joirem.com| Page 2

 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 03 | Mar-2025

3.2 Smart Contract Implementation • Efficiency: Smart contracts automate election

procedures, reducing the time and cost associated with
Smart contracts are self-executing scripts that automate manual vote counting.
election processes, ensuring transparency and security. In the • Accessibility: Online voting enables participation
proposed system, smart contracts handle voter registration, vote from remote locations, increasing voter turnout and
casting, and result computation autonomously, eliminating inclusivity.
human intervention and reducing the risk of electoral fraud.
The Aqua.sol contract, deployed on the Ethereum network, While blockchain-based voting offers significant
facilitates a multi-winner approval voting mechanism, ensuring improvements, challenges such as transaction speed,
that the top-k candidates with the most approvals are elected scalability, and gas fees on public blockchains need further
[4]. The Ethereum-based ledger ensures that once a vote is research and optimization. Future enhancements may include
recorded, it cannot be altered, making the system resistant to Layer-2 scaling solutions and hybrid blockchain architectures
manipulation. The proposed system supports a multi-winner to improve efficiency without compromising security.
approval voting scheme, where voters can approve multiple
candidates instead of selecting only one. The top-k candidates
with the highest number of approvals are declared winners,
making this method ideal for committee-based elections and
parliamentary voting systems [7]. By leveraging blockchain
technology, this voting scheme enhances electoral fairness and
ensures that minority groups receive proportional
representation. The automated counting mechanism within the
smart contract eliminates the need for manual tallying, ensuring
faster and error-free results.

3.3. Election Phases

The voting process in the proposed system follows a structured

four-phase model:

1. Initialization Phase: Election administrators deploy

the Aqua.sol smart contract on the Ethereum Fig 2: Flow Chart Of E-Voting
blockchain. The contract registers voter lists,
candidates, and election parameters. Fig 2 illustrates the structural workflow of a blockchain system,
2. Registration Phase: Voters authenticate their highlighting key processes such as transaction handling,
identities using blockchain-based verification and mining, and block validation. The process begins with a
receive access to the voting system. transaction, which is added to the blockchain via the
3. Voting Phase: Voters securely cast encrypted votes add_transaction function. Transactions remain in the
through a decentralized application (DApp). The
unconfirmed transactions pool until selected for mining, where
smart contract ensures that each voter can cast only
one vote. a new block is generated through the proof-of-work
4. Result Computation Phase: The smart contract mechanism. Once the proof-of-work is successfully completed,
automatically tallies votes and publishes results on the the block is added to the blockchain, ensuring immutability and
blockchain, ensuring full transparency and public integrity. Each block contains essential attributes such as
verifiability [8]. nonce, hash, timestamp, transactions, previous hash, and index,
all of which play a critical role in securing the blockchain
3.4. Advantages of the Proposed System against tampering. The Genesis Block serves as the
foundational element of the blockchain, linking all subsequent
The Secure Online Voting System Using Blockchain provides blocks. The validation process ensures the authenticity of each
several advantages over traditional voting systems:
block using cryptographic techniques, including the SHA-256
hash function, to verify data integrity. Furthermore, the
• Security: The decentralized and immutable nature of
blockchain prevents vote tampering and unauthorized compute_hash function maintains security by detecting any
alterations. unauthorized modifications. This architecture showcases the
• Transparency: The election process is verifiable, fundamental principles of blockchain, emphasizing
allowing voters to check that their votes are counted decentralized security, transparency, and resilience against
without revealing voter identities. fraudulent activities. The model presented in this study is
applicable to various domains, including cryptocurrency,

© 2025, JOIREM |www.joirem.com| Page 3

 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 03 | Mar-2025

secure online voting, supply chain management, and

decentralized identity verification.

3.5. Blockchain Transaction Cost

Every vote transaction incurs a gas fee in Ethereum:

G=UXP (1)

Where:

• G is the total gas cost. Fig 4.2: admin login

• U is the gas used per transaction. On the home page, clicking on "Admin Login" redirects to
• P is the gas price per unit (Gwei). this page, where the admin can log in and perform his tasks.

Optimizing smart contract execution can reduce gas fees by

minimizing U.

3.6. Smart Contract Execution Time:

The execution time Tx for smart contract depends on the

block conformation time:

Tx = Bt x d (2)

Where: Fig 4.3: admin page

Bt is the average block time. This is the admin page, where the admin can manage the
system by performing various tasks such as adding party
d is the depth of the transactions in the block. details and viewing votes.
The admin's responsibilities include:
4. Results: 1. Adding Party Details: Registering political parties and
their candidates in the system.
2. Viewing Party Details: Accessing and reviewing
information about registered parties and candidates.
3. Viewing Votes: Monitoring vote counts in real time to
ensure transparency and security.

Fig 4.1: home page

This is the project's home page, which appears at the start.
It includes options for Admin login, User login, and User
registration.
Fig 4.4: new user registration
This page allows new users (voters) to register or sign up by
providing their username, password, contact number, email
ID, and address. This ensures secure access to the system,
enabling them to participate in the voting process.

© 2025, JOIREM |www.joirem.com| Page 4

 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 03 | Mar-2025

Fig 4.8: interface after successfully casting vote

Fig 4.5: capturing user face After voting, users see a confirmation message. If they try to
After entering all the required details, users must click on vote again, the system blocks it and shows: 'You have already
"Register." Upon registration, the system prompts them to cast your vote.'
capture a photo, which is then linked to their profile. This Disclaimer: All candidate names, party names, and area
photo is used for identity verification during the voting names used here are for illustrative purposes only. Actual
process, ensuring security and authenticity.\ details may differ.

5. Conclusion:
The proposed Secure Online Voting System Using
Blockchain addresses the critical challenges of traditional
voting methods by leveraging blockchain technology,
smart contracts, and cryptographic techniques. The
decentralized nature of the Ethereum blockchain ensures
election integrity, preventing unauthorized vote tampering
and fraudulent activities. By implementing homomorphic
encryption and Zero- Knowledge Proofs (ZKP), the system
maintains voter anonymity while enabling public
verifiability of the election process. The integration of
smart contracts automates the election workflow, from
Fig 4.6: user login
voter registration to result computation, reducing human
This is the User Login page, where voters can log into the
intervention and ensuring error-free tallying. The multi-
portal by entering their credentials. Once logged in, they
winner approval voting mechanism enhances electoral
can securely cast their vote. After successfully logging in,
fairness by allowing voters to approve multiple candidates,
the voter can cast their vote by clicking the "Cast Your ensuring proportional representation in multi-member
Vote" option. Upon clicking, the system performs facial
elections. The structured four-phase approach—including
recognition to verify the voter's identity. If the verification Initialization, Registration, Voting, and Result
is successful, the voter is allowed to proceed and cast their
Computation—ensures a transparent and systematic
vote securely. election process. The proposed system offers security,
transparency, efficiency, and accessibility, making it a
viable alternative to conventional voting systems.
However, challenges such as transaction costs, blockchain
scalability, and real-time processing limitations need
further research. Future enhancements may include Layer-
2 scaling solutions, hybrid blockchain models, and
optimized consensus mechanisms to improve efficiency
while maintaining high security. In conclusion, blockchain-
based voting has the potential to revolutionize democratic
processes, ensuring trustworthy, tamper-resistant, and
inclusive elections. By adopting this approach, electoral
systems worldwide can enhance transparency and voter
confidence, making elections more secure, efficient, and
accessible.

Fig 4.7: casting vote 6. Future Scope:

After successful verification, the voter can select a The adoption of blockchain-based e-voting systems
candidate from the list displayed on the screen and cast presents significant opportunities for improving the
their vote securely.

© 2025, JOIREM |www.joirem.com| Page 5

 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 03 | Mar-2025

security, transparency, and efficiency of electoral processes.

However, certain technical and operational challenges remain, [5] P. Faliszewski, P. Skowron, A. M. Slinko, and N. Talmon,
which can be addressed through future research and development. Multiwinner Voting: A New Challenge for Social Choice Theory, in
One of the key areas for future improvement is scalability. Public U. Endriss (Ed.), Trends in Computational Social Choice, AI
Access, pp. 27–47, 2017.
blockchains such as Ethereum face transaction throughput
limitations and high gas fees, which can hinder large-scale [6] F. Fusco, M. I. Lunesu, F. E. Pani, and A. Pinna, Crypto-Voting:
A Blockchain-Based E-Voting System, in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on
elections. Future advancements in Layer-2 scaling solutions, such
Knowledge Management and Information Sharing, vol. 3, pp. 223–
as Rollups, Sidechains, or Sharding, can enhance transaction 227, 2018.
efficiency and reduce costs [1]. Additionally, the adoption of
[7] F. Þ. Hjálmarsson, G. K. Hreiðarsson, M. Hamdaqa, and G.
hybrid blockchain models, combining permissioned and public Hjálmtýsson, Blockchain-Based E-Voting System, in Proc. 11th
blockchains, can optimize performance while maintaining IEEE Int. Conf. on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), San Francisco,
decentralization [2] Another significant area for research is USA, pp. 983–986, 2018.
enhanced voter privacy and authentication mechanisms. While [8] A. Indapwar, M. Chandak, and A. Jain, E-Voting System Using
Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP) and homomorphic encryption Blockchain Technology, Int. J. of Advanced Trends in Computer
provide strong privacy guarantees, further advancements in secure Science and Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3, 2020.
multi-party computation (SMPC) and biometric authentication [9] D. M. Kilgour, Approval Balloting for Multi-Winner Elections,
can improve voter verification without compromising anonymity in J. F. Laslier and M. R. Sanver (Eds.), Handbook on Approval
[3]. Integrating self-sovereign identity (SSI) solutions through Voting, Springer, pp. 105–124, 2010.
decentralized identity protocols can further enhance [10] M. Lackner and P. Skowron, Multi-Winner Voting with
authentication security [4]. Smart contract-based e-voting systems Approval Preferences, Springer, 2023.
must also address real- time processing and fault tolerance. Future [11] J. F. Laslier and M. R. Sanver (Eds.), Handbook on
implementations can explore off-chain computation models and Approval Voting, Springer, 2010.
consensus mechanism optimizations to improve transaction [12] K. Sadia, M. Masuduzzaman, R. Kumar Paul, and A.
finality times and system reliability during peak voting periods Islam, Blockchain-Based Secured E-Voting by Using the Assistance
[5]. Furthermore, implementing Artificial Intelligence (AI) and of Smart Contract, in Proc. Int. Conf. on Blockchain Technology
Machine Learning (ML) algorithms can help detect and prevent (Springer-IETE), pp. 161–176, 2019.
fraudulent voting patterns, ensuring election integrity [6]. Another [13] J. Uzma, M. J. A. Aziz, and Z. Shukur, Blockchain for
promising direction is interoperability with government and Electronic Voting System—Review and Open Research Challenges,
institutional voting systems. To achieve widespread adoption, Sensors, vol. 21, no. 17, p. 5874, 2021.
blockchain-based voting solutions must comply with regulatory [14] S. Nikolopoulos, N. Karanikolas, and C. Kaklamanis,
frameworks and integrate with existing electoral commission AQUA: A Blockchain-Based Multi-Winner E-Voting System,
databases [7]. Research into legal and ethical considerations Technium, vol. 11, pp. 32–43, 2023.
surrounding blockchain voting is necessary to ensure widespread
governmental acceptance and trust in decentralized voting systems
[8]. In conclusion, while the proposed blockchain- based e-voting
system offers a secure, transparent, and efficient alternative to
traditional voting mechanisms, future research should focus on
scalability, privacy, AI- driven fraud detection, and regulatory
compliance. By addressing these challenges, blockchain
technology can revolutionize democratic processes globally,
ensuring tamper-proof, accessible, and highly secure elections.

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