PI CONTROLLER BASED NOVEL MULTIPORT CONVERTER

WITH HIGH EFFICIENCY COUPLED INDUCTOR

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KOSANA BHARGAVA RAMA THORATI AJAY MAHANTHI AAHAJ

CHINNA VYSHNAV BHARGAV VARUN

21551A0229 21551A0244 21551A0230

Under the Supervision of

Dr. T. AMAR KIRAN
Assistant Professor

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, A.P., India

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (A)

Chaitanya Knowledge City, NH-16, Rajamahendravaram, A.P.

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, A.P., India

APRIL 2025
 GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
CHAITANYA KNOWLEDGE CITY, NH-16, RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM, 533296, AP

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report on PI controller based novel multiport converter with high
efficiency coupled inductor is the bonafide work of Kosana Bhargava Rama Chinna Vyshanv
(21551A0229),Thorati Ajay Bhargav (21551A0244),Mahanthi Aahaj Varun (21551A0230) who carried out the
project work under my supervision during the year 2024 to 2025, towards partial fulfillment of the
requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering as
administered under the Regulations ofGodavari Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Rajamahendravaram, AP, India and award of the Degree from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Kakinada. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other
University for the award of any degree

Signature of the Supervisor

Signature of the Head of the Department Dr. V. Suresh
Dr. D. RAVI KISHORE Ph.D. Assistant Professor
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Department of EEE
Department of EEE

Date:

External Viva voice conducted on:

Internal Examiner

External Examiner
 GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
CHAITANYA KNOWLEDGE CITY, NH-16, RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM, 533296,
A.P.

CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICATION

We solemnly declare that this project report on PI controller based novel multiport
converter with high efficiency coupled inductor is the bonafide work done purely by us
under the supervision of Dr. T. AMAR KIRAN (Assistant Professor, EEE), towards
partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering as administered under the Regulationsof
Godavari Institute of Engineering & Technology (A), Rajamahendravaram, AP,
India and award of the Degree from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Kakinada during the year 2024 – 2025.
We also declare that no part of this document has been taken up verbatim
from any source without permission from the author(s)/publisher(s). Wherever few
sentences, findings, images, diagrams or any other piece of information has been used
for the sake of completion of this work, we have adequately referred to the document
source. In the event of any issue arising hereafter about this work, we shall be
personally responsible.
It is further certified that this work has not been submitted, either in part or in full, to
any other department of the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, or
any other University, institution or elsewhere, in India or abroad or for publication in
any form.

Signature of the Student(s)

KOSANA BHARGAVA RAMA CHINNA VYSHANV (21551A0229)

THORATI AJAY BHARGAV (21551A0244)
MAHANTHI AAHAJ VARUN (21551A0230)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we thank God almighty for endowing his immense blessings
that helped us in each step of progress towards the successful completion of the
project.

We are very much obliged to Dr. T. JAYANANDA KUMAR , Principal, Godavari

Institute of Engineering & Technology (Autonomous) & Dr. N. LEELAVATHI,
Vice Principal (Academics) & Dr. S. V. S. N. MURTHY, Vice Principal
(Administration) for providing the facilities for the experimental work.

We would also like to record my gratitude to Dr. D. RAVI KISHORE, Head of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, for his valuable suggestions
and help in carrying out this dissertation work.

We would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. T. AMAR KIRAN, Assistant

Professor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Godavari Institute
of Engineering and Technology (A) Rajahmundry, under his guidance the present
work is carried out. We consider it our privilege.

Special and sincere thanks to the faculty members, non-teaching staff, the lab
assistants that play major role for this project completion.

We wish to thank our beloved parents and friends for their encouragement for this
project completion.

By
KOSANA BHARGAVA RAMA
CHINNA VYSHANV (21551A0229)
THORATI AJAY BHARGAV (21551A0244)
MAHANTHI AAHAJ VARUN (21551A023

ii
 DECLARATION

We declare that the project report for Bachelor of Technology (Electrical and Electronics
Engineering) titled PI controller based novel multiport converter with high efficiency coupled
inductor is a bonafide work done by us, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and
submitted to the Department of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING,
GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous),
Rajamahendravaram.

We also declare that this project is a result of our own effort and that has not been copied
from any one and we have taken only citations from the sources which are mentioned in the
references.

This work was not submitted earlier at any other University or Institute for the award of any
degree.

Place: Rajamahendravaram

Date:

KOSANA BHARGAVA RAMA CHINNA VYSHANV (21551A0229)

THORATI AJAY BHARGAV (21551A0244)
MAHANTHI AAHAJ VARUN (21551A0230)

iii
 ABSTRACT
The growing global emphasis on renewable energy sources, particularly solar
power, underscores the urgent need for advanced solutions that enhance energy
integration and distribution.Traditional power delivery systems often face significant
challenges in accommodating multiple energy inputs, leading to inefficiencies and
increased operational costs. This project proposes an advanced solar grid integration
solution designed to optimize power delivery through a high-efficiency coupled inductor
multiport converter. The system is tailored to enhance the performance of photovoltaic
(PV) systems by efficiently managing power flow and improving grid integration. Central
to this solution is the coupled inductor multiport converter, which facilitates effective
power distribution among multiple input sources and the grid, ensuring minimal losses
and maximum efficiency. A three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) is employed to
convert the DC power from the PV system into high-quality AC power suitable for grid
integration. The VSI is integrated with an LC filter to smooth out the output and eliminate
harmonics, ensuring a stable and clean power supply to the grid. The PWM generator
controls the VSI, adjusting the duty cycle to regulate the voltage and current, thus
optimizing the power output based on real-time conditions. To further enhance
performance, a PI controller is utilized to maintain optimal operation by adjusting the
PWM signals. This controller ensures that the system responds quickly and accurately to
fluctuations in load and generation, thus maintaining grid stability and efficiency. Finally,
this project is implemented by MATLAB Simulation 2021 a.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 SOLAR PV SYSTEM 2
1.2.1 PV SYSTEM WORKING PROCESS 5
1.2.2 THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT 6
1.2.3 TYPES OF SOLAR PV SYSTEMS 7
1.3 SOLAR GRID INTEGRATION 11
1.4 ROLE OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS IN SOLAR 12
GRID INTEGRATION
1.5 IMPACT OF SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES ON 14
SOLAR GRID INTEGRATION
1.6 CHALLENGES OF SOLAR GRID INTEGRATION 16
1.7 OBJECTIVES 19
1.8 ADVANTAGES 19
1.9 APPLICATIONS 20
1.10 THESIS ORGANIZATION 20
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 21
2.1 INTRODUCTION 21

v
3 EXISTING SYSTEM 34
3.1 INTRODUCTION 34
3.2 EXISTING WORK 35
3.3 THREE-INPUT SINGLE-OUTPUT (TISO) MODE 36
ANALYSIS
3.4 DUAL-INPUT DUAL-OUTPUT MODE ANALYSIS 36
3.5 INDUCTOR DESIGN 37
3.6 VOLTAGE STRESS OF SWITCHES AND DIODES 37
3.7 CONTROL STRATEGY 38
3.8 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 39
3.9 CONCLUSION 40
3.10 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM 40
4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 41
4.1 INTRODUCTION 41
4.2 PROPOSED WORK 42
4.3 PV SYSTEM 43
4.4 COUPLED INDUCTOR MULTIPORT CONVERTER 45
4.5 THREE PHASE VSI 49
4.6 LC FILTER 50
4.7 PWM GENERATOR 51
4.8 PI CONTROLLER 53
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 55
5.1 INTRODUCTION 55
5.2 FEATURES OF MATLAB FOR SIMULATION 55
5.3 USES OF MATLAB SIMULATION 56
5.4ADVANTAGES OF USING MATLAB FOR 58
SIMULATION
5.5 RESULT VIEW 58

vi
6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 64
6.1 CONCLUSION 64
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE 64

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
1.1 PV SYSTEM 4
1.2 PV SYSTEM WORKING PROCESS 5
1.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT 6
1.4 SOLAR GRID INTEGRATION 11
1.5 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 13
1.6 SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES 15
1.7 CHALLENGES OF SOLAR GRID INTEGRATION 17
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXISTING SYSTEM 35
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL PHOTOGRAPH 39
3.3 MEASURED EFFICIENCY AS A FUNCTION OF 39
LOAD POWER AND INPUT POWER
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 42
4.2 CIRCUIT OF PV SYSTEM 44
4.3 COUPLED INDUCTOR MULTIPORT CONVERTER 46
4.4 MODE OF OPERATIONS 47
4.5 WAVEFORM OF DEVELOPED CONVERTER 48
4.6 THREE PHASE VSI 49
4.7 LC FILTER 51
4.8 PWM GENERATOR 52
4.9 PI CONTROLLER 53
5.1 INPUT WAVEFORM 59
5.2 OUTPUT WAVEFORM 59
5.3 BATTERY WAVEFORM 60

viii
5.4 PWM PULSE SWITCH WAVEFORM 60
5.5 GRID VOLTAGE AND CURRENT WAVEFORM 61
5.6 REAL AND REACTIVE POWER WAVEFORM 61
5.7 THD WAVEFORM 62
5.8 COMPARISON GRAPH 62

ix
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PV - PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
VSI - VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER
PI - PROPORTIONAL-INTEGRAL
PWM - PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
CIMPC - COUPLED INDUCTOR MULTIPORT CONVERTER
AC - ALTERNATING CURRENT
DC - DIRECT CURRENT
BIPV - BUILDING-INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS
DER - DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES
EV - ELECTRIC VEHICLES
ANN - ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
MPPT - MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
ICL - INDUCTIVE CAPACITIVE-INDUCTIVE
PLL - PHASE-LOCKED LOOP
HVAC - HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR
CONDITIONING
LOT - LYAPUNOV OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE
VSG - VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
EMS - ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
REC - RENEWABLE ENERGY COMMUNITY'S
GSA - GLOBAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
PS - PARTIAL SHADOWING
GFL - GRID-FOLLOWING
CVF - CAPACITOR VOLTAGE FEED
HES - HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMS
x
OSELM - ONLINE SEQUENCE LIMIT LEARNING MACHINE
ESS - ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
MPC - MULTIPORT CONVERTER
TISO - THREE-INPUT SINGLE-OUTPUT
ZCS - ZERO CURRENT SWITCH
DIDO - DUAL-INPUT DUAL-OUTPUT
MIMO - MULTI-INPUT, MULTI-OUTPUT
PIV - PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE
BCR - BATTERY CURRENT REGULATOR
OVR - OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
RMS - ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE
V2G - VEHICLE TO GRID
G2V - GRID-TO-VEHICLE
DAB - DUAL ACTIVE BRIDGE
CSI - CURRENT SOURCE INVERTERS
IOT INTERNET OF THINGS
THD - TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION

xi
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The transition to renewable energy has accelerated in recent years due to the
urgent need to mitigate climate change, enhance energy security, and promote sustainable
development. Due to its numerous uses and low cost, solar energy is among the finest
renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, there are other obstacles to overcome in order
to integrate solar energy into the current grid, particularly with regard to sustainability,
efficiency, and dependability. Advanced solar grid integration solutions are crucial to
resolving these problems. One such innovative approach involves the use of a high-
efficiency coupled inductor multiport converter designed for optimized power delivery.
The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into the energy landscape
necessitates advanced power electronics that efficiently manage the variability and
intermittency of solar energy generation.
Traditional power converters often fall short in meeting the demands of modern
grid requirements, such as fast response times, high conversion efficiency, and the ability
to interface with multiple energy sources and storage systems. This is where the coupled
inductor multiport converter (CIMPC) architecture comes into play. By allowing for
multiple input and output ports, the CIMPC provides a versatile solution for integrating
solar energy with other power sources, such as wind and battery storage, thereby
enhancing overall system flexibility and reliability. At the heart of the coupled inductor
multiport converter is its ability to optimize power delivery through advanced control
strategies and high-efficiency inductive coupling. This architecture enables the seamless
transfer of energy from multiple sources while minimizing losses and ensuring a stable
output voltage. The use of high-frequency operation and soft-switching techniques further
enhances the converter's efficiency, making it a suitable candidate for modern solar grid
applications. Additionally, the coupled inductor design facilitates better magnetic
coupling, allowing for compact designs that reduce the overall footprint of power
electronic systems.

1
 Moreover, the CIMPC’s adaptability to various operational conditions is a
significant advantage in dynamic environments where energy supply and demand
frequently fluctuate. This adaptability is critical for enhancing the resilience of electrical
grids, particularly in areas with high solar penetration. Transformers ensure stability and
lower the danger of grid instability by reacting swiftly to changes in generation or load.
In addition, by integrating advanced control systems, CIMPC intelligently control power
flow, enable energy storage and also integrate with grid services such as control. Respect
frequency and required response. The introduction of high-efficiency dual-inductor multi-
port converters is not only a technological advancement, but also a strategic response to
the increasing global focus on the stable transformation of energy and technology. These
technologies help to reduce carbon emissions, lessen dependency on fossil fuels, and
promote the use of renewable energy by increasing the efficiency of integrated solar
power. The shift towards decentralized energy generation, where consumers also become
producers (prosumers), requires innovative solutions that facilitate seamless energy
exchange within microgrids and smart grid frameworks.
1.2 SOLAR PV SYSTEM
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are now at the forefront of renewable energy in
a new way due to the growing demand for climate change-related sustainable energy
solutions. Solar photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity,
making it clean, abundant and versatile. As global awareness of environmental issues
intensifies, the adoption of solar PV technology has surged, reflecting a broader transition
towards decarbonizing energy systems worldwide. The purpose of this introduction is to
examine the basic ideas, elements, advantages, difficulties, and potential applications of
solar PV systems. The photovoltaic effect, which was discovered in the 19th century, is
the fundamental component of solar PV technology. This process occurs when certain
materials, such as silicon, absorb photons from sunlight, releasing electrons that result in
an electric current. The solar cell, which is usually made of semiconductor materials, is
the central component of a solar PV system. Depending on available space and
architectural concerns, these cells be installed as rooftops, ground-mounted arrays, or
modules on building facades. Over time, solar cell efficiency which is determined by the
ratio of electrical production to incident sunlight has significantly increased, with more

2
recent advancements achieving efficiencies of over 20%. This progress is crucial for
maximizing energy output, especially in regions with limited space for installation.
Grid-tied and off-grid systems are the two main categories into which solar PV
systems fall. Real-time energy exchange is made possible by grid-tied systems, which are
linked to the public electrical grid. This implies that extra electricity be supplied back into
the grid when solar output surpasses local usage, frequently resulting in credits through
net metering. Off-grid systems, on the other hand, function separately from the grid and
usually feature battery storage options to store extra energy for usage during times of high
demand or little sunshine. Each system type offers distinct advantages tailored to specific
applications, whether residential, commercial, or utility-scale. Beyond just producing
clean electricity, solar PV systems have many other advantages. Above all, they
contribute significantly to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which is crucial in
the fight against climate change. By displacing fossil fuel-based electricity generation,
solar PV systems help to lower the carbon footprint related to energy use. They also
encourage energy independence, which lessens dependency on imported fuels by
enabling people and communities to use local resources to meet their energy demands.
The growing popularity of solar PV systems is also largely due to their economic
advantages. The cost of solar technology has decreased dramatically over the last ten
years as a result of improved production methods, economies of scale, and heightened
competition. Due of this reduction, solar energy is becoming a more alluring choice for
both commercial and residential users. Additionally, government incentives, such as tax
credits, rebates, and grants, further stimulate adoption by offsetting initial investment
costs. The creation of green jobs in the solar industry also fosters economic growth,
contributing to local economies and supporting a transition to a more sustainable
workforce.
The primary components include:
• Solar Panels: Usually constructed of silicon, these are made up of many solar
cells that use sunlight to generate direct current (DC) electricity.
• Inverter: In order to transform the DC electricity produced by the solar panels
into alternating current (AC) electricity that be used in homes and businesses, the
inverter is an essential part.

3
 • Mounting System: These comprise the roof-mounted or ground-mounted
structures that support the solar panels.
• Battery Storage (Optional): Some systems use batteries to store excess energy
for use at night or on cloudy days.
• Monitoring System: By monitoring the solar panels' performance, these systems
provide information on energy output and system health.

Figure 1.1 PV System

Despite these benefits, the deployment of solar PV systems is not without
challenges. The sporadic nature of solar energy generation, which is dependent on the
availability of sunshine, is one major obstacle. Maintaining a steady energy source may
become challenging as a result of this unpredictability, especially on overcast or night-
time days. To solve this problem, batteries and other efficient energy storage devices are
needed to store extra energy for usage when output is reduced. Additionally,
advancements in smart grid technologies facilitate better integration of solar PV systems
into the overall energy grid, enabling more efficient energy management.

1.2.1 PV SYSTEM WORKING PROCESS

"Photovoltaics" (abbreviated PV) is the process of turning light into energy, as
opposed to solar thermal, which heats water. An inverter then transforms the DC
electricity generated by the solar panels from sunlight into AC electricity. The consumer
unit, sometimes referred to as the fuse board, is connected to the inverter so that house
4
may use electricity. Solar PV systems generate power from sunlight using cells. The PV
cell consists of one or two layers of a semi-conductive material, usually silicon. Electricity
flows through the layers of the cell when light strikes it, creating an electric field.

Figure 1.2 PV System Working Process

As light intensity increases, so does the electrical flow. The energy output of
photovoltaic cells under full sun exposure is measured in kilowatt peak, or kWp. There
will be a significant amount of energy generated on days with high solar availability that
might not be able to use. In order for the grid to absorb any excess electricity that are
unable to use, PV system will be connected to it.

1.2.2 THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT

The essential idea underlying solar energy conversion, which allows sunlight to
be converted into electrical power, is the photovoltaic effect. This process happens in
semiconductors, which are materials with special electrical characteristics that make them
perfect for solar applications. Understanding the photovoltaic effect requires a grasp of
the interplay between light and matter, specifically how photons particles of light interact
with semiconductor materials to produce electric current. At the heart of the photovoltaic
effect is the interaction between photons and electrons in a semiconductor. The silicon
atoms in a solar cell, which is usually made of silicon, have the ability to absorb the
energy from incoming photons when sunlight strikes their surface. This energy absorption

5
excites electrons in the silicon, moving them from their bound state within the atom to a
free state, creating what is known as an electron-hole pair.

Figure 1.3 Photovoltaic Effect

The "hole" represents the absence of an electron, creating a positive charge carrier,
while the free electron becomes a negative charge carrier. Solar cells are made with a
certain structure in order to effectively capture these charge carriers. The majority of solar
cells consist of a p-n junction, which is composed of two semiconductor material layers:
the n-type layer is doped to produce an excess of electrons, while the p-type layer is doped
with elements that produce an excess of holes. The electric field produced at the interface
between these two layers determines the photovoltaic action. When electron-hole pairs
form near this junction, the electric field draws holes toward the p-type layer and electrons
into the n-type layer. This separates the charge carriers and stops them from recombining.
After being created, the free electrons move through an external circuit to power batteries
or other linked devices. An electric current is created by this movement of electrons and
be used for a number of purposes. The quality of the semiconductor material, the solar
cell's design, and environmental factors like temperature and light intensity all affect how
efficient this energy conversion process is.
1.2.3 TYPES OF SOLAR PV SYSTEMS
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, which turn sunlight into usable electricity, have
become a key technological achievement in the search for sustainable energy sources.
These systems be divided into a number of categories according to their particular
6
applications, configuration, and electrical grid connection. Grid-tied systems, off-grid
systems, and hybrid systems are the three main categories. Each type has unique
characteristics, advantages, and challenges, catering to different energy needs,
geographical contexts, and financial situations.
Grid-Tied Systems
Grid-tied or grid-connected solar PV systems are those that are linked to the utility
grid. These systems comprise an inverter, solar panels, and a net metering setup that
enables customers to feedback excess energy to the grid. This configuration's affordability
and simplicity of installation make it especially well-liked by both home and business
customers.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Compared to off-grid systems, grid-tied systems have a
reduced installation cost, which is one of their biggest benefits. Without the need
for expensive battery storage, the initial investment is more manageable for
homeowners and businesses.
• Net Metering Benefits: Through net metering, users offset their energy costs by
receiving credits for the surplus electricity they produce. With this configuration,
consumers turn their meter backwards when they produce excess energy and take
power from the grid when needed.
• Environmental Impact: Grid-tied systems replace electricity produced by fossil
fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions. This beneficial environmental impact
supports international efforts to mitigate climate change.
• Simple Maintenance: These systems are generally easier to maintain since they
do not involve complex battery systems. As long as the grid is operational, users
rely on a continuous supply of electricity without the concern of managing battery
health.
• Dependency on the Grid: Grid-tied systems automatically cut off for safety
reasons in the case of a power outage, depriving users of backup power. This
limitation be significant in areas prone to frequent outages.
Off-Grid Systems
Off-grid solar PV systems are perfect for rural areas with inconsistent or non-
existent grid access because they run independently of the utility grid. These systems are
7
made up of an inverter, a charge controller, solar panels, and batteries for energy storage.
A consistent source of energy be ensured by using the stored energy during times when
there is less sunlight.
• Energy Independence: Off-grid systems provide complete autonomy from the
utility grid, allowing users to generate and consume their own energy. This
independence is particularly beneficial for those living in rural areas or off-grid
locations.
• Tailored Solutions: Off-grid systems be customized to meet specific energy
needs. Users calculate their energy consumption and design a system that provides
sufficient power for their particular situation, whether it's for a small cabin or a
larger home.
• Sustainability: These systems promote a sustainable lifestyle by relying solely
on renewable energy sources. Off-grid technologies let people live more
sustainably and contribute to environmental conservation by lowering reliance on
fossil fuels.
• Higher Initial Costs: The need for battery storage and additional components
typically results in higher upfront costs. This be a barrier for some users
considering solar energy.
• Maintenance Requirements: The long-term expenses and complexity of off-grid
installations are increased by the need for frequent maintenance and eventual
replacement of battery systems. Users must also monitor their energy
consumption carefully.
Hybrid Systems
By combining the advantages of off-grid and grid-tied solar PV systems, hybrid
systems provide increased resilience and flexibility. These systems combine battery
storage with grid connectivity. They charge the batteries for later usage during the day
and use solar energy for immediate consumption. The device use stored energy or take
power from the grid when solar production isn't enough.
• Backup Power: The capacity of hybrid systems to supply backup power during
outages is one of their biggest advantages. Users rely on stored energy to keep
essential devices running when the grid is down, enhancing energy security.
8
 • Energy Optimization: By prioritizing solar energy, hybrid systems minimize
energy use and lessen dependency on the grid. Further electricity bill reductions
could come from this configuration, particularly during times of peak demand.
• Flexibility: These systems are versatile and be adapted to various energy needs
and preferences. Users size their battery storage based on consumption patterns,
allowing for a tailored energy solution.
• Increased Resilience: By combining the benefits of both grid-tied and off-grid
systems, hybrid configurations enhance energy security and reliability, making
them suitable for areas with unpredictable power supply.
• Complexity and Cost: The inclusion of battery storage and additional
components makes hybrid systems more complex and costly to install and
maintain compared to standard grid-tied systems.
BIPV (Building-Integrated Photovoltaics)
A specific type of solar PV system known as building-integrated photovoltaics
(BIPV) incorporates solar cells into building components like windows, roofs, and
facades. This approach enables buildings to generate their own electricity while
maintaining aesthetic appeal.
• Space Efficiency: BIPV systems maximize space utilization by combining
energy generation with structural elements, reducing the need for separate solar
installations.
• Aesthetic Appeal: These systems be designed to blend seamlessly with building
architecture, making them an attractive option for those concerned about visual
impact.
• Energy Generation: BIPV contributes to a building’s overall energy efficiency
by generating power on-site, thus lowering electricity costs and reliance on the
grid.
• Higher Costs: BIPV materials tend to be more expensive than conventional solar
panels, leading to higher installation costs.
• Efficiency Concerns: The efficiency of BIPV systems vary based on the materials
used and their placement, which may not always optimize energy generation.

9
 It is anticipated that solar photovoltaic systems will become more and more
important in our shift to sustainable energy as prices come down and technology
advances. By understanding the many types of solar PV systems and their unique
characteristics, customers make well-informed decisions that support their energy goals
and contribute to the creation of a cleaner, more sustainable future. It use the sun's power
to meet our energy demands while preserving the environment for coming generations if
we keep innovating and investing in solar technologies.

1.3 SOLAR GRID INTEGRATION

A key component of contemporary energy systems is solar grid integration, which
makes it possible to successfully integrate solar energy into the current electrical grid.
Integrating solar power becomes essential for attaining energy sustainability, lowering
carbon emissions, and improving energy security as the need for renewable energy
sources rises. This integration involves several challenges and opportunities that must be
addressed to optimize the benefits of solar energy while ensuring the reliability and
stability of the grid. At its core, solar grid integration refers to the processes and
technologies used to connect solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to the electrical grid. This
includes both small-scale installations, such as residential rooftop systems, and large-
scale solar farms.

Figure 1.4 Solar Grid Integration

10
 Facilitating the effective transmission of solar-generated electricity to consumers
while preserving the grid's supply and demand balance is the major objective. Successful
integration requires collaboration among various stakeholders, including utility
companies, policymakers, and technology developers. One of the primary challenges to
solar grid integration is the intermittent nature of solar energy generation. The amount of
sunlight, which is essential for solar power generation, varies with the seasons, the time
of day, and the weather. The supply of power may fluctuate as a result of this variability,
making grid management more difficult. Grid operators use real-time data analytics and
sophisticated forecasting tools to anticipate trends of solar generation in order to lessen
these problems. By understanding when solar energy production is anticipated to peak,
utility firms to better manage demand and ensure a consistent supply of electricity.
The implementation of net metering policies is another important aspect of solar
grid integration. Owners of business and residential solar systems get credits for the extra
energy they produce and send back into the grid thanks to net metering. By encouraging
the expansion of distributed energy resources and providing incentives for solar adoption,
this strategy facilitates individual contributions to the total energy mix. However, utilities
must carefully manage net metering programs to ensure that they do not create financial
imbalances in the energy market. Moreover, regulatory frameworks and incentives play
a critical role in facilitating solar grid integration.
1.4 ROLE OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS IN SOLAR GRID
INTEGRATION
In order to overcome one of the biggest obstacles to solar power's incorporation
into the electrical grid namely, its intermittent nature energy storage systems, or ESS, are
essential. The production of solar energy is reliant on sunshine, which fluctuates during
the day and is influenced by meteorological factors. The utilization of solar resources is
maximized by energy storage systems, which also minimize these oscillations and ensure
a consistent and reliable supply of electricity.
Balancing Supply and Demand
Balancing the supply and demand of power is one of the main purposes of energy
storage systems. During the hours of maximum sunlight, solar panels may generate more
energy than is immediately needed. ESS capture this excess energy and store it for later
11
use when solar production decreases, such as in the evening or on cloudy days. By
reducing the variations in solar energy, energy storage systems help to create a more
reliable energy source. This capability is crucial for grid operators, who must manage the
delicate balance between generation and consumption to maintain grid stability.

Figure 1.5 Energy Storage Systems

Enhancing Grid Stability
Energy storage systems offer ancillary services like voltage support and frequency
regulation, which help to stabilize the grid. When electricity supply or demand suddenly
changes, ESS quickly release energy to the grid to maintain frequency and regulate
voltage levels. Preventing blackouts and guaranteeing the dependability of the electrical
supply depend on this reactivity. As additional renewable energy sources are added to the
grid, energy storage becomes more and more important in providing these services.
Supporting Renewable Energy Integration
A more adaptable and flexible energy infrastructure is necessary for the
integration of renewable energy sources, especially solar power. Energy storage devices,
which enable the use of renewable energy even when it is not being generated, enable this
integration. In the event that other energy sources are unavailable, for example, solar
energy produced during the day be stored in batteries for use at night. By reducing
dependency on fossil fuels and boosting the reliability of renewable energy, this
capability helps create a greener energy mix.
12
Improving Economic Efficiency
By enabling consumers to benefit from time-of-use pricing, energy storage
devices increase the financial efficiency of solar energy systems. Demand determines
how much electricity costs in various areas during the day. Customers drastically lower
their electricity costs by storing energy at times when prices are low and using it during
times when prices are highest. This economic benefit makes solar installations more
attractive and accelerate the adoption of solar energy among residential and commercial
users.
Grid Resilience and Emergency Preparedness
Through the provision of backup power during outages, energy storage devices
improve grid resilience. In the event of a grid failure, stored energy be utilized to power
critical loads, such as medical equipment, refrigeration, and communication systems. This
feature is particularly valuable for vulnerable populations and essential services, ensuring
continuity of operations during emergencies. Resilient energy systems are becoming
more and more crucial as climate change causes extreme weather events to occur more
frequently and with greater intensity.
Technologies
With developments in battery chemistry, materials, and management systems
consistently enhancing performance and cutting costs, the field of energy storage devices
is changing quickly. The most popular technology at the moment, lithium-ion batteries,
are getting more effective and reasonably priced, which opens up a wider range of uses
for them.
1.5 IMPACT OF SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES ON SOLAR GRID
INTEGRATION
Energy management is being revolutionized by smart grid technologies,
especially when it comes to incorporating renewable energy sources like solar power into
the electrical system. By employing data analytics, automation, and improved
communication, these technologies increase the energy distribution system's
sustainability, dependability, and efficiency. Smart grid solutions are essential for

13
tackling the integration issues of solar energy generation, which is becoming more and
more common.
Enhanced Monitoring and Control
Improved energy system monitoring and control is one of the main benefits of
smart grid technologies. Smart grids give real-time data on energy generation,
consumption, and grid status through the use of sophisticated sensors and communication
devices. This level of monitoring allows grid operators to track solar energy generation
patterns, enabling them to respond dynamically to fluctuations in output.

Figure 1.6 Smart Grid Technologies

Improved Grid Reliability
By enabling quick detection and reaction to outages or disruptions, smart grid
technologies help to increase grid reliability. In order to reduce interruptions, automated
systems detect issues like equipment failures or unusual voltage levels and reroute power.
This implies that variations in solar output be controlled for solar energy
integration without endangering the grid's overall stability. Furthermore, by isolating
problems and preserving service in unaffected areas, smart grids help prevent cascading
failures and improve the resilience of the electrical network.

Facilitation of Distributed Energy Resources (DER)

14
 With the growing number of distributed energy resources, including home and
commercial solar systems, smart grid technologies provide the basis for their effective
integration. Real-time modifications depending on energy supply and demand are made
possible by smart grids, which facilitate two-way communication between utilities and
consumers. Demand response programs and net metering are made feasible by this
connection, which maximizes the use of solar energy and other renewable resources by
enabling consumers to modify their use during peak hours or sell extra energy back to the
grid.
Energy Storage Integration
The synergy between smart grid technologies and energy storage systems is
essential for maximizing solar energy utilization. Smart grids facilitate the seamless
integration of batteries and other storage technologies, allowing excess solar energy to be
stored during peak production times for use later when demand is higher. Smart grids
help guarantee that stored energy is used effectively by intelligently controlling the
charging and discharging of storage devices. This improves the grid's overall stability and
supports solar energy's role in meeting peak demand.
Enhanced Consumer Engagement and Empowerment
By giving customers comprehensive information about their energy generation
and usage, smart grid technologies empower consumers. Users may monitor consumption
trends, measure their solar energy production, and take part in energy-saving activities
thanks to smart meters and connected gadgets. Greater customer involvement in energy
management and the adoption of energy-efficient practices are fostered by this enhanced
transparency, which eventually results in cheaper prices and a decrease in overall energy
usage.
1.6 CHALLENGES OF SOLAR GRID INTEGRATION
To maximize the utilization of this renewable resource, there are a number of
obstacles that must be overcome when integrating solar energy into the current electrical
system. As solar power becomes an increasingly significant contributor to the global
energy mix, understanding these challenges is critical for utilities, policymakers, and
consumers. Key obstacles include intermittency and variability, infrastructure limitations,
regulatory hurdles, financial considerations, and technological constraints.
15
Intermittency and Variability
Because solar energy generation is intermittent, it presents one of the biggest
obstacles to solar grid integration. Solar electricity is erratic by nature. The weather, the
time of day, and seasonal changes all have a role. This unpredictability may result in
variations in the supply of electricity, making the task of keeping the grid balanced more
difficult. When solar output is high, it create excess energy, while low production during
cloudy days or at night lead to shortages. Grid operators must constantly manage these
fluctuations to ensure a stable and reliable electricity supply, which often requires
advanced forecasting and real-time monitoring capabilities.

Figure 1.7 Challenges of Solar Grid Integration

Infrastructure Limitations
Many existing electrical grids were not designed to accommodate high levels of
distributed generation, such as solar power. As more residential and commercial solar
installations come online, the infrastructure must be upgraded to handle the bidirectional
flow of electricity where power flows not only from central plants to consumers but also
from distributed sources back to the grid. This may involve substantial investments in
transmission and distribution networks, including new substations, transformers, and
wiring, to ensure that the grid handle increased loads and maintain reliability.
Regulatory Hurdles

16
 The regulatory environment surrounding solar energy present significant
challenges for integration. The deployment of solar technologies be hampered in many
areas by antiquated laws and interconnection requirements. Complex permitting
processes, lack of standardized procedures for connecting solar systems to the grid, and
inconsistent policies across different jurisdictions create barriers to entry for solar
projects. The inability of utilities to adapt their business models to accommodate the
expansion of distributed energy resources may also lead to conflicts between traditional
utility operations and the needs of solar energy producers.
Financial Considerations
Solar grid integration's financial components also be difficult. Even though solar
technology has become much more affordable in recent years, many developers and
customers are still put off by the initial financial outlay required for solar installations
along with the required infrastructure upgrades. Additionally, the economic viability of
solar projects often depends on incentives, subsidies, and net metering policies, which
vary widely by location. Uncertainty surrounding these financial mechanisms deter
investment in solar energy and hinder the growth of solar capacity.
Energy Storage Limitations
Energy storage systems are vital for addressing the intermittency of solar energy;
however, they also present challenges. While battery technologies have improved
significantly, issues related to cost, capacity, and lifespan remain. High-quality energy
storage solutions be expensive, making them less accessible for some consumers.
Furthermore, during times of low generation, the quantity of solar energy that may be
efficiently used may be limited by the storage devices' limited capacity. Energy storage
technologies must therefore continue to be innovated in order to improve their cost and
efficiency.
There are many intricate obstacles to overcome in order to integrate solar energy
into the grid, and utilities, legislators, and the general public must work together. To
optimize solar energy's benefits, it is imperative to address problems including
intermittency, infrastructure constraints, regulatory barriers, financial concerns, and
public acceptance. By collaborating, investing in state-of-the-art technologies, updating
regulatory frameworks, and increasing public awareness, stakeholders successfully
17
integrate solar power into the grid and build a more robust and sustainable energy system.
Overcoming these obstacles is essential to the shift to renewable energy, which will allow
solar energy to play a major part in supplying the world's energy needs while also
promoting environmental sustainability.

1.7 OBJECTIVES
• To implement an advanced solar grid integration solution using a high-efficiency
coupled inductor multiport converter
• To design a coupled inductor multiport converter for efficient power distribution
and enhanced PV system performance.
• To design an LC filter for reducing harmonics and ensuring a smooth, stable AC
power output to the grid.
• To implement a three-phase VSI for converting DC power from the PV system
into high-quality AC power suitable for grid integration.
1.8 ADVANTAGES
• Coupled inductor multiport converters significantly reduce energy losses during
power conversion, leading to higher overall system efficiency.
• These converters seamlessly integrate multiple energy inputs, such as solar panels,
wind turbines, and battery storage, allowing for versatile energy management and
optimization.
• By facilitating efficient power flow between different sources, these converters
help maintain voltage levels and frequency stability within the grid, enhancing its
reliability.

1.9 APPLICATIONS
• Electric Vehicles (EVs).
• Commercial and Industrial Systems.
• Residential Energy Systems.
• Smart Grids.
• Microgrids.

18
1.10 THESIS ORGANIZATION
• Chapter 2: Literature Survey.
• Chapter 3: Existing System.
• Chapter 4: Proposed System.
• Chapter 5: Results and Discussions.
• Chapter 6: Conclusion and Futurescope.
• Chapter 6: References.

19
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The escalating global population, coupled with the surging demand for energy,
has precipitated a shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) as a sustainable alternative to
traditional fossil-fuel- driven cars. In this context, the quest for cleaner and renewable
energy sources to power EVs has gained momentum. The integration of solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems plays a pivotal role in meeting this demand for clean energy.
In particular, the significance of solar PV generation for battery charging and grid-tied
applications is emphasized, underscoring the urgent need for renewable energy
integration with power networks. In order to boost the output power of solar PV systems,
this work introduces a non-isolated multi-port power converter designed for the
hybridization of energy sources in electric vehicles. By creating a converter that manage
two inputs from renewable solar PV and batteries, the work tackles the difficulties caused
by fluctuating energy inputs. This converter facilitates flexible control over discharging
and charging processes, catering to diverse energy demands within the EV system. At the
same time, the work addresses the important issue of achieving maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) for solar power systems.
An artificial neural network (ANN)-based MPPT controller is developed and
compared to more conventional MPPT methods such incremental conductance, hill
climbing, and fractional open circuit voltage. By continuously checking the maximum
power for variations in external factors like temperature and light irradiation, the MPPT
algorithm's integration improves the solar PV system's efficiency. With its ability to raise
voltage levels, the designed non-isolated multi-port converter accommodate a range of
loads in the EV system, such as motor drives and low-rated parts like lighting. Unlike
conventional approaches, this converter prioritizes simplicity and cost-effectiveness,
comprising fewer components without compromising performance. The subsequent
sections of this paper delve into the intricacies of the proposed converter, detailing its
design, operating modes, dynamic modelling, and control architecture. The exploration

20
concludes with a comprehensive analysis of simulation and experimental results,
providing a holistic view of the converter's efficacy in real-world applications.
Guanhong Song et al [2022] proposed an attempt to lower greenhouse gas
emissions, electrical grid energy resources have been gradually growing. Since inverters
act as links between grids and dispersed energy resources, they are now crucial parts of
modern power networks. Nonetheless, SRF-PLL shares the basic structure, particular
filtering characteristics, and frequency flexibility of almost all three-phase and single-
phase PLLs from recent studies. Inverters that actively participate in grid frequency and
voltage regulation enhance the overall stability of the power system. They provide
synchronizing power, inertial response, and damping to stabilize the grid. Grid-forming
inverters operate in islanded mode and serve as a black start resource, allowing the system
to be re-energized in the event of a total blackout. As the grid transitions towards higher
levels of renewable energy integration, grid-forming inverters replace the functionality of
traditional synchronous generators, reducing the system's reliance on fossil fuel-based
generation. The control algorithms required for grid-forming inverters are more complex
than those used in traditional grid-following inverters. This complexity leads to
challenges in implementation and tuning. Improper design, parameterization, or
interaction with other grid components lead to instability in the power system when using
grid-forming inverters.
Seung-Jin Yoon et al [2022] described a grid voltage sensorless current controller
that reduces harmonics and boosts stability for a grid-connected inverter in weak grid
situations. A careful resonance frequency dampening procedure is required for Inductive
Capacitive-Inductive (ICL) filters, which are represented as higher-order dynamics and
result in resonance issues. Specifically, when the grid-connected inverter is linked to a
weak grid with unknown grid impedance and distorted harmonics, the resonance
phenomena of the LCL filter has a substantial impact on the current quality. However,
additional sensors raise concerns about possible cost increases and the complexity of
hardware systems. Nevertheless, the impact of the full-state observer and grid phase angle
estimator is not taken into account. By doing away with the necessity for voltage sensors,
a voltage sensorless approach lowers the complexity and cost of the system. The voltage-
sensorless current controller effectively suppresses grid harmonics, even under weak grid

21
conditions, by utilizing advanced control techniques such as resonant controllers and
harmonic compensators. The voltage sensorless controller adaptively adjusts its
parameters to account for changes in grid impedance, ensuring stable and reliable
operation under varying grid conditions. Depending on the control strategy, the voltage
sensorless controller has limited capability for suppressing low-frequency grid
harmonics, which still impact the power quality of the grid-connected inverter.
Chuanyue Li et al [2022] demonstrated a When connected Phase-Locked Loop
(PLL)-based vector control voltage source inverters (VSIs) are unstable when connected
to a very weak AC grid. The traditional inductive grid impedance adjustment for the PLL
stabilizes this link by reducing the grid impedance. The enhanced grid impedance
compensation provided by the PLL significantly improves the stability and performance
of VSIs connected to a very weak grid, where the grid impedance is high and fluctuates
significantly. The VSI operates consistently and reliably under a variety of grid situations
because to the grid impedance compensation mechanisms, which provide the PLL the
flexibility to adjust to variations in the grid impedance. The PLL's enhanced grid
impedance correction necessitates more intricate signal processing and control
algorithms, which raises the total complexity of the VSI control system. Because of the
complex grid impedance correction, the VSI control system need more expensive
hardware or more potent microprocessors. Even though grid impedance compensation
increases the VSI's stability in weak grid situations, instability is still possible, especially
if the compensation algorithms are not correctly adjusted or if the grid impedance
fluctuates quickly.
Muhammad F. Umar et al [2022] developed an efficient LCL filter-based
resonance suppression control for grid-interactive inverters under poor grid
circumstances. The adaptive predictive control model serves as the foundation for the
resonance suppression method. Resonance problems in single-phase grid-interactive
inverters are successfully suppressed by the adaptive predictive control technique,
especially when they are linked to a weak grid with high impedance. The resonance
suppression capabilities of the adaptive predictive control help maintain a high-quality
grid current, reducing harmonic distortion and improving power quality. The adaptive
predictive control algorithm's implementation necessitates sophisticated computational

22
skills, raising the single-phase grid-interactive inverter's hardware requirements and cost.
The grid impedance and other grid parameters must be accurately modeled for adaptive
predictive control to work, which be difficult to achieve, particularly in weak grid
conditions. Depending on the specific implementation, adaptive predictive control has
limited capabilities in suppressing low-frequency grid harmonics, which still impact the
power quality of the single-phase grid-interactive inverter. The implementation of
adaptive predictive control for resonance suppression requires more extensive design,
simulation, and on-site tuning to ensure optimal performance and stability under various
weak grid conditions.
Ghulam Hafeez et al [2022] demonstrated important energy Optimizing load
scheduling, managing battery energy storage, and improving user comfort are among the
smart grid optimization challenges. The controller performance of this system precisely
optimizes real-time battery energy storage scheduling, load scheduling, energy
generation, and user comfort using inputs such as load arrival processes, dynamic price
signals, battery charging and discharging processes, renewable energy generation
processes, and traditional grid generation processes. This study examines real-time
energy optimization in a grid-connected sustainable smart house with a heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) load while taking unknown system input
dynamics into consideration using the virtual queue stability-based Lyapunov
Optimization Technique (LOT). The main goal of a sustainable smart home is to lower
average long-term energy and thermal discomfort expenses while taking these factors into
account. Considering changes in the home occupancy state, the most comfortable
temperature setting, electrical consumption and output from renewable sources, outdoor
temperature, and electricity costs, the main goal of a sustainable smart home is to lower
the long-term average energy and thermal discomfort costs. In grid-connected mode,
artificial intelligence has been modified to significantly improve the power,
dependability, and safety of electric vehicles. Remote areas around the world are not
electrified by the main electricity system due to financial and technological limitations.
Zhenjiang Cai et al [2022] explained, a standalone solar for locations without
grid connectivity, a photovoltaic system with a Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG)
controller is an incredibly effective alternative. This method employs a two-stage process

23
that includes a battery with a bidirectional converter, an inverter, and a boost converter.
The VSG controller alters the inverter's output to mimic that of a traditional synchronous
generator in order to guarantee stability and efficiency. Additionally, the PV cells' power
production is maximized by the use of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT).
However, due to the intermittent nature of solar energy, an energy storage component,
such as a battery, is essential to maintain a steady power supply. This setup addresses the
challenges of obtaining full power from a photoelectric system by integrating advanced
control methods and storage solutions.
Mohammed Jameel et al [2022] presented the zero-carbon footprint that electric
vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources provide has made their integration into
power systems more and more crucial. The dependability of the constituent parts is still
a major worry, though. This has been addressed by proposing an incentive-based fuzzy
fault tree analysis (NIBFFTA) method for restructured power networks. This approach
takes into account the consequences of combining hybrid wind-solar energy sources with
EVs. Within a fuzzy fault tree framework, it integrates the effects of incentive Gaussian
distribution effects and component failure rates. System switches and low-power
component failures are examples of ambiguous and imprecise events that are frequently
difficult to spot using traditional fault tree analysis. Through the use of sophisticated
analysis techniques like NIBFFTA, these systems successfully lower carbon footprints
by integrating renewable energy sources with the grid while resolving reliability
concerns.
Luise middelhauve et al [2022] explained Decentralizing and decarbonizing
energy systems have emerged as popular alternatives in the context of the energy
transition. However, integrating solar energy on a broad scale into the electrical grid is
severely hampered by transformer capacity. In order to effectively optimize design
techniques at the district level, renewable energy centers are being built. For these hubs,
the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method is used in a mixed-integer linear programming
framework to solve runtime problems. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization
technique that takes district grid limitations into account when using the decomposition
approach is described. By reducing the possibility for global warming and minimizing
the amount of curtailment required to adhere to transformer capacity limits, this

24
centralized design strategy increases the penetration of photovoltaics in the energy mix.
While preserving the accuracy and optimality of the result, the decomposition approach
reduces computational effort. Limited transformer capacities continue to be a barrier to
the grid's widespread integration of solar energy, notwithstanding recent developments.
Qing-Hua Wu et al [2023] presented power systems are undergoing a significant
transformation towards a low-carbon or carbon-neutral future, driven by the increased
integration of renewable energy sources. This change means that renewable energy
generation spread throughout the grid will take the place of traditional fossil fuel-fueled
synchronous generators. As a result, new problems with large-scale power systems'
stability and control are appearing, which calls for the creation of creative analysis and
control techniques. Six eminent specialists gave keynote addresses during the CSEE JPES
forum, which sparked in-depth conversations about power system stability and control.
They looked at contemporary control strategies and explored potential challenges and
changes brought about by the growing usage of renewable energy sources to enhance the
transient stability of power networks. As more variables are measured and controlled,
new capabilities are made possible by the deployment of more controllable devices and
resources on distribution feeders. However, practical challenges arise from uncertainties
in model structures and parameters, measurement infeasibility, and unknown dynamics,
making it difficult to achieve control that relies on accurate models and perfect
information. In this context, continued research and collaboration are essential to develop
robust solutions for maintaining the stability and reliability of power systems as they
evolve towards a sustainable future.
Enrico Giglio et al [2023] suggested in reality, the increasing use of variable
renewable energy sources is posing a threat to the traditional grid stability offered by
conventional power plants. To solve this, alternative resources such as control and storage
systems are essential. However, their contributions need to be carefully considered and
evaluated using energy models. Modeling operational constraints like reserve
requirements increases the computational effort, especially in long-term planning with
unit-commitment commitments. Planning methods may therefore understate or ignore
reserve requirements, leading to serious sizing problems. The developed framework
tackles these problems by defining the requirements for power reserves, developing a

25
precise cost and unit commitment model for fuel-fired generators, and taking into
consideration the contributions of storage and non-dispatch able technologies to power
reserves. It explores the effects of ignoring fuel-fired generating technical limits for
flexibility, combining short- and long-term planning techniques. However, it is
challenging to strike a balance between accuracy and the additional complexity that
comes with using a short-term model in long-term planning. By preserving stability and
reducing errors, this strategy seeks to guarantee the dependable and effective integration
of renewable energy sources into the electrical grid.
Amir Ahmadifar et al [2023] proposed and the goal of a Renewable Energy
Community's (REC) Energy Management System (EMS) is to balance generation and
load. Rule-based and optimization solutions for managing RECs are considered, despite
the challenge of inadequate measurement and historical data. The EMS literature that is
currently available does not sufficiently address the uncertainty created by the
intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and the dearth of data, which affects REC
management. To address this, a comprehensive performance analysis of the EMS is
conducted using Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA). Variance-based sensitivity analysis
specifically looks at how various sources of uncertainty, especially those pertaining to
forecasting and flexibility available, are responsible for the variability of particular REC
performance measures. By using forecasting data and real-time grid monitoring, EMSs
maximize the penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and guarantee the
dependable functioning of RECs. These systems, however, have the potential to greatly
raise mechanical stress and the ensuing maintenance expenses. For REC management to
be effective, continuous performance analysis and optimization are therefore essential.
Gábor Pintér et al [2023] presented to determine the percentage of household
appliances with a photoelectric power generation capacity between 0.5 kW and 5 kW in
European countries that use electricity directly from photoelectric power. Many offer
different financial incentives to homes as part of this process to encourage the use of
renewable energy technologies, particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems. With the growing
need to lower the cost of electricity at home, PV power has become more popular in
Europe in recent years due to these policies and the high levels of solar energy in several
European nations. As part of this process, many provide homeowners with various

26
financial incentives to promote the use of renewable energy technologies, especially
photovoltaic (PV) systems. Rise as a result of rising prices and energy usage. The quest
to reduce unnecessary energy consumption also leads to energy saving from the grid.
However, this also has the disadvantage that the strategy does not encourage customers
to improve their own customer storage.
Hicham Oufettoul et al [2023] suggested to concentrate on solar systems situated
in regions where panel inclination and shadowing are required. In photovoltaic (PV)
systems, the main catalyst for energy production is the intensity of the radiation.
However, in arid and semi-arid regions, mostly in livable cities, it decreases partial
shadowing (PS) by preventing the generation of electricity caused by nearby objects or
high soiling rates. Thus, the position, tilt angle, and orientation of the PV module all have
a big impact on how well it works and how long it lasts. Cost-effectiveness, adaptability,
independence from electricity suppliers, and sustainable energy generation are just a few
advantages of a solar system. However, the modules atop the building rooftops are
destroyed by the sporadic extraordinary wind speeds in this geographic area.
Abdurrahman Shuaibu Hassan et al [2023] proposed to introduce the MPO
algorithm, a complex P&O algorithm designed to improve tracking strategy and
performance for quick tracking speeds and minimal oscillations around MPP. Using a
tracking methodology based on the expected open-circuit voltage, the MPO method in
question separates the power-voltage curve into four operational zones. Furthermore, by
eliminating pointless step-size computations and concentrating solely on the region of the
power-voltage curve that contains the maximum power point (MPP), our approach
improves the MPP tracking strategy. To guarantee quick tracking speed, a big fixed step
size is used in the two zones that are far from the MPP and below the power-voltage
range. By splitting the power-voltage curve into four operational zones according to the
estimated open-circuit voltage, the MPO algorithm improves the tracking procedure.
Fang Z. Peng et al [2024] presented a number of challenges, such as knowledge
bases, infrastructure costs, system complexity, in order to attain supply-demand power
balance and resistance to increasingly frequent extreme weather occurrences and
cyberattacks, as well as continuously increasing power demand. reduces reliance on fossil
fuels and carbon gas emissions, allowing the electrical system to employ more renewable

27
energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower, helping to maintain a sustainable
environment. The inconsistent and unpredictable nature of renewable energy sources is
lessened by advanced power electronics and energy storage devices, which provide
improved grid stability and flexibility. Enhances the grid's resilience to and recovery from
disturbances like severe weather or cyberattacks. There is significant technological
complexity involved in integrating power electronics, energy storage, and renewable
energy sources into the power system. calls for a large investment in the creation,
deployment, and research of cutting-edge technologies. The future power grid is
vulnerable to possible cybersecurity risks due to its rising reliance on digital technologies
and communication networks. To guarantee the grid's resilience against cyberattacks,
strong cybersecurity policies and procedures must be created and put into place.
Alireza Askarian et al [2024] suggested a comprehensive framework for Grid-
Following (GFL) inverter control design, stability, and performance evaluations. It seeks
to guarantee their efficient functioning in both rigid and brittle grid scenarios. The E-GFL
inverter offers a unified control solution and functions flawlessly in both stiff and weak
grid circumstances. Increases the system's ability to integrate renewable energy sources
like wind and solar into different grid scenarios. By supporting reactive power and taking
part in grid voltage management, the E-GFL inverter enhances grid stability and power
quality. It assists in lessening the difficulties posed by integrating renewable energy
sources into inadequate grid infrastructure. A significant amount of technological work
goes into creating and implementing the unified control architecture for the E-GFL
inverter. Requires advanced control algorithms and sophisticated power electronics
design to achieve the desired functionality. The widespread adoption of the E-GFL
inverter technology is dependent on the development of industry standards and guidelines
to ensure interoperability and compatibility. Securing stakeholder acceptance and gaining
traction in the market take time and require coordinated efforts among technology
providers, grid operators, and regulatory authorities. The performance and effectiveness
of the E-GFL inverter's unified control framework are dependent on the specific
characteristics of the grid, such as the level of grid stiffness and the presence of
disturbances. Adaptability to varying grid conditions requires advanced control
algorithms and monitoring capabilities.

28
 Linguo Liu et al [2024] proposed A Capacitor Voltage Feed Forward (CVF)
admittance shaping technique has been developed for ISC-controlled LCL-type grid-
connected inverters. This system shapes the inverter output admittance to be passive up
to almost the Nyquist frequency using the delay-compensated proportional CVF
technique. Furthermore, the grid harmonic admittance is shaped using a high-pass filter-
based CVF technique, which greatly lowers the admittance amplitude at harmonic
frequencies. This admittance shaping approach provides good grid-current harmonic
suppression capabilities and guarantees that the ISC-controlled inverter system runs
steadily despite changes in grid impedance. A more promising method for evaluating
interconnection stability is passivity-based stability analysis, which is an extension of
impedance-based stability analysis. According to frequency-domain passivity theory, the
system stays stable as long as the inverter output admittance stays passive, regardless of
changes in grid impedance. However, passive admittance is difficult to achieve up to the
Nyquist frequency due to the negative real-part regions caused by the digital control
delay. When the grid is exposed to adverse conditions, such as background harmonics
and changes in grid impedance, the ISC-controlled inverters become unstable and show
injected grid current distortion.
Hong Zhou et al [2024] developed Southwest China has a wealth of solar
resources and significant hydropower potential. Large-scale photovoltaic (PV) facilities
and cascaded hydropower plants have been carefully built in mountainous areas to
efficiently utilize these renewable resources. This has led to the development of hybrid
energy systems (HES) that include hydro, photovoltaics, and pumped storage. The hybrid
system provides a more reliable and consistent power supply that helps lower peak loads
and manage grid congestion across many interconnected networks by combining hydro,
photovoltaic, and pumped-storage resources. More integration of renewable energy
sources is made possible by the hybrid system's photovoltaic generation, which aids in
the power system's decarbonization Widespread adoption may be hampered by the high
upfront capital expenditure needed to implement the hybrid system, which combines a
variety of generating and storage technologies. This is particularly true in areas with
limited resources. Strong security measures and data management procedures are

29
required to handle the cybersecurity risks and data privacy issues brought about by the
hybrid systems centralized scheduling and control.
Diego Ríos-Castro et al [2024] demonstrated In the event of a fault, grid-
connected converters have to stay connected. Due to the grid's limited overload capacity,
they must regulate the reactive currents that are pumped into it. In particular, Grid-
Forming (GFM) converters either continue to function as GFM or transition to Grid-
Following (GFL) mode after riding through the fault. By modifying the voltage and
frequency, it either permit stand-alone operation or black-start the grid. Improves power
quality by providing better control over voltage and frequency. Maintaining stability and
control during grid failures and disruptions enables simpler grid synchronization and
better integration of renewable energy sources. Makes it possible to switch between
islanded and grid-connected modes of operation with ease. Requires more complex and
sophisticated control algorithms to maintain grid stability and power quality. Have higher
capital and operating costs compared to grid-following converters. Needs to have
sufficient short-circuit current capability to support the grid during faults. Requires more
advanced hardware and firmware to handle the additional functionalities. It requires even
more complex control algorithms and hardware to detect and respond to asymmetrical
faults. Need advanced power electronics and filtering techniques to handle the unbalanced
fault currents. Further increases the complexity and cost of the overall system.
Meifen Lin et al [2024] brief that increase the operational status evaluation of the
accuracy and speed of urban power systems.The extended Online Sequence Limit
Learning Machine (OSELM) technique is used to enhance the model's real-time response
capabilities to dynamic data, while hierarchical analysis and self-coding networks are
coupled to decrease the model input. OS-ELM is suitable for real-time applications since
it trains the model significantly faster than traditional machine learning methods. By
continuously updating the model parameters, S-ELM is able to track dynamic grid
circumstances and adjust to changes in the power grid operation status. The
implementation of OS-ELM is more complex compared to some traditional machine
learning algorithms, requiring specialized knowledge and expertise. The black-box nature
of OS-ELM makes it more challenging to interpret the underlying relationships and
decision-making process, which is a concern in certain applications. CN automatically

30
learns relevant features from the input data in an unsupervised manner, without the need
for labeled data. The effectiveness and scalability of the robust scheduling approach for
the hybrid system are limited to the specific grid configurations and operational
conditions considered in the work, potentially requiring further adaptations and
validations for different grid topologies and applications.

31
 CHAPTER 3
MULTIPORT CONVERTER

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Environmentally friendly renewable energy sources are being employed as a
backup in light of the energy problem and the greenhouse effect brought on by excessive
usage of fossil fuels. For instance, power degradation, which fluctuates and sporadically
depends on environmental conditions, is an issue with photovoltaic (PV) energy caused
by mismatches between PV panels. To provide a steady power supply, PV energy
conversion systems typically integrate PV sources with a battery storage system (BSS).
To connect each energy source to the dc bus in a hybrid energy system, a separate dc–dc
converter is usually needed. Such a structure's shortcomings include high cost because of
its many components, low efficiency because of its many conversion stages. Multiport
converters, or MPCs, have been processed and are gaining more and more attention from
researchers as a solution to the aforementioned issues.
In renewable energy systems, MPC has been found to offer the following
advantages over numerous single-input dc–dc converters: fewer conversion stages, higher
power density, improved system efficiency, and centralized control for unified power
management across multiple ports. MPCs are frequently separated into two groups: non-
isolated MPCs and isolated MPCs. In order to achieve galvanic isolation and improved
voltage gain, the isolated MPCs are frequently constructed using full-bridge or half-
bridge topologies that employ transformers; however, this approach also raises costs and
losses. Non-isolated MPCs offer a higher power density than isolated MPCs and are more
economical, efficient, and easier to manufacture. Therefore, medium- and low-power
applications are better suited for non-isolated MPCs. The significant voltage disparity
between renewable energy sources and energy storage systems (ESSs) and the load is one
of the primary problems with employing them as input ports. While ESS and renewable
energy sources often have tens of volts, the load or inverter need about 400 volts.
Therefore, MPCs that integrate low voltage input sources ought to be able to achieve high
step-up capability. Among the methods for increasing voltage are magnetic coupling,
32
multistage/-level, switched capacitor, voltage multiplier, and switched inductor. Various
combinations and permutations of the previously stated voltage-boosting techniques have
been used in numerous studies on high step-up MPCs. High step-up MPCs should
generally meet the following requirements in order to better suit applications for
renewable energy systems. High step-up capacity is necessary to avoid an excessive
operational duty cycle and to satisfy the application requirements of high voltage dc
buses. Switches and diodes under low voltage stress. Certain semiconductor devices' on-
resistance will decrease when voltage stress decreases, lowering conduction loss and
enhancing system performance.The limited quantity of components, particularly those
that are magnetic. Converters will be more compact and cost less if they have fewer
components ability of ports to expand.
3.2 EXISTING WORK

Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of Multiport converter

This existing system presents a novel structure based on a no-isolated high-step-
up multiport converter (MPC).The existing MPC has the capability of providing high
voltage gain and low normalized peak inverse voltage across semiconductor devices.
Maximum power point tracking algorithm to be applied for each PV input source, which
is an effective method to prevent mismatches among PV modules. It is different from the
33
existing extendable MPCs extends unidirectional input ports and bidirectional ports to
involve more types of renewable energy sources and energy storage devices. Continuous
input currents and modularity are the other profits of the existing MPC. Various operating
modes, steady-state analysis, and design considerations have been discussed in this work.
3.3 THREE-INPUT SINGLE-OUTPUT (TISO) MODE ANALYSIS
The solar module's power supply is not enough to meet the load's power needs
when it is in TISO mode. Therefore, the battery acts as an input to supply power to the
load through the photovoltaic input. All of the switches are open. The battery charge
inductors L1 and L2, as well as the PV inputs V1 and V2. Consequently, inductors L1
and L2 receive the voltages V1 + Vbat and V2 + Vbat, respectively. At the end of this
period, the output diode current and the output inductance LLk current will both drop to
zero. It is necessary to install a zero current switch (ZCS) on the output diode Do. System
control and design employ the three-input, single-output (TISO) model analytical
technique .This analysis helps to identify the main types of systems and their common
properties such as stability, attenuation, and natural frequency. This system is represented
using a state-space model or transition function matrix. The state space model contains
three input variables and one input variable.
3.4 DUAL-INPUT DUAL-OUTPUT (DIDO) MODE ANALYSIS
In DIDO mode, the PV modules provide more energy than the load needs. As a
result, the battery functions as an output and is charging. The topology states that switches
S2 and S4, as well as diodes D1 and D2, charge the battery while switch S1 is off. Dual-
Input Dual-Output (DIDO) mode analysis is one technique for investigating the dynamic
behavior of systems having two inputs and two outputs. In the field of control systems,
where the objective is to comprehend and create efficient control strategies for
complicated multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) systems, this analysis is especially
helpful. Two input variables and two output variables make up a DIDO system.The
relationship between the inputs and outputs to be described by a 2x2 transfer function
matrix, which represents the dynamic interactions between the inputs and outputs.
The DIDO mode analysis involves the following steps:
• Obtaining the DIDO transfer function matrix: The transfer function matrix
explains the relationship between the input and output variables. This matrix is
34
 typically obtained through system identification techniques or from a
mathematical model of the system.
• Eigenvalue analysis: The system's natural modes are represented by the
eigenvalues of the DIDO transfer function matrix. These eigenvalues provide
information about the stability, natural frequencies, and damping characteristics
of the system.
3.5 INDUCTOR DESIGN
It is expected that the converter operates in CCM in all operating modes, with an
average inductor current that is greater than half of its current ripple [IL> (ΔiL/2)]. Using
the three-port converter's battery discharge mode as an example, the constraints of CCM
functioning are investigated. This is because, provided the CCM criteria for the three-port
converter is met, the m-port converter will function under CCM conditions by utilizing
the energy conservation equation. Utilizing a transfer function matrix or state-space
representation of the system to depict the connections between the inputs and outputs.
Determining the characteristic equation of the system by setting the determinant of the
system matrix equal to zero. Performing eigenvalue analysis to identify the system's
natural frequencies and damping ratios. Analyzing the system's modes and their
interactions to understand the dominant behaviors and responses assessing how
responsive the modes of the system are to modifications in input variables or parameters.
3.6 VOLTAGE STRESS OF SWITCHES AND DIODES
The cost and loss of the converter are influenced by the peak inverse voltage (PIV)
on the switch or diode. NPIV, which is calculated by dividing PIV by the output voltage,
is taken into consideration in order to more clearly explain the voltage stress of each
switch or diode in a four-port converter. Based on this, the four-port converter's average
NPIV (ANPIV) has also been taken into account. The desired inductance value needs to
be determined based on the requirements of the circuit or application. This depends on
factors like the operating frequency, current levels, and the intended use of the inductor.
• Core material: The choice of core material, such as iron, ferrite, or air, affects
the inductance, saturation characteristics, and losses in the inductor. Different core
materials have their own advantages and disadvantages.

35
 • Core geometry: The shape and dimensions of the core, such as toroidal, E-core,
or rectangular, impact the inductance, magnetic flux distribution, and physical
size of the inductor.
3.7 CONTROL STRATEGY
Because the m-port converter in an MPC control has only (m – 1) control degrees
of freedom, only (m – 1) variables need to be managed simultaneously. There are only
three control degrees of freedom and three control objectives that must be met
simultaneously by the current four-port converter. To optimize energy harvesting and
satisfy load needs, the multiport converter must first execute constant output voltage
control and MPPT control of PV energy sources. At the moment, the battery serves as an
energy buffer to improve or absorb the energy differential between the load and PV
energy. The system achieves MPPT control of PV2, output voltage control, and control
of CC/CV charging of the battery in the event of overcurrent or overvoltage during battery
charging. Under such circumstances, the battery is assigned the control degree of freedom
that governs PV1's MPPT. A battery voltage regulator (BVR) and a battery current
regulator (BCR) oversee batteries; an output voltage regulator (OVR) regulates output
voltage; input voltage regulators 1 (IVR1) and 2 (IVR2), respectively, MPPT control PV1
and PV2.
Efficiency Analysis
Only the primary switching states are used to compute each component's current
root-mean-square (RMS) in order to streamline the quantitative examination of
efficiency. Switches, diodes, inductors, coupled inductors, capacitors, and driving loss
are the six primary components that make up the converter's overall loss. It is evident that
the main source of power loss in the current converter is the diode loss. Consequently, a
good way to increase system efficiency is to choose diodes with low forward voltage.
3.8 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

36
 Figure 3.2 Experimental Photograph
A 240W prototype circuit is depicted in figure 3.2 to verify the steady-state
analysis of the current four-port converter.

Figure 3.3 Measured Efficiency as a Function of Load Power and Input Power
Figure 3.3 represents the power of the load and input. The battery current is
reduced from 0.985 to 0.371 A while the voltage stays at 37 V.
3.9 CONCLUSION
A new non-isolated high step-up multiport dc–dc converter integrated PV
modules with BSS for high-voltage dc bus-based hybrid renewable energy system
applications were processed in this study. High voltage gain, low NPIV on
semiconductors, ZCS of diodes Do, Dr, and Dc, MPPT implementation for each PV input,
37
and the capacity to extend both unidirectional and bidirectional input ports are some of
the characteristics of this topology. The four-port converter's operation was described. To
give designers more thorough theoretical direction, efficiency analysis, control strategy,
and design concerns were added. To establish the benefits of the current converter, a
comparison with numerous non-isolated high step-up MPCs was conducted. Since the
MPC method requires fewer components than other topologies to generate a given voltage
gain, it is concluded that a higher voltage gain be achieved with the same number of
devices. To validate the work, a prototype with 240 W and 400 V output was constructed,
and the experimental results are displayed.
3.10 DRAWBACKS OF MULTIPORT CONVERTER
• The drawbacks of this structure are high cost due to a large number of components
and complex communication requirements.
• However, the voltage-boosting capability of these converters is very low.
• This converter does not have high voltage gain and extension capability

38
 CHAPTER 4
PI CONTROLLER BASED NOVEL MULTIPORT
CONVERTER
4.1 INTRODUCTION
EV usage has increased recently, and charging facilities are necessary for long-
distance driving. Multiport charging and renewable energy-based charging stations help
with the two main issues with EV technologies: power consumption and charging time.
By integrating a PV system, charging station operation be made reliable. Nevertheless,
without grid connectivity through power converters at the charging station, the PV source
is unable to meet the entire load side requirement. Separate converters are needed to
control the DC bus (PV and battery) and the AC bus (grid) when a charging station uses
several sources. This make the charging station more expensive and more challenging to
use. Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) charging options are made
possible by the bidirectional dual active bridge (DAB), which uses phase-shift modulation
to generate voltage conversion. For PV-grid-tied integration, the Z-source inverter is
more appropriate. Boost and buck operations cannot be carried out concurrently by
standard voltage source inverters (VSIs) and current source inverters (CSIs).
Conversely, the Z-source inverter uses capacitors and inductors to simultaneously
enable buck and boost operations. Choosing the right impedance network help the
inverter achieve the good steady-state characteristics required for PV-grid connected
operation. For the load terminal to have the necessary voltage with minimal ripples, the
choice of inductors and capacitors is essential. While the current ZSI topology does not
provide multiport charging options, the inverter should be able to switch from single-port
to multiport charging options in addition to PV-grid integration. In this work, the current
Z-source network is modified to allow for numerous charging ports and optimal PV-grid-
tied operation. To accomplish these numerous charging ports and the simultaneous buck
and boost operations, more switches are needed in the existing converter architecture. In
microgrid applications, the non-isolated boost converter has been employed to facilitate
power flow and seamless operation between the AC and DC buses with fewer switches.

39
By adding a linked inductor that recycles the energy lost through the capacitor, more
voltage and a greater voltage gain are obtained.
4.2 PROPOSED WORK

Figure 4.1 Block Diagram of NOVEL MULTIPORT CONVERTER

In this project, advanced solar grid integration solution using a high-efficiency
coupled inductor multiport converter is proposed. The system is specifically designed to
improve the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems by effectively managing power
flow and enhancing grid integration. The core component, the coupled inductor multiport
converter, enables efficient power distribution between multiple input sources and the
grid, minimizing energy losses and maximizing overall efficiency. The direct current
(DC) produced by the PV system is converted into high-quality alternating current (AC)
power for grid integration using a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI), ensuring
seamless and efficient energy transfer to the grid. To ensure a smooth and clean output,
an LC filter is integrated with the VSI, reducing harmonics and stabilizing the power
supply to the grid. The pulse width modulation (PWM) generator dynamically controls
the VSI by adjusting the duty cycle, which regulates voltage and current levels based on
real-time conditions. A proportional-integral (PI) controller further refines the system's
performance by adjusting the PWM signals, ensuring rapid and accurate response to
changes in load and power generation, thus maintaining grid stability and efficiency. The

40
proposed methodology is implemented using MATLAB Simulation 2021a, enabling
precise modeling and analysis of the system's components and their interactions.
4.3 PV SYSTEM
In a photovoltaic (PV) system, sunlight is converted into electrical energy using
solar panels composed of photovoltaic cells. A direct current (DC) is created when
sunlight strikes the cells, energizing the electrons. The system receives this DC power,
processes it, and uses it. Since the amount of solar energy varies with factors like sunlight
intensity and weather, the output power from the panels also fluctuates. For practical uses,
the DC power generated needs to be regulated because it is usually unreliable. To ensure
efficient energy delivery, DC electricity is typically transformed into alternating current
(AC) for smooth grid integration or to power AC-based devices. Because it transforms
solar energy into usable electrical power, the photovoltaic (PV) technology is crucial to
renewable energy systems. The PV system is an essential part of the suggested solar grid
integration solution, which is made to optimize grid compatibility, stability, and
efficiency. This section elaborates on the comprehensive working process of the PV
system integrated into the high-efficiency coupled inductor multiport converter-based
solution.
The PV panels generate electricity at the start of the process. These panels are
built using silicon and other semiconductor materials that have the photovoltaic effect.
When photons from the sun's rays excite electrons in the semiconductor material, an
electric current runs through the PV cells. This generated current, which is direct current
(DC), is influenced by several factors, such as the amount of sunshine, the angle of
incidence, the ambient temperature, and the state of the PV modules. The higher the
sunlight intensity, the greater the electrical power generated by the PV panels. However,
efficiency also depends on the material properties of the PV cells and their ability to
minimize energy losses during conversion.
The DC electricity generated by the PV panels in grid-connected systems is
unpredictable and often unsuitable for immediate use. As a result, the next step includes
conditioning and power regulation. The PV system's power production is maximized
through the use of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. MPPT
continuously adjusts the PV panels' operating voltage and current to ensure that they

41
maintain their maximum power point (MPP) despite shifting external conditions such as
temperature swings or variations in the intensity of the sun. This step is critical to ensure
the PV system's output is consistently maximized, enhancing overall efficiency and
energy yield.

Figure 4.2 Circuit of PV System

Once the DC power is optimized, it is fed into the coupled inductor multiport
converter, which serves as a central component in the energy management process. The
multiport converter efficiently distributes power between the PV system, the grid, and
any additional energy sources connected to the system. The coupled inductor design in
the converter minimizes energy losses during power transfer, ensuring that the majority
of the generated power is available for utilization. Furthermore, the multiport converter
enables seamless integration of multiple input sources, allowing the system to maintain
efficiency even when additional energy inputs are required. For grid integration, a three-
phase voltage source inverter (VSI) transforms controlled DC power into alternating
current (AC). This conversion is required because the majority of contemporary electrical
42
networks run on AC power. The VSI performs this conversion efficiently, ensuring the
AC power is of high quality and compatible with grid standards. The inverter’s design
minimizes distortions, ensuring smooth and stable power delivery to the grid.
4.4 COUPLED INDUCTOR MULTIPORT CONVERTER
Power flow across numerous energy sources, including the grid and the
photovoltaic (PV) system, is efficiently managed by the coupled inductor multiport
converter. It utilizes a coupled inductor to link different input ports, allowing energy to
be distributed effectively across multiple sources. This design minimizes energy losses
and maximizes efficiency by ensuring that power is transferred with minimal resistance
and improved magnetic coupling. The converter also helps regulate voltage levels,
ensuring consistent power delivery. By managing the link between the PV system and the
grid, the coupled inductor multiport converter enables appropriate power distribution
even in the face of variable conditions. The coupled inductor multiport converter is a
central component in advanced solar grid integration systems, designed to efficiently
manage and distribute power from multiple energy sources. Its innovative design ensures
minimal energy losses, seamless power flow, and high efficiency, making it a critical
element in renewable energy applications. With an exclusive focus on its functionality
and operational mechanism, this section offers a thorough explanation of the coupled
inductor multiport converter's operation. At its core, the coupled inductor multiport
converter employs a single magnetic core to integrate multiple inductors, enabling
efficient coupling between different energy ports. This coupling allows the converter to
handle multiple input sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels, energy storage systems,
or auxiliary power sources, while simultaneously managing power distribution to a
common output, such as the electrical grid. The shared magnetic core significantly
reduces the size and weight of the converter, contributing to compact and cost-effective
system design.
The working process begins with energy reception from the connected sources.
Each input port is designed to handle specific power sources, with the coupled inductor
facilitating energy transfer and regulation across all ports. The magnetic coupling
between the inductors ensures that power from one source seamlessly assist another,
allowing the system to operate efficiently even during variable input conditions. This

43
feature is particularly advantageous in renewable energy systems where input power often
fluctuates due to environmental factors.
Next, the converter performs voltage conversion and regulation. The coupled inductor
acts as an intermediary between the input and output stages, stepping up or stepping down
voltage levels as required. This is achieved through the inductive properties of the
magnetic core, which store and release energy in a controlled manner. By carefully
designing the winding ratios and core properties, the converter achieve high voltage gains
or reductions with minimal energy losses. In order to guarantee steady and reliable power
distribution, this procedure makes sure that the output voltage satisfies the demands of
the load or the grid.

Figure 4.3 Coupled Inductor Multiport Converter

One of the standout features of the coupled inductor multiport converter is its
ability to minimize energy losses through magnetic coupling. Traditional converters often
experience energy losses due to leakage inductance and resistive heating. However, in a
coupled inductor design, the close magnetic coupling between inductors reduces leakage
inductance, enhancing energy transfer efficiency. Additionally, the shared magnetic core
reduces the need for multiple discrete inductors, lowering resistive losses and improving
overall performance.
MODE OF OPERATIONS (MODE 1 TO MODE 5)

44
 Figure 4.4 Mode of Operations
Mode 1:
During this stage, the gate-source voltages V_gs1and V_gs2reach their maximum
values. The inductor currents i_Lmand i_Lkare both positive, with 𝑖𝐿𝑚 > 0, 𝑖𝐿𝑘 > 0 and
𝑖𝐿𝑚 > 𝑖𝐿𝑘 Meanwhile, the voltage V_B surpasses V_PV, causing diode D_1 to remain
inactive. The voltage V_B supplies energy to the inductor L_k, while L_m, along with
V_C3and V_C4 delivers energy to the load. This stage concludes when i_Lk equals i_Lm
at time t_1.
Mode 2:
In this phase, V_gs1 and V_gs2 remain at their highest levels. Both i_Lk and
i_Lm are positive, and i_Lm equals i_Lk. The voltage V_B provides energy to L_kand
L_m, resulting in a linear increase in both i_Lk and i_Lm .Components D_4, C_4, V_C4
and N_S form the switched capacitor circuit in this stage. This stage ends when V_gs1
decreases to a low value at t_2.
Mode 3:
During this stage, both i_Lm and i_ Lk remain positive, but V_gs1 is small. When
V_gs2 reaches its maximum, i_Lk and i_Lm increase linearly, driven by the input voltage

45
V_in, which supplies energy to L_kand L_m. The stage concludes when V_gs2 decreases
to a low value at t_3.
Mode 4:
At this stage, both V_gs2 and V_gs1 are at low values. As the current i_Lk
charges, the output capacitance C_oss2 of switch S_2causes an increase in the drain-
source voltage V_ds2. The stage ends when V_ds2 equals V_C3 at t_4.
Mode 5:
In the final stage, V_gs2 and V_gs1 remain low. The current i_Lm
gradually decreases linearly. During this period, V_C3 locks V_ds2, while the
input voltage V_in and the inductor L_m transfer energy to the capacitor C_3.

Figure 4.5 Waveform of Developed Converter

4.5 THREE PHASE VSI
For grid integration, the direct current (DC) produced by photovoltaic (PV)
systems must be converted into alternating current (AC) using a three-phase voltage
source inverter (VSI). In order to ensure grid compatibility, it generates three AC outputs,
one for each phase of a typical three-phase system. For effective power transmission and
46
distribution, DC power must be converted into a well-balanced AC waveform, and the
VSI is essential to this process. Power supply is made smooth and dependable by the
inverter, which modifies the output's frequency and voltage. This helps maintain the
stability of the grid and provides a consistent supply of high-quality electricity. The VSI's
ability to handle fluctuating power from the PV system while delivering a stable AC
output makes it an integral part of optimizing solar energy systems for grid use, ensuring
efficiency and minimal energy loss.
For usage in three-phase electrical applications, the three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), which is a crucial part of power conversion systems, transforms direct
current (DC) into alternating current (AC). Its operation is essential for enabling grid
integration, motor drives, and industrial applications where three-phase AC power is
required. The VSI works by employing a combination of power semiconductor switches
and a controlled switching strategy to generate a three-phase AC output from a DC input.

Figure 4.6 Three Phase VSI

The working process begins with the DC input supply, typically sourced from a
photovoltaic (PV) system, battery, or other DC power sources. This DC power is fed into
the VSI, which consists of six power semiconductor switches (such as IGBTs or
MOSFETs) arranged in three pairs. Each pair corresponds to one phase of the AC output:
A, B, and Cather VSI generates a three-phase AC waveform through a process called
pulse width modulation (PWM). The switches are turned on and off in a precise sequence
to create alternating positive and negative pulses.
47
 These pulses are controlled to shape the output waveform, ensuring that the
frequency and amplitude of the generated AC match the desired specifications. In order
to achieve balanced three-phase power, the switching sequence also guarantees a 120-
degree phase difference between the three phases. The VSI's capacity to generate a
balanced three-phase output guarantees a steady and even power flow. This output is
critical for applications such as motor drives and grid integration, where consistent and
harmonic-free AC power is necessary. The three-phase VSI’s efficiency, reliability, and
precision make it an indispensable part of modern power electronic systems.
4.6 LC FILTER
The output of electrical systems, including voltage source inverters (VSIs), is
smoothed out and purified using an LC filter. Its two parts, a capacitor (C) and an inductor
(L), work together to reduce ripple and eliminate unwanted harmonics in the alternating
current (AC) output. Because of the inverter's switching operation, the AC power
produced in a three-phase VSI may contain high-frequency noise and fluctuations. The
LC filter helps to smooth these fluctuations, delivering a cleaner and more stable AC
waveform to the grid or connected loads. By suppressing high-frequency components and
maintaining the desired power quality, the LC filter ensures efficient energy transfer and
enhances the overall performance of the system. An LC filter, which smooths the output
voltage or current by lowering high-frequency noise and harmonics, is a crucial part of
power electronic systems. Depending on the application, the filter is made up of an
inductor (L) and a capacitor (C) configured in a certain way. It is commonly used in
inverters, power supplies, and signal conditioning circuits to ensure a clean and stable
output.

Figure 4.7 LC Filter

48
 The working process of the LC filter begins with inductive energy storage. The
inductor resists sudden changes in current by storing energy in its magnetic field. When
a time-varying voltage or current (such as a pulse-width modulated signal from an
inverter) is applied to the LC filter, the inductor acts to smooth out rapid fluctuations in
the current. This property helps mitigate high-frequency noise, which is a common by-
product of switching operations in power electronic systems. Simultaneously, the
capacitor plays a complementary role by resisting changes in voltage. It stores energy in
its electric field and provides a low-impedance path to high-frequency components. As a
result, high-frequency noise is effectively bypassed through the capacitor to the ground
or neutral line, leaving a stable and clean voltage at the output.The combination of the
inductor and capacitor creates a low-pass filter, allowing low-frequency components
(such as the desired sine wave output) to pass through while attenuating high-frequency
noise and harmonics. The cut-off frequency of the LC filter is carefully chosen based on
the system requirements and the values of the inductor and capacitor. In the LC filter
works by combining the inductive smoothing of current and capacitive filtering of voltage
to produce a clean and stable output. It is essential to guaranteeing power electronic
systems' dependability and quality.
4.7 PWM GENERATOR
A PWM (pulse width modulation) generator is a key component used to control
the switching of power devices in systems like voltage source inverters (VSIs). It controls
the amount of power supplied to the load by producing a sequence of high-frequency
pulses with different widths. To determine how long the switches stay on or off during
each cycle, the PWM generator in a VSI modifies the duty cycle of the switching devices.
The PWM generator regulates the output voltage and current by varying the width of
these pulses, guaranteeing that the power supplied is optimal for the needs of the system.

49
 Figure 4.8 Pwm Generator
This real-time control is especially important in photovoltaic (PV) systems, where
the power output fluctuates with changing environmental conditions. The PWM generator
ensures that the inverter operates efficiently, maintaining stable output even under
varying loads and input conditions, thereby improving power quality and system
performance. This allows it to manage power output, control voltage levels, or modulate
signals in applications like motor control, power inverters, and converters. The process
begins with reference signal formation. A base signal, often a sine wave or a steady
voltage, is compared against a high-frequency triangular or saw tooth waveform. The
crossing points between these two signals define the timing for turning pulses on or off.
This comparison governs the pulse durations, which align proportionally with the
reference signal. A series of digital pulses are produced by the PWM generator, and the
duty cycle establishes the percentage of the active (on) time that corresponds to the entire
period. The generator modifies the duty cycle to change the output's voltage, current, or
power. For instance, in motor control systems, PWM signals modulate the voltage
supplied to the motor to regulate its speed or torque. In systems like inverters, the
generator ensures optimal switching of devices to mimic a waveform that closely
resembles a sine wave. Since the PWM frequency is typically far higher than the final
output frequency, any irregularities in the signal be filtered into a smooth, desired
waveform using an LC filter.
4.8 PI CONTROLLER

50
 A portional-integral controller is a widely used control mechanism in power
systems to maintain stability and optimize performance.In applications like voltage
source inverters (VSIs), the PI controller helps regulate output voltage and current by
continuously adjusting the system's control signals. It does so by comparing the actual
output to a desired setpoint and minimizing the difference (error) over time. Depending
on the error's magnitude, the proportional section of the controller instantly corrects the
present error. By pushing the error towards zero, the integral component, on the other
hand, ensures long-term accuracy by accounting for the accumulation of previous errors.
This combination allows the PI controller to respond quickly to fluctuations in the system,
such as changes in load or generation in photovoltaic (PV) system.By adjusting the duty
cycle of the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals, the PI controller helps maintain a
steady and optimal operation, ensuring grid stability and efficient power delivery.

Figure 4.9 PI controller

Error computation is the first step in the PI controller's operation. An error signal
is produced by the controller as it regularly checks the discrepancy between the intended
setpoint and the actual system output. The PI controller uses this error as its input.
Proportional Control
Directly proportional to the present error is the output produced by the
proportional term. By applying a proportionate gain to the error, the controller may
generate a remedial response right away. However, proportional control alone may leave
a steady-state error in the system, where the output does not fully reach the setpoint.
Integral Control

51
 This steady-state inaccuracy is removed by adding the integral term. A remedial
action based on the cumulative error is provided by the integral action, which adds up the
error over time. To ensure that even minor, enduring errors are taken into account, the
weight of this term is determined by the integral gain. This helps the system achieve
precise setpoint tracking. The sum of the proportional and integral terms is the PI
controller's total output. This output is then fed to the system's actuator, such as a motor
or a voltage regulator, to adjust the process variable toward the desired setpoint. It gains,
the PI controller balances response speed and stability, ensuring the system performs
optimally without oscillations.

52
 CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Matrix Laboratory, or MATLAB for short, is a programming environment and
high-performance computing platform created especially for resolving mathematics and
engineering issues. Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in a user-friendly interface, making it one of the most
versatile tools for simulation and modeling across diverse industries. This paragraph
delves into MATLAB’s significance in simulation, its key features, and its vast range of
applications.
Introduction to MATLAB
Simulation is the process of simulating a real-world system or process to see how
it behaves in different scenarios. MATLAB excels in this domain by offering a rich set
of tools and functions for designing, testing, and validating complex systems. The
platform operates on the principle of matrix computation, which is inherently suited for
numerical simulations and large-scale data manipulation. MATLAB simulations are
primarily built using scripts and Simulink, its graphical programming environment, which
enhances the flexibility and efficiency of simulation tasks.MATLAB’s compatibility with
different programming languages, its ability to interface with hardware devices, and its
extensive library of toolboxes make it a go-to choice for engineers, scientists, and
researchers. From modeling dynamic systems to performing real-time simulations,
MATLAB empowers users to prototype and analyze systems in a controlled, virtual
environment, significantly reducing development time and costs.
5.2 FEATURES OF MATLAB FOR SIMULATION
MATLAB's strength lies in its extensive feature set tailored for simulation tasks.
Some of its key features include:
• Numerical Computation: From basic algebraic problems to intricate differential
equations, MATLAB offers reliable numerical solvers. When doing simulations
that call for precise mathematical modeling, these solvers are crucial.
53
 • Simulink: Simulink is a graphical programming environment based on MATLAB
that lets users create and model dynamic systems. It uses block diagrams to
represent system components, making it intuitive for users to create models and
connect components visually.
• Toolboxes: MATLAB offers a wide range of toolboxes for specific applications
such as control systems, signal processing, machine learning, robotics, and more.
These pre-built libraries simplify the process of implementing advanced
algorithms.
• Visualization Capabilities: MATLAB excels in data visualization, providing
various plotting options such as 2D plots, 3D plots, animations, and dashboards.
This helps users to interpret simulation results effectively.
• Interfacing and Integration: MATLAB interact with external software,
databases, and hardware. For instance, users integrate MATLAB simulations with
CAD tools or export results to other platforms for further analysis.
• Real-Time Simulation: MATLAB supports real-time simulation, which is
crucial for applications like hardware-in-the-loop testing, control system design,
and robotics.
• Parallel Computing: MATLAB’s parallel computing capabilities allow users to
run simulations on multiple cores or GPUs, accelerating computations and
enabling the analysis of large datasets.
5.3 USES OF MATLAB SIMULATION
The versatility of MATLAB simulations makes it applicable across various
domains. Here are some prominent uses:
Engineering Applications
MATLAB is a staple in engineering fields such as electrical, mechanical, civil,
and aerospace. It is used for designing control systems, simulating mechanical systems,
analyzing power systems, and modeling fluid dynamics. Engineers test designs and
evaluate performance under different scenarios without the need for expensive
prototypes.
Signal and Image Processing

54
 Signal processing and image analysis are integral to many applications, from
telecommunications to medical diagnostics. MATLAB’s signal processing toolbox and
image processing capabilities enable users to simulate noise filters, process digital
signals, and analyze images with high precision.
Control System Design
MATLAB is widely used in the design and simulation of control systems, such as
PID controllers, adaptive control systems, and nonlinear control systems. Simulink allows
engineers to build complex control system models, test their stability, and optimize
performance parameters.
Robotics and Automation
With toolboxes like the Robotics System Toolbox, MATLAB enables the
simulation of robotic movements, path planning, and sensor integration. These
simulations are crucial for developing autonomous systems, including drones, industrial
robots, and autonomous vehicles.
Renewable Energy Systems
In the energy sector, MATLAB is extensively used for simulating renewable
energy systems like photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and grid integration.
Engineers rely on MATLAB to model power electronics, optimize energy management
systems, and ensure system reliability.
Financial Analysis
MATLAB is also popular in the financial sector, where it is used for modeling
financial instruments, performing risk analysis, and implementing trading algorithms. Its
ability to process large datasets and perform Monte Carlo simulations makes it invaluable
for quantitative analysts.
Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
MATLAB’s integration of machine learning and AI toolboxes allows researchers
to train models, simulate neural networks, and optimize algorithms. Its intuitive interface
and pre-built functions streamline the development of intelligent systems.
5.4 ADVANTAGES OF USING MATLAB FOR SIMULATION

55
 • Ease of Use: Even beginners use MATLAB thanks to its intuitive interface and
comprehensive documentation.
• Versatility: It caters to a wide range of applications, from basic academic projects
to advanced industrial research.
5.5 SIMULATION MODEL

56
 Figure 5.1 Input Waveform
Figure 5.1 depict the relationship between temperature, solar intensity, output
voltage, and input current over time. The temperature remains constant at 25°C, while
solar intensity is steady at approximately 1000 W/m². The output voltage hovers around
10 V, and the input current shows fluctuations but stabilizes at around 40 A.

Figure 5.2 Output Waveform

Figure 5.2 illustrates the output DC voltage and current waveforms over time. The
output voltage rapidly drops to approximately 600 V and stabilizes, while the output
current decreases to around 0 A shortly after. These values indicate a transient response
in the system during the specified time interval.
57
 Figure 5.3 Battery Waveform
Figure 5.3 presents the voltage waveforms for the battery, super capacitor, and
DC source over time. The battery voltage remains constant at approximately 40 V, while
the super capacitor voltage stabilizes around 50 V and experiences a brief dip. The DC
source voltage consistently holds at about 40 V throughout the observed time interval.

Figure 5.4 PWM Pulse Switch Waveform

Figure 5.4 displays the PWM pulse waveforms for the switches associated with
the solar side, battery side, super capacitor side, and DC source side. The PWM pulse for
Switch 1 (solar side) shows a frequency of approximately 1 kHz, while Switch 2 (battery
side) exhibits a similar pattern. In contrast, the PWM pulses for Switch 3 (super capacitor
side) and the DC source side remain constant at 0 V, indicating no modulation.

58
 Figure 5.5 Grid Voltage and Current Waveform
Figure 5.5 illustrates the grid voltage and current waveforms over time. The grid
voltage oscillates between approximately -50 V and +50 V, while the grid current
fluctuates around 0 A, with noticeable peaks indicating a sinusoidal pattern. The
combined waveform in the center reinforces the relationship between grid voltage and
current, showcasing their synchronized oscillations.

Figure 5.6 Real and Reactive Power Waveform

Figure 5.6 presents the real and reactive power waveforms over time. The real
power remains constant at approximately 4000 W, indicating steady energy consumption.
In contrast, the reactive power waveform is consistently around 150 VAR, reflecting
minimal fluctuations in reactive power throughout the observed period.

59
 Figure 5.7 THD Waveform
Figure 5.7 displays the harmonic distortion analysis across three different
scenarios. The first histogram shows a fundamental frequency of 12.4 Hz with a total
harmonic distortion (THD) of 0.85%. The second histogram presents a fundamental
frequency of 12.39 Hz, resulting in a THD of 12.39%, while the third histogram exhibits
a fundamental frequency of 12.29 Hz with a THD of 6.06%.

Figure 5.8 Comparison Graph

60
 Figure 5.8 illustrates the efficiency analysis of various converters. The proposed
converter achieves an efficiency of approximately 96%. In comparison, the coupled
inductor-based high gain converter shows 92%, the quadratic boost converter reaches
90%, and the high step-up DC/DC converter has an efficiency of around 85%.

Figure 5.9 Analysis of efficiency

Figure 5.9 represent as the efficiency analysis of various power converters:
Proposed, Coupled Inductor Based High Gain, Quadratic Boost, and High Step-Up
DC/DC converters. Each bar represents the efficiency percentage, showcasing that the
proposed converter achieves the highest efficiency, exceeding 95%, while others display
varying levels of efficiency around 85-90%.

Figure 5.10 Analysis of voltage gain

61
 Figure 5.10 represent as the relationship between voltage gain and duty cycle for
various references. Each curve represents a different reference design, showing how
voltage gain varies with increasing duty cycle. The MCQ-MSC data points, highlighted
in red, indicate performance, suggesting improved gain characteristics compared to other
references across the duty cycle range.

Figure 5.11 Analysis of voltage stress on output diode

Figure 5.11 represent as illustrates the output diode voltage stress against duty
cycle for various reference designs. Each curve highlights the stress levels, with most
references showing a decrease as the duty cycle increases. The MCQ-MSC data points,
marked in red, indicate lower voltage stress, showcasing its superior performance.

62
 Figure 5.12 Analysis of voltage stress on switch
Figure 5.12 represent as presents switch voltage stress versus duty cycle for
various reference designs. Most curves indicate a decreasing trend in voltage stress as the
duty cycle increases. The MCQ-MSC data points, shown in red, demonstrate significantly
lower switch voltage stress, highlighting its enhanced efficiency compared to other
references.

63
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this sophisticated solar grid integration solution that effectively
enhances the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems through the use of a coupled
inductor multiport converter was proposed. By enabling efficient power distribution
among multiple energy sources and ensuring minimal losses, the system significantly
optimizes power delivery. The integration of a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI),
along with an LC filter, ensures the generation of high-quality AC power, while the PWM
generator and PI controller work in tandem to maintain stable and efficient operation.
This adaptive control mechanism allows the system to swiftly respond to changes in load
and generation, thereby supporting grid stability. Implementing this project through
MATLAB Simulation 2021 further demonstrates its feasibility and effectiveness. Overall,
the proposed solution not only improves the efficiency of solar energy systems but also
contributes to a reliable and sustainable power supply for grid integration.
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE
• The system can be integrated with advanced smart grid technologies to enable
real-time monitoring and control, enhancing grid resilience and enabling dynamic
energy management.
• Future work can involve integrating the multiport converter with other renewable
energy sources, such as wind or fuel cells, creating a more diversified and reliable
energy supply.
• Incorporating machine learning or AI-based optimization algorithms could
improve system adaptability, allowing for predictive adjustments to power flow
and grid conditions for increased efficiency.

64
 REFERENCES

1. G. Song, B. Cao and L. Chang, " Grid-forming Inverters in Support of Power System
Operation," in Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-15,
March 2022.
2. S. -J. Yoon and K. -H. Kim, "Harmonic Suppression and Stability Enhancement of a
Voltage Sensorless Current Controller for a Grid-Connected Inverter under Weak
Grid," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 38575-38589, 2022.
3. C. Li, W. Liu, J. Liang, X. Ding and L. M. Cipcigan, "Improved Grid Impedance
Compensation for Phase-Locked Loop to Stabilize the Very-Weak-Grid Connection
of VSIs," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 3863-3872,
Oct. 2022.
4. M. F. Umar et al., "Single-Phase Grid-Interactive Inverter With Resonance
Suppression Based on Adaptive Predictive Control in Weak Grid Condition," in IEEE
Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.
809-820, July 2022.
5. Albogamy, F.R., Paracha, M.Y.I., Hafeez, G., Khan, I., Murawwat, S., Rukh, G.,
Khan, S. and Khan, M.U.A., 2022. Real-time scheduling for optimal energy
optimization in smart grid integrated with renewable energy sources. IEEE Access,
10, pp.35498-35520.
6. H. Hasabelrasul, Z. Cai, L. Sun, X. Suo and I. Matraji, "Two-Stage Converter
Standalone PV-Battery System Based on VSG Control," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp.
39825-39832, 2022
7. Akhtar, I., Jameel, M., Altamimi, A. and Kirmani, S., 2022. An innovative reliability
oriented approach for restructured power system considering the impact of integrating
electric vehicles and renewable energy resources. IEEE Access, 10, pp.52358-52376.
8. Middelhauve, L., Terrier, C. and Marechal, F., 2022. Decomposition strategy for
districts as renewable energy hubs. Ieee Open Access Journal of Power and Energy,
9, pp.287-297.
65
9. Wu, Q.H., Bose, A., Singh, C., Chow, J.H., Mu, G., Sun, Y., Liu, Z., Li, Z. and Liu,
Y., 2023. Control and stability of large-scale power system with highly distributed
renewable energy generation: viewpoints from six aspects. CSEE Journal of Power
and Energy Systems, 9(1), pp.8-14.
10. Giglio, E., Novo, R., Mattiazzo, G. and Fioriti, D., 2023. Reserve provision in the
optimal planning of off-grid power systems: impact of storage and renewable energy.
IEEE Access.
11. Ahmadifar, A., Ginocchi, M., Golla, M.S., Ponci, F. and Monti, A., 2023.
Development of an energy management system for a renewable energy community
and performance analysis via global sensitivity analysis. IEEE Access, 11, pp.4131-
4154.
12. Zsiborács, H., Vincze, A., Pintér, G. and Baranyai, N.H., 2023. Exploring the Grid
Electricity Saving Potentials of Using Hybrid PV Systems in European Countries: A
Comparative work. IEEE Access.
13. Oufettoul, H., Lamdihine, N., Motahhir, S., Lamrini, N., Abdelmoula, I.A. and Aniba,
G., 2023. Comparative performance analysis of PV module positions in a solar PV
array under partial shading conditions. IEEE Access, 11, pp.12176-12194.
14. Ali, A.I.M., Mousa, H.H., Mohamed, H.R.A., Kamel, S., Hassan, A.S., Alaas, Z.M.,
Mohamed, E.E. and Youssef, A.R., 2023. An enhanced P&O MPPT algorithm with
concise search area for grid-tied PV systems. IEEE Access.
15. F. Z. Peng, C. -C. Liu, Y. Li, A. K. Jain and D. Vinnikov, "Envisioning the Future
Renewable and Resilient Energy Grids-A Power Grid Revolution Enabled by
Renewables, Energy Storage, and Energy Electronics," in IEEE Journal of Emerging
and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 8-26, Jan. 2024.
16. A. Askarian, J. Park and S. Salapaka, "Enhanced Grid-Following (E-GFL) Inverter:
A Unified Control Framework for Stiff and Weak Grids," in IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 5089-5107, May 2024.
17. L. Liu, J. Xu, J. Ye and A. Shen, "Passivity Enhancement and Grid-Current Distortion
Mitigation for Inverter-Side Current Controlled LCL-Type Grid-Connected
Inverters," in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 66505-66515, 2024.

66
18. H. Zhou, L. Lu, M. Wei, L. Shen and Y. Liu, "Robust Scheduling of a Hybrid
Hydro/Photovoltaic/Pumped-Storage System for Multiple Grids Peak-Shaving and
Congestion Management," in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 22230-22242, 2024.
19. D. Ríos-Castro, D. Pérez-Estévez and J. Doval-Gandoy, "Grid-Connected Converter
With Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Modes Presenting Symmetrical and
Asymmetrical Fault Ride-Through Capability," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and
Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 2082-2096, April 2024.
20. M. Lin, W. Zhu and L. Shi, "Evaluation and Analysis of Urban Power Grid Operation
Status Based on Online Sequence Extreme Learning Machine and Self-Coding
Network," in IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 28083-28095, 2024.

67
ABT_TBM_473
ORIGINALITY REPORT

12 %
SIMILARITY INDEX
6%
INTERNET SOURCES
10%
PUBLICATIONS
2%
STUDENT PAPERS

PRIMARY SOURCES

1
Ruijun Liu, Guohua Zhou, Qingxin Tian,
Guodong Xu. "Extendable Multiport High
2%
Step-Up DC–DC Converter for Photovoltaic-
Battery Systems With Reduced Voltage Stress
on Switches/Diodes", IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, 2023
Publication

2
www.researchgate.net
Internet Source 1%
3
doaj.org
Internet Source 1%
4
Samuel Chukwujindu Nwokolo, Anthony
Umunnakwe Obiwulu, Paul C. Okonkwo.
<1 %
"Africa's Propensity for a Net Zero Energy
Transition", CRC Press, 2024
Publication

5
www.mdpi.com
Internet Source <1 %
6
Ahmed Ismail M. Ali, Hossam H. H. Mousa,
Hassanien Ramadan A. Mohamed, Salah
<1 %
 Kamel et al. "An Enhanced P&O MPPT
Algorithm with Concise Search Area for Grid-
tied PV Systems", IEEE Access, 2023
Publication

7
Ramanathan Gopalasami, Bharatiraja
Chokkalingam. "A Photovoltaic-Powered
<1 %
Modified Multiport Converter for an EV
Charger with Bidirectional and Grid
Connected Capability Assist PV2V, G2V, and
V2G", World Electric Vehicle Journal, 2024
Publication

8
Bhaveshkumar C. Dharmani, Suman Lata
Tripathi. "Intelligent Circuit and Systems for
<1 %
SDG3-Good Health and Well-Being -
Proceedings of the International Conference
on Intelligent Circuits and Systems (ICICS
2023), October 12-13, 2023, Lovely
Professional University, India", CRC Press,
2024
Publication

9
Submitted to Anna University
Student Paper <1 %
10
worldwidescience.org
Internet Source <1 %
11
iris.polito.it
Internet Source <1 %
12
Vahid, Sina. "Multi-Port Power Converters for
Hybrid Energy System Applications",
<1 %
Marquette University, 2023
Publication

13
G Sathish Kumar, M. Krishna Paramathma.
"Optimal design of PV-SMES systems for
<1 %
power quality enhancement using pelicon
optimized multi-level inverter model",
Computers and Electrical Engineering, 2024
Publication

14
Seung-Jin Yoon, Kyeong-Hwa Kim. "Harmonic
Suppression and Stability Enhancement of a
<1 %
Voltage Sensorless Current Controller for a
Grid-connected Inverter under Weak Grid",
IEEE Access, 2022
Publication

15
Ruijun Liu, Guohua Zhou, Qingxin Tian,
Guodong Xu. "Extendable Multiport High
<1 %
Step-up DC-DC Converter for Photovoltaic-
Battery Systems With Reduced Voltage Stress
On Switches/Diodes", IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, 2022
Publication

16
pluginhighway.ca
Internet Source <1 %
17
research.aalto.fi
Internet Source <1 %
18
wjaets.com
Internet Source <1 %
19
mdpi-res.com
Internet Source <1 %
20
Denise Wilson. "Wearable Solar Cell Systems",
CRC Press, 2019
<1 %
Publication

21
Peng Luo, Lei Guo, Jinqiang Xu, Xiaoning Li.
"Analysis and Design of a New Non-isolated
<1 %
Three-Port Converter with High Voltage Gain
for Renewable Energy Applications", IEEE
Access, 2021
Publication

22
Submitted to fultonschools
Student Paper <1 %
23
fastercapital.com
Internet Source <1 %
24
Submitted to Deakin University
Student Paper <1 %
25
Linguo Liu, Jinbang Xu, Jie Ye, Zhijiang Zheng,
Anwen Shen. "Controller parameter
<1 %
optimization of LCL-type grid-connected
inverters for passivity margin enhancement",
International Journal of Electrical Power &
Energy Systems, 2024
Publication
26
Chuanyue Li, Wei Liu, Jun Liang, Xiaolin Ding,
Liana M. Cipcigan. "Improved Grid Impedance
<1 %
Compensation for Phase-Locked Loop to
Stabilize the Very-Weak-Grid Connection of
VSIs", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
2022
Publication

27
nap.nationalacademies.org
Internet Source <1 %
28
Submitted to American University of the
Middle East
<1 %
Student Paper

29
Hussein T. Mouftah, Melike Erol-Kantarci,
Sameh Sorour. "Connected and Autonomous
<1 %
Vehicles in Smart Cities", CRC Press, 2020
Publication

30
Submitted to Southern New Hampshire
University - Continuing Education
<1 %
Student Paper

31
Umar, Muhammad Farooq. "Enforced
Coherent Dynamic Interaction of Grid-
<1 %
Forming Inverters in Low Inertia Systems",
University of Illinois at Chicago, 2024
Publication

32
Submitted to University of Witwatersrand
Student Paper <1 %
33
Abdelkhalek Chellakhi, Said El Beid, Mouncef
El Marghichi, El Mahdi Bouabdalli, Ambe
<1 %
Harrison, Hassan Abouobaida.
"Implementation of a low-cost current
perturbation-based improved PO MPPT
approach using Arduino board for
photovoltaic systems", e-Prime - Advances in
Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy,
2024
Publication

34
Submitted to Kamehameha School
Student Paper <1 %
35
openaccess.altinbas.edu.tr
Internet Source <1 %
36
www.rvgs.k12.va.us
Internet Source <1 %
37
Submitted to Durban University of
Technology
<1 %
Student Paper

38
Submitted to Gayatri Vidya Parishad College
of Engineering (Autonomous)
<1 %
Student Paper

39
Matthaios S. Symiakakis, Fotios D. Kanellos.
"ScaleNex: A Scalable Blockchain-Powered
<1 %
Electricity Market Implementation for Smart
Grid Environment", Smart Grids and
Sustainable Energy, 2024
 Publication

40
Submitted to North Florida Community
College
<1 %
Student Paper

41
Submitted to Sheffield Hallam University
Student Paper <1 %
42
Submitted to University of Teesside
Student Paper <1 %
43
Submitted to University of Strathclyde
Student Paper <1 %
44
www.tandfonline.com
Internet Source <1 %
45
Submitted to Great Basin College
Student Paper <1 %
46
Submitted to University of Nottingham
Student Paper <1 %
47
Submitted to University of Reading
Student Paper <1 %
48
Submitted to Upper Iowa University
Student Paper <1 %
49
Lakshmi P.N Jyothy, M R Sindhu. "An Artificial
Neural Network based MPPT Algorithm For
<1 %
Solar PV System", 2018 4th International
Conference on Electrical Energy Systems
(ICEES), 2018
 Publication

50
koreascience.or.kr
Internet Source <1 %
51
www.coursehero.com
Internet Source <1 %
52
www.lifepo4-battery.com
Internet Source <1 %
53
zsp-smardzewice.edu.pl
Internet Source <1 %
54
Submitted to University of Glasgow
Student Paper <1 %
55
Wang, Xiongfei, Yun Wei Li, Frede Blaabjerg,
and Poh Chiang Loh. "Virtual-Impedance-
<1 %
Based Control for Voltage-Source and
Current-Source Converters", IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, 2015.
Publication

56
ishitvtech.in
Internet Source <1 %
57
vdocuments.mx
Internet Source <1 %
58
Ali Odeh, Nemer Nassir. "Using the Neural
Network Algorithms to Estimate the Thermal
<1 %
Stresses of Power Electronic Devices as
 Function of Design Parameters", Middle East
Technical University (Turkey), 2024
Publication

59
Bingkun Song, Lei Wang, Udaya Madawala,
Craig Baguley. "A Multi-functional Fast Electric
<1 %
Vehicle Charging Technique", 2021 IEEE
Southern Power Electronics Conference
(SPEC), 2021
Publication

60
Eric Hittinger, Jawad Siddiqui. "The
challenging economics of US residential grid
<1 %
defection", Utilities Policy, 2017
Publication

61
Paweł Pełka. "Analysis and Forecasting of
Monthly Electricity Demand Time Series Using
<1 %
Pattern-Based Statistical Methods", Energies,
2023
Publication

62
link.springer.com
Internet Source <1 %
63
www.buzz.ie
Internet Source <1 %
64
www.peeref.com
Internet Source <1 %
65
A. Pallavee Bhatnagar, B. R. K. Nema.
"Conventional and global maximum power
<1 %
point tracking techniques in photovoltaic
 applications: A review", Journal of Renewable
and Sustainable Energy, 2013
Publication

66
Afshin Amoorezaei, S. Ali Khajehoddin,
Kambiz Moez. "A Compact Cuk-Based
<1 %
Differential Power Processing IC with
Integrated Magnetics and Soft-Switching
Controller for Maximized Cell-Level Power
Extraction", IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, 2024
Publication

67
Ahmad Alzahrani, Khizar Sajjad, Ghulam
Hafeez, Sadia Murawwat, Sheraz Khan,
<1 %
Farrukh Aslam Khan. "Real-time energy
optimization and scheduling of buildings
integrated with renewable microgrid", Applied
Energy, 2023
Publication

68
Bahram Jalil, Somayeh Kazemi, Mehdi
Dolatshahi. "Analysis of the Impact of the
<1 %
Inductive Peaking Bandwidth Enhancement
Technique on the Noise Performance of
CMOS Optical Amplifiers", Circuits, Systems,
and Signal Processing, 2024
Publication

69
C. Guedes Soares, S. Wang. "Innovations in
Renewable Energies Offshore", CRC Press,
<1 %
2024
Publication
70
Guoneng Li, Qiangsheng Li, Shifeng Wang,
Pengtao Jiang, Dan Zhao, Wenwen Guo,
<1 %
Yuanjun Tang. "Efficient standalone micro
thermoelectric generator powered by low
noise premixed combustion", Energy, 2024
Publication

71
Lei Huang, Baoyi Pan, Shaoyong Wang,
Yingrui Dong, Zihao Mou. "Review on
<1 %
Maximum Power Point Tracking Control
Strategy Algorithms for Offshore Floating
Photovoltaic Systems", Journal of Marine
Science and Engineering, 2024
Publication

72
Pooja Deori, Anish Ahmad. "Modified
Switched Boost Continuous Input Current
<1 %
Based Impedance Source DC-DC Converters",
2023 IEEE 3rd International Conference on
Smart Technologies for Power, Energy and
Control (STPEC), 2023
Publication

73
chariotenergy.com
Internet Source <1 %
74
eprints.utar.edu.my
Internet Source <1 %
75
www.123articleonline.com
Internet Source <1 %
76
www.bobvila.com
Internet Source <1 %
77
www.ije.ir
Internet Source <1 %
78
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Internet Source <1 %
79
www.techscience.com
Internet Source <1 %
80
Mahmoodreza Eskandarpour Azizkandi,
Farzad Sedaghati, Hossein Shayeghi, Frede
<1 %
Blaabjerg. "A High Voltage Gain DC–DC
Converter Based on Three Winding Coupled
Inductor and Voltage Multiplier Cell", IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, 2020
Publication

81
Mojtaba Forouzesh, Yam P. Siwakoti, Saman
A. Gorji, Frede Blaabjerg, Brad Lehman. "Step-
<1 %
Up DC–DC Converters: A Comprehensive
Review of Voltage-Boosting Techniques,
Topologies, and Applications", IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, 2017
Publication

82
Radian Belu. "Smart Grid Fundamentals -
Energy Generation, Transmission and
<1 %
Distribution", CRC Press, 2022
Publication
83
Fahad R. Albogamy, Mohammad Yousaf Ishaq
Paracha, Ghulam Hafeez, Imran Khan et al.
<1 %
"Real-time scheduling for optimal energy
optimization in smart grid integrated with
renewable energy sources", IEEE Access, 2022
Publication

84
Iqbal Husain. "Electric and Hybrid Vehicles -
Design Fundamentals", CRC Press, 2021
<1 %
Publication

85
Qingguang Yu, Zhicheng Jiang, Mengchu
Zhao. "Research of Mode and Topology of
<1 %
Hybrid Renewable Energy System in DC Bus
Microgrid", 2020 15th IEEE International
Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP), 2020
Publication

86
Viraj B.Savakhande, Mangesh A.Chewale,
Rohit S.Sarwade, Pravin S.Chavan, Ashitosh
<1 %
S.Jagadale. "Coupled Inductor and Voltage
Doubler Based Boost Converter for High
Step-up Application", 2018 International
Conference on Control, Power,
Communication and Computing Technologies
(ICCPCCT), 2018
Publication

87
hdl.handle.net
Internet Source <1 %
Exclude quotes On Exclude matches Off
Exclude bibliography On
ABT_TBM_473
PAGE 1

PAGE 2

PAGE 3

PAGE 4

PAGE 5

PAGE 6

PAGE 7

PAGE 8

PAGE 9

PAGE 10

PAGE 11

PAGE 12

PAGE 13

PAGE 14

PAGE 15

PAGE 16

PAGE 17

PAGE 18

PAGE 19

PAGE 20

PAGE 21

PAGE 22

PAGE 23

PAGE 24

PAGE 25
PAGE 26

PAGE 27

PAGE 28

PAGE 29

PAGE 30

PAGE 31

PAGE 32

PAGE 33

PAGE 34

PAGE 35

PAGE 36

PAGE 37

PAGE 38

PAGE 39

PAGE 40

PAGE 41

PAGE 42

PAGE 43

PAGE 44

PAGE 45

PAGE 46

PAGE 47

PAGE 48

PAGE 49

PAGE 50

PAGE 51
PAGE 52

PAGE 53

PAGE 54

PAGE 55

PAGE 56

PAGE 57

PAGE 58

PAGE 59

PAGE 60

PAGE 61

PAGE 62

PAGE 63

PAGE 64

PAGE 65

PAGE 66

PAGE 67

PAGE 68