The phenomenon of Globalization

changes the way of life among the

Introduction individuals around the world. The
concept of Globalization modifies the
social, political and economic
to landscape of each country in which
technological advancement plays a

Globalization huge role in transforming the lives of

people around the
Furthermore, the various social
globe.
Discussion 1: The Contemporary World
science discipline has a relation to the
concept of Globalization wherein it
analyzes the context of current issues
and problems in contemporary world

Definitions of Globalization
“Globalization constitutes integration of National economies into the
International economy through trade, direct foreign investment (by corporations
and multinationals), short-term capital flows, international flows of workers and
humanity generally, and flows of technology”
Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defence of Globalization (Oxford, 2006), p. 3.

“[Globalization] is a reality that now affects every part of the globe and every
person on it, even though in widely differing local contexts.”.
Bruce Mazlish, “Comparing Global History to World History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28/3 (1998), p. 387.

“A progressive increase in the scale of social processes from a local or regional to

a world level”
C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850',
in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002), pp. 48-9.
 [Globalization] is “the geographic
dispersion of industrial and service
Globalization is the process by which activities, for example research and
the world, previously isolated through development, sourcing of inputs,
physical and technological distance, production and distribution, and the
becomes increasingly interconnected. cross-border networking of
Globalization It is manifested by the increase in companies, for example through
interaction between people around the joint ventures and the sharing of
world that involves the sharing of assets.” - Organization for Economic
ideas, cultures, goods, services and Cooperation and Development
investment

[Globalization] is “the word used to

•Reduce Costs describe the growing
interdependence of the world’s
•Access Talents economies, cultures,
populations, brought about by
and

•Expand Markets cross-border trade in goods and

services, technology, and flows of
investment, people, and
information.” – Peterson Institute
for International Economic
[Globalization] is “the increased
interconnectedness and interdependence
of peoples and countries, is generally
understood to include two inter-related [Globalization] can thus be defined as “the intensification of worldwide
elements: the opening of international social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local
borders to increasingly fast flows of happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice-
goods, services, finance, people and versa. This is a dialectical process because such local happenings may
ideas; and the changes in institutions and move in an obverse direction from the very distanced relations that
policies at national and international shape them. Local transformation is as much part of globalization as
levels that facilitate or promote such the lateral extension of social connections across time and space.” –
flows. Globalization has the potential for Anthony Giddens
both positive and negative effects on
development and health.” – World Health
Organization
 No generally accepted definition of globalization has
emerged Except for such broad descriptions as:

• ‘increasing global ‘inter-connectedness’,

• Globalization is about the liberalization and global
integration of markets • ‘the expansions and intensification of social relations
across world-time and world-space’,
Ideology in • Globalization is inevitable and irreversible • ‘the compression of time and space’,
• Nobody is in charge of globalization • ‘a complex range of processes, driven by a mixture
Globalization • Globalization benefits everyone (... in the long run) of political and economic influences’,
or Globalism • Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in • and
the world • ‘flow of capital, people, and ideas across national
• Globalization requires a global war on terror borders’

(Giddens, 1990; Harvey, 1989; Held and McGrew,

2007; Lechner and Boli, 2011; Robertson, 1992;
Steger, 2013; Waters, 2001).

Globalization today?

Fast connections: internet, social media

Institutions: World bank, IMF, WTO, UN
International Collaborations
GLOBALIZATION
‘Free Trade’: GATT, NAFTA, TTIP
Migrations of peoples
Human Rights?
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
Phases
1. 1945-2015: Contemporary
2. In the Early 19th Century: Bayly
Globalisation
Christopher Bayly claims that
The key force of globalization after 1945
globalization started with the collapse
was the action of institutions and
of 18th century regimes
governments (Bretton Woods)
This he defines as ‘modern globalisation’
And of markets after 1973:
and sees it as a process based on:
- Liberal economic policies and regimes
-colonialism and imperialism
- Growth of world trade and financial
- and the concept of free trade.
transactions
-Advances in Information Technologies
and easier access to information C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in
- Performance of services remotely the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G.
Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002)
-New business organizations: [HY 100.G5]

2. When did Globalisation Begin? 2. When did Globalisation Begin?

2. 1820-1913: The Great Phase
2. In the Early 19th Century: Bayly
Williamson and O’Rourke underline
Type of time features how
globalisation the period from 1820 to 1870 in
A. PROTO 1500- - European exploration particular was:
1750 - Role of silver - age of ‘free trade’
- importance of slavery - liberalization of the state –
- Increased commodity trade
B. MODERN 1750- - Revolutions (political and
1900 economic) Critiques:
- colonialisms and imperialism - issues of power forgotten
- free trade - gunboat diplomacy
C. PRESENT 1950- - Business and corporations - colonial control
- Personal communication - Post 1870
C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750- - Mass migration
1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5] - infrastructure (railroads and
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G.
steamships, andWillamson,
cablesGlobalization and History: the evolution of a nineteenth-
century Atlantic economy (Cambridge, Mass., 1999).
2. When did Globalisation Begin?
3. In the Sixteenth Century
Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez
claims that globalization begun in 1571
when the Spaniards settled down in
Manila in the Philippines and opened up
trade :

- Manila to Acapulco

- Importance of the Pacific The Galleon Trade was a

major economic system
- Importance of Silver that connected Asia, the
Americas, and Europe
from 1565 to 1815.
Flynn, Dennis O., and Arturo
Giráldez, ‘Cycles of Silver: Global
Economic Unity through the Mid-
Eighteenth Century’, Journal of
World History, 13, no. 2 (2002), pp.
391-427

2. When did 2. When did Globalisation Begin?

Globalisation Begin? 1. 13th Century,
‘Archaic Globalisation'
1. 13th Century
- C. Bayly
- Up to 1600
- Ideology: underpinned by cosmic kingship,
universal religion, humoral understandings of
the body and land
- Long-range circulation of goods but not about
modern ‘consumption’
- Agents: warriors,
 2. When did Globalisation Begin?
1. 13th Century,
‘Archaic Globalisation'
Anaximander
Anaximenes - Trade Fairs were hosted
as an important venue
Pythagoras for merchants to
Heraclitus exchange goods and
settle accounts. The
Parmenides agricultural revolution
Anaxagoras also produced surplus
food, which the Lords
Zeno
traded for luxury goods.

2. When did Globalisation Begin?

1. 13th Century, 2. When did Globalisation Begin?
European World System Before European 4. 500 Years or 5000? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ming-Empire2.jpg/250px-Ming-Empire2.jpg

Hegemony (1250-1350)
Andre Gunder Frank, The World System: Five
The Silk Road Hundred Years or Five Thousand? (1996) and later Re-
was a 4000- Orient (1998) argued that globalization was there well
mile-long before 1500. This is because:
network of
trade routes - Single world economy before 1500
that connected - trade (Silk roads and later European trade in Asia)
the medieval -Centrality of China
world's regions
through trade.
Periods of de-globalisation Periods of De-globalisation
Post 2016: A second de-
1914-1945: De-globalisation?
globalisation?
The interwar period saw:
Is it possible that we are going towards
de-globalisation once again?
-economic protectionism and autarky
- the 2008 financial crisis
-economic and monetary instability
- global alliances not working
- Failure of international bodies
-stagnation of the economies
(UN)
- revolutionary terrorism – violent
-moribund empires, and the
disconnections
confrontation between the US and the
- Crisis of European integration and
Soviet Union
values
- Rise of Nativism
- lack of innovation

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation 3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Movement Integration Global issues
Communication, Technology and Transport
People migration Communicatio Population and (modern)
n inequality
cities and •First steamship cross the Atlantic 1838
geographies •Invention of the Telephone 1876
•Edison’s incandescent electric light 1878
•First Car 1885
Things Trade and transport Resources and •First wireless message sent across the Atlantic 1901
commodities the •First airplane by the Wright brothers 1903
environment •First Radio Programme 1920
•First Television broadcasting 1936
Actions Capitals Business and Economic •Nuclear Power to produce electricity 1951
organisations crises •First Videogame console 1972
•First Cd-Rom 1982
Values Ideas and States and Human Rights •World Wide Web 1990
•DVD 1995
ideologies institutions

1500-c.1800 1800-1945 Post 1945

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation 3. The Dimensions of Globalisation
Communication, Technology and Transport (long view)

• Camel Caravans • Economic

• Ships • Technological
• Merchants, Missionaries, Diplomats • Political
• Cultural

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation

Biological exchange / global
environment

GLOBALIZATION
AS AN
ECONOMIC
PROCESS
Globalization as an Economic Process
Globalization as an Economic Process
Economic Globalization

Growth of international institutions such as European Union,

Cohen (2006), Dicken North American Free Trade Association, and other regional
(2001), Rodrik (2007), trading blocs
- key scholars
Sassen (1998), Stiglit
(2006)
Consider globalization as a phenomenon that signals an
Focused on the evolution of international markets and corporations epochal transformation in world affairs
that led to an intensified form of global interdependence

Globalization as an Economic Process Globalization as an Economic Process

Economic accounts of globalization convey the notion that Their strong affirmation of globalization culminates in the
the essence of the phenomenon involves ‘the increasing suggestion that a quantum change in human affairs has taken
linkage of national economies through trade, financial flows, place as the flow of large quantities of trade, investment, and
and foreign direct investment ... by multinational firms’ technologies across national borders has expanded from a
(Gilpin, 2000: 299). trickle to a flood (Gilpin, 2000: 19).
Globalization as an Economic Process Globalization as an Economic Process

1944 Bretton Woods Conference Golden Age of Controlled Capitalism (Luttwak, 1999)

The Bretton Woods Conference, officially known as the United Nations

Monetary and Financial Conference, was a gathering of delegates from existing mechanisms of state control over international capital
44 nations that met from July 1 to 22, 1944 in Bretton Woods, New movements made possible full employment and the
Hampshire, to agree upon a series of new rules for the post-WWII expansion of the welfare state. Rising wages and increased
international monetary system. The two major accomplishments of the
conference were the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) social services secured in the wealthy countries of the global
and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). north a temporary class compromise

Globalization as an Economic Process Globalization as an Economic Process

Collapse of the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s and • Emergence of a transnational financial system (most
the rise of neo-liberalism in the 1980s fundamental economic feature)
- deregulation of interest rates
- Changing nature of the production process - removal of credit controls
- Liberalization and internationalization of financial - privatization of government-owned banks and
transactions financial institutions
 Globalization as an Economic Process Globalization as an Economic Process

the process of financial globalization accelerated dramatically Explosive growth of tradeable financial value due to
in the late 1980s as capital and securities markets in Europe advances in data processing and information technology
and the United States were deregulated. The liberalization of
financial trading allowed for the increased mobility among
- New satellite systems
different segments of the financial industry, with fewer
restrictions and a global view of investment opportunities. - Fibre-optic technologies
(Castells, 2000)

Globalization as an Economic Process Globalization as an Economic Process

Artificial boom-and-bust cycles Artificial boom-and-bust cycles

→ economic crisis → economic crisis

1997-1998 Southeast Asian crisis 1997-1998 Southeast Asian crisis

Russia (1998) Russia (1998)
Brazil (1999) Brazil (1999)
Argentina (2000-2003) Argentina (2000-2003)
Global Financial Crisis (2008- Global Financial Crisis (2008-
2009) 2009)
European Debt Crisis European Debt Crisis
Globalization as an Economic Process

The Power of Transnational Corporations

(TNCs)

---> global production

Availability of cheap labor

Globalization as a
Political Process
Favourable production conditions in the
Third World

Globalization as a Political Process 1

Globalization as a
Political Process
The faith of the modern state World Wide Web (continuous
advances in computer
technology and communication
systems) as primary force
1. What are the political causes for the massive flows of responsible for the the creation
capital, money, and technology across territorial of single global market
boundaries?
2. Do these flows constitute a serious challenge to the power
of the nation- state?
 Globalization as a Political Process Globalization as a Political Process

Globalization has happened because technological advances Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell (1996: 187) assert, the role of
have broken down many physical barriers to worldwide government will ultimately be reduced to serving as ‘a
communication which used to limit how much connected or superconductor for global capitalism’.
cooperative activity of any kind could happen over long
distances.
-- Richard Langhorne (2001: 2)

Globalization as a
Globalization as a Political
Political Process Process
“borderless world” Political globalization = decline
the nation-state has already lost of territory as a meaningful
its role as a meaningful unit of framework for understanding
participation in the global
economy political and social change

Prem Shankar Jha (2006): end

of the the nation-state thesis
2
Globalization as a Political Process Globalization as a Political Process

the central role of politics – especially the successful mobilization globalization refers to gradual processes of ‘relative
of political power – in unleashing the forces of globalization deterritorialization’ that facilitate the growth of ‘supraterritorial’
relations between people
(Jan Aart Scholte, 2005)
→Continuing relevance of conventional political units, operating If concrete political decisions were responsible for changing the
either in the form of modern nation-states or “global cities” international context in the direction of deregulation, privatization,
and the globalization of the world economy, then different
political decisions could reverse the trend in the opposite
→Saskia Sassen (2008); Amen, et.al. (2006); Brenner (2006) direction.

Globalization as a Political Process

3

John Gray (1998: 218), for example, presents globalization as

a long- term, technology-driven process whose
Globalization as
contemporary shape has been politically determined by the
world's most powerful nations.
Cultural Process
Globalization as Cultural Process Globalization as Cultural Process

John Tomlinson (1999: 1) puts it, ‘Globalization lies at the heart of globalization process and contemporary cultural change
modern culture; cultural practices lie at the heart of globalization.’
1. Does globalization increase cultural homogeneity, or does it Tomlinson (1999: 28), for example, defines cultural globalization
lead to greater diversity and heterogeneity? Or; as a ‘densely growing network of complex cultural
interconnections and interdependencies that characterize modern
2. Does globalization make people more alike or more different? social life’. He emphasizes that global cultural flows are
And second, how does the dominant culture of consumerism directed by powerful international media corporations that
utilize new communication technologies to shape societies
impact the natural environment?
and identities.

Globalization as Cultural Process Globalization as Cultural Process

The American sociologist George Ritzer (1993), for example, Benjamin R. Barber (1996: 17) also enters the normative
coined the term ‘McDonaldization’ to describe the wide- realm when he warns his readers against the cultural
ranging process by which the principles of the fast-food
imperialism of what he calls ‘McWorld’ – a soulless consumer
restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of
American society, as well as the rest of the world. capitalism that is rapidly transforming the world's diverse
population into a blandly uniform market.

McDonaldization leads to the eclipse of cultural diversity and the

dehumanization of social relations.
Globalization as Cultural Process Globalization as Cultural Process

cultural particularism Ethnonationalism

The idea of historical particularism suggests The central theme of ethnic nationalists is that "nations are
all cultures have their own historical trajectory and that defined by a shared heritage, which usually includes a
each culture developed according to this history. common language, a common faith, and a common ethnic
ancestry".

Globalization as Cultural Process Globalization as Cultural Process

Religious fundamentalism Key Idea

Religious fundamentalism refers to the belief of an cultural diversity existing on our planet is destined to vanish
individual or a group of individuals in the absolute authority
of a sacred religious text or teachings of a
particular religious leader, prophet,and/ or God .
Globalization as Cultural Process Globalization as Cultural Process

Contending that cultural globalization always takes place in Often referred to as ‘hybridization’ or ‘creolization’, the
local contexts, Robertson predicts a pluralization of the world processes of cultural mixing are reflected in music, film,
as localities produce a variety of unique cultural responses to fashion, language, and other forms of symbolic
global forces. The result is not increasing cultural expression. Sociologist Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2003:
homogenization, but ‘glocalization’ – a complex interaction 117), for example, argues that exploring ‘hybridity’
of the global and local characterized by cultural amounts to ‘mapping no man's land'.
borrowing.

Globalization as Cultural Process Globalization as Cultural Process

Cultural theorists such as Ulrich Beck (2000: 102) and Arjun Appadurai identifies five conceptual dimensions or ‘landscapes’ that are
constituted by global cultural flows:
Appadurai (1996) have refined this argument by contrasting ethnoscapes (shifting populations made up of tourists, immigrants, refugees,
common interpretations of globalization as a ‘process’ with and exiles),
the less mechanical concept of ‘globality’, referring to ‘the technoscapes (development of technologies that facilitate the rise of TNCs),
experience of living and acting across borders’. finanscapes (flows of global capital),
mediascapes (electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate
information), and
ideoscapes (ideologies of states and social movements).
Globalization as Cultural Process

cultural globalization and the natural environment

cultures steeped in Taoist, Buddhist, and various animist religions

often emphasize the interdependence of all living beings – a
perspective that calls for a delicate balance between human wants
and ecological needs. Nature is not considered a mere ‘resource’
to be used instrumentally to fulfil human desires.