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APPENDIX ‘C’

RADIO AIDS AND INSTRUMENTATION

(AVIONICS)

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THE SYLLABUS OF RADIO AIDS AND INSTRUMENTATION IS AS

FOLLOWS:

1. Radio Navigation

a) Radio Aids

- Ground D/F (including classification of bearings)

- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy

- ADF (including associated beacons and use of the radio

magnetic indicator)
- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy

- VOR and Doppler – VOR (including the use of the radio

magnetic indicator)
- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy

- DME (distance measuring equipment)

- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy

- ILS (Instrument Landing System)

- principles
- presentation and interpretation

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- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy

b) Basic Radar Principles

- Pulse techniques and associated terms – latitude and

longitude

- Ground Radar
- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy

- Airborne weather radar

- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- coverage
- range
- errors and accuracy
- factors affecting range and accuracy
- application for navigation

- SSR secondary surveillance radar and transponder

- principles
- presentation and interpretation
- modes and codes, including mode S

- Use of radar observations and application to in-flight

navigation

c) Area Navigation System

- General philosophy
- use of radio navigation systems or an inertial
navigation system

- Typical flight deck equipment and operation

- means of entering and selecting waypoints and
desired course information (keyboard entry system)

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- means of selecting, tuning and identifying ground

stations
- instrumentation for en-route course guidance
- for some types of systems, instrumentation for
presenting distance traveled, distance to go and, if
necessary, ground speed information
- instrumentation for presenting current position data
- flight detector and autopilot coupling

- Instrument indications

- Types of area navigation system inputs

- self-contained on-board systems (IRS/IRS systems)
- external sensor systems (VOR/DME, GPS)
- air data inputs (true airspeed, altitude, magnetic
heading)

- VOR/DME area navigation (RNAV)

- principle of operation
- advantages and disadvantages
- accuracy, reliability, coverage
- flight deck equipment

- Flight director and autopilot coupling

d) Self-contained and external-referred navigation systems

- Satellite assisted navigation: GPS/GLONASS

- principle of operation
- advantages and disadvantages

e) Inertial Navigation/Reference System (INS/IRS)

- Principles and practical application

- gyroscopic principles
- platform mounting
- accelerometer principles
- integrator principles
- shuller-tuned platform
- navigation computer
- strap down system

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- Alignment procedures
- gyrocompassing
- leveling
- Accuracy, reliability, errors and coverage

- Flight Check equipment and operation

- mode selector unit (MSU)
- control display unit (CDU)
- horizontal situation indicator (HIS)
- INS operation

- Normal flight, position and waypoint entries

- Flight Plan changes
- Bypassing waypoint
- Change of waypoint data
- system check and updating

2 Instrumentation

2.1 Flight Instruments

a) Air data instruments

- pitot and static system
- pitot tube, construction and principles of operation
- static source
- malfunction
- heating
- alternate static source

- Altimeter
- construction and principles of operation
- display and setting
- errors
- correction tables
- tolerances

- Airspeed indicator
- construction and principles of operation
- speed indications (IAS)
- meaning of coloured sectors
- maximum speed indicator, VMO, MMO pointer
- pointer

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- Mach meter
- mach number formula
- construction and principles of operation
- display
- errors

- Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

- aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI)
- construction and principles of operation
- display

- Air Data Computer (ADC)

- principles of operation
- input and output data, signals
- uses of output data
- block diagram
- system monitoring

b) Gyroscopic instruments

- Gyro fundamentals
- theory of gyroscopic forces (stability, precession)
- types, and principles of operation:
- vertical gyro
- directional gyro
- rate gyro
- rate integrating gyro
- single degree-of-freedom gyro
- ring laser gyro

- apparent drift
- random drift
- mountings
- drive types, monitoring

- Directional gyro
- principles of operation

- Slaved gyro compass

- principles of operation
- components
- mounting and modes of operation
- turn and acceleration errors
- application, uses of output data

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- Attitude indicator (vertical gyro)

- principles of operation
- display types
- turn and acceleration errors
- application, uses of output data

- Turn and bank indicator (rate gyro)

- principles of operation
- display types
- application error
- application, uses of output data
- turn coordinator

- Gyro stabilized platform (Gimballed platform)

- types in use
- accelerometer, measurement systems
- construction of principles of operation
- platform alignment
- application, uses of output data

- Fixed installations (strap down systems)

- construction and principles of operation
- types in use
- input signals
- application, uses of output data

c) Magnetic Compass
- construction and principles of operation
- errors (deviation, effect of inclination)

d) Radio Altimeter
- components
- frequency band
- principle of operation
- displays
- errors

2.2 Automatic Flight Control Systems

a) Flight Director

- function and application

- block diagram, components
- mode of operation

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- operation set-up for various flight phases

- command modes (bars)
- mode indicator
- system monitoring
- limitations, operational restrictions

b) Autopilot

- autoland, sequence of operation

- system concepts for autoland, go-around, take-off, fail passive, fail
operational (redundant)

c) Basic concepts of the following

- Flight envelope protection

- Yaw Damper / Stability Augmentation System
- Automatic Pitch Trim
- Auto-thrust

2.3 Warning and Recording Equipment

a) Warnings general
- classification of warning
- display, indicator systems

b) Altitude Alert System

- function
- block diagram, components
- operation and system monitoring

c) Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS)

- function
- block diagram, components
- input data, signals
- system integrity test

d) Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)

- function
- warning modes

e) Over-speed Warning
- function
- input data, signals
- display, indicators

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- function test
- effects on operation in case of failure

f) Stall Warning
- function
- constituent components of a simplified system
- block diagram, components of a system with angle of
attack indicator
- operation

g) Flight Data Recorder (FDR)

- function
- block diagram, components
- operation
- system monitoring

h) Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)

- function
- block diagram, components
- operation

2.4 Power Plant and System Monitoring Instruments

a) Pressure Gauge
- sensors
- pressure indicators
- meaning of coloured sectors

b) Temperature Gauge
- ram rise, recovery factor

c) RPM Indicator
- interfacing of signal pick-up to RPM gauge
- RPM indicators, piston and turbine engines
- meaning of coloured sectors

d) Consumption Gauge
- high pressure line fuel flow-meter (function, indications, failure
warnings)

e) Fuel Gauge
- measurement of volume / mass, units
- measuring sensors
- content, quantity indicators
- reasons for incorrect indications

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f) Torque Meter
- indicators, units
- meaning of coloured sectors

g) Flight Hour Meter

- drive source
- indicators

h) Vibration Monitoring
- indicators, units
- interfacing to bypass turbofan engine
- warning system

i) Electronic Displays
- EFIS
- EICAS
- ECAM
- FMS

j) Basic radio propagation theory

- Basic principles
- electromagnetic waves
- wave length, amplitude, phase angle, frequency
- frequency bands, sideband, single sideband
- pulse characteristics
- carrier, modulation, demodulation
- kinds of modulation (amplitude, frequency, pulse, multiplex)
- oscillation circuits

- Antennas
- characteristics
- polarization
- types of antennas

- Wave propagation
- ground wave
- space waves
- propagation with the frequency bands
- frequency prognosis (MUF)
- fading
- factors affecting propagation (reflection, absorption,
interference, twilight, shoreline, mountain, static)

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