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Frequently asked RTR Part 2 Questions

1. Differentiate between bearing, true bearing, magnetic bearing and relative bearing.

Ans. Bearing - is direction of one place to another

True bearing - bearing which is measured with respect from true north
Mag bearing - bearing which is measured with respect to mag north
Relative bearing - bearing which is measured with respect to longitudinal axis of the AC clockwise
2. Explain TCAS.

Ans. It gives aural and visual alerts for proximate traffic

Interrogator frequency- 1030 &1090
Band - UHF
Working -

• AC equipment consists of an interrogator and transponder.

• Airborne equipment of AC communicates with each other to generate TA (traffic advisory) and if AC is
fitted with MODE C or MODE S transponder it generates RA (Resolution Advisory)
• Max range - 30nm
TCAS 1- It generates TA only and does not give any course of action to be taken to prevent collision.
TCAS 2 - Both TA and RA are generated
3. What is PIB?

Ans. Preflight information bulletin

It is a presentation of current NOTAMs of the last 2 weeks prepared in plain language daily at 0000UTC.
It is prepared route wise for personal concerned personnel concerned with flight operation at the time of briefing.
PIB are made available at ATS reporting office
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4. State the principles of the following:

a) NDB/ADF: bearing by loop theory

b) VOR: bearing by Phase comparison

c) RADAR

• primary: principle of echo and searchlight

• secondary: transponder and interrogation

d) ILS- Difference in depth modulation

e) MLS- TRSB; time reference scanning beam

f) AWR- searchlight and echo

g) RADALT- FMCW frequency modulation continuous wave

5. What are the components of ILS?

Ans: a) Localizer (gives horizontal/Azimuth guidance)

b) Glidepath (gives vertical guidance)
c) Marker Beacons
d) ILS DME
e) Low powered NDB (10-25NM range)
* ILS helps in precision approach
6. Why do aircrafts dim cabin lights while taking off?

Ans. This is a safety measure and is to ensure your eyes are adjusted to the gloom enough to see the floor lights
leading you to safety along the aisle in the event of a crash or emergency evacuation.

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7. If you are head on with another aircraft TCAS asks you to descend while ATC asks you to climb what will

you follow?

Ans. I will descend in such case following the TCAS advisory as ATC advising to climb can be a result of human
error and to avoid collision, we are supposed to follow TCAS in such situation.
8. Explain the following Q-codes

Ans. QDM - Magnetic heading

QDR - Magnetic bearing

QFE - Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (or at runway threshold)

QFU - Magnetic orientation of runway

QNH - Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on ground

QTE - True bearing

9.What does the altimeter show when QNH is entered:

Ans. When QNH is entered the altimeter reads altitude or height above mean sea level when aircraft is in air;
and aerodrome elevation when aircraft is on ground.
10. Difference between airport and aerodrome

Ans. Aerodrome: A defined area on land or water intended to be used for the arrival, departure and surface
movement of aircraft.
Airport: It's a landing /take off area for ac usually with runway, ac maintenance, passenger facilities including
aerodrome and customs.
11. What is SVFR?

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Ans. Special VFR flight is a VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a control zone in
meteorological conditions below visual meteorological conditions. It can only be requested for takeoffs and
landings.
12. Annexures:

Annexure 1: Personal Licensing

Annexure 2: Rules of Air
Annexure 3: Meteorological Service
Annexure 4: Aeronautical charts
Annexure 5: Units of measurements to be used in air and ground communication.
Annexure 6: Operation of aircraft
Part 1: International commercial air transport.
Part 2: International General Aviation.
Part 3: International Operational - Helicopters.
Annexure 7; Aircraft nationality and registration marking.
Annexure 8: Airworthiness of Aircraft
Annexure 9: Facilitation
Annexure 10: Aeronautical Telecommunications
Vol 1: - Radio Navigation Aids
Vol 2: - Communication Procedures
Vol 3: - Digital data Communication systems.
Vol 4: - Surveillance Radar and collision avoidance systems
Vol 5: - Aeronautical Radio frequency spectrum utilization.
Annexure 11: Air Traffic Services
Annexure 12: Search and Rescue
Annexure 13: Aircraft Accident Investigation
Annexure 14: Aerodromes

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Annexure 15: Aeronautical Information Service
Annexure 16: Environmental Protection
Annexure 17: Unlawful Interference
Annexure 18: Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air.
Annexure 19: Safety Management.
13. What is attenuation?

Ans. Attenuation is the term given to the loss of signal strength in a radio wave as it travels outward from the

transmitter.

14. Difference between BREAK and BREAK BREAK

Ans. BREAK: Separation between portions of the message.

BREAK-BREAK: Separation between messages for two different aircraft.
15. What is ROGER?

Ans. ROGER stands for Received Order Given, Expect Results. This phrase does not mean the agreement but just
the signal that the entire message was received.
16. What is WILCO?

Ans. Wilco - Will comply

I have received your message, understand it and will comply

17. Difference between precision and non-precision approach

Ans. A precision approach is an instrument approach and landing using precision lateral and vertical guidance with
minima while a non-precision standard instrument approach procedure only provides horizontal guidance.
18. What is DA or DH?

Ans. The Decision Altitude (DA) or Decision Height (DH) is a specified altitude or height in the Precision
Approach or approach with vertical guidance at which a Missed Approach must be initiated if the required visual
reference to continue the approach has not been established.
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19. What is a radar?

Ans. Radar is an electromagnetic sensor used for detecting. locating, tracking and recognizing aircraft at
considerable distances.
RADAR- Radio Detection and Ranging
There are two types of radars- primary and secondary.
20. Emission codes of the following:

Ans. ADF: NON A1A NON A2A

HF: JE3
ILS: A8W
VOR: A9W
DME: P0N
21. What is a METAR?

Ans. METAR is a format for reporting weather information. A METAR weather report is predominantly used by
aircraft pilots, and by meteorologists, who use aggregated METAR information to assist in weather forecasting
22. In how much time does METAR changes?

Ans. METARs are issued hourly unless significant weather changes have occurred.

23. What is a doppler VOR (DVOR)?

Ans. Doppler VORs are second generation VORs.

Although their transmission frequencies are the same, the transmitted bearing accuracy is improved as the
transmissions are less sensitive to site error.
The transmission differences are:
•The reference signal is AM
•The variable phase directional signal is FM.
24. State the advantages of SSB over DSB

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Ans. SSB modulation has several advantages over DSB modulation, such as reducing the bandwidth and power
consumption by half, avoiding interference and distortion, and allowing more channels to be accommodated in a
given frequency band.
25. What is NOTAM?

Ans. A NOTAM (Notice to Air Mission) is a notice filed with an aviation authority to alert aircraft pilots of potential
hazards along a flight route or at a location that could affect the flight. NOTAMs are notices or advisories that
contain information concerning the establishment, conditions or change in any aeronautical facility, service,
procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which may be essential to personnel and systems concerned with
flight operations.

26. Define:
a) TORA: takeoff run available
In most aerodromes the TORA is the length of rwy from threshold to threshold
b) TODA: Takeoff distance available
It is the sum of TORA and any clearway. If no clearway available, TORA=TODA
c) ASDA: Acceleration stop distance available
ASDA= TORA+ stopway
27. Difference between RVSM and non-RVSM.

Ans. RVSM- reduced vertical separation minima

The vertical separation between two aircraft under RVSM category is 1000 feet while the separation between two
aircraft under non-RVSM category is 2000 feet.
RVSM was introduced to accommodate more aircraft due to increasing traffic.
28. What is suppression of carrier?

Ans. It is a method of modulation in which the carrier signal component is suppressed and does not appear in the

output signal.

29. What are PAPI and VASI?

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PAPI: A precision approach path indicator (PAPI) is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway threshold
that provides visual descent guidance information during final approach. It is generally located on the left-hand
side of the runway approximately 300 meters beyond the landing threshold of the runway.
VASI: The visual approach slope indicator (VASI) is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway threshold
that provides visual descent guidance information during final approach. These lights may be visible from up to 8
kilometers (5.0 mi) during the day and up to 32 kilometers (20 mi) or more at night.
30. State Advantage of HF over VHF.

Ans. HF has a longer wavelength (10-100m) due to which it can travel a much longer distance than the VHF wave.
31. Which airspace do u does not need radio communication?

Ans. Class E and G airspace do not require radio communication unless the weather is worse than the specified

criteria.

32. Difference between rule and act.

Ans. Act: It is the intention of law describing the applicability, definitions governing provisions and fines, penalties
and the way it is to be applied.
Rules: Rules are the standard methods and procedures in relation to any provision contained in the act and these
are framed by the inherent powers given in the act.

33. Division of airspaces:

Ans. The Indian airspace has been divided into 5 FIRs
Eastern Region-Kolkata
Western region-Mumbai
Northern Region- Delhi
Southern Region- Chennai
Northeastern region- Guwahati
34. Define:

a) GAGAN: GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation

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b) GPS: Global Positioning System

c) GPWS: Ground Proximity Warning System

d) GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite system

35. What are PRI, PRF, PRP and pulse width?

Ans.

-Pulse recurrence interval - it is the time interval between two pulses. Also known as pulse recurrence period

-Pulse recurrence frequency- number of pulses transmitted in one sec.

-PRP/PRI/PRT - pulse recurring period/interval/time. It is the time interval elapsed between the start of one pulse

to the start of another pulse.

-Pulse width - It is the time elapsed between start of pulse to end of pulse. It is normally given in micro sec.

36. DOCS

Ans. DOC 4444: PANS - ATM

DOC 7030: Regional Supplementary Procedures (SUPPs)
DOC 9432: Manual of Radiotelephony
DOC 8400: ICAO Abbreviations and Codes
DOC 7910/29 ICAO Publication Location Indicators.
DOC 9981: Aerodromes
DOC 8168: Aircraft Operations
DOC 9868: PANS TRG procedures for air nav services-training
DOC 10066 Aeronautical information management
37. What is PBN?

Ans. PBN is performance-based Navigation

Area navigation is based on performance requirements for aircraft operating along an ATS route, on an instrument
approach procedure or in a designated airspace.
38. What is Angle of Attack?

Ans. The angle between the line of the chord of an aero foil and the relative airflow is known as the angle of attack
39. Explain:

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a) ohm's law: Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to
the potential difference across them.

V = IR
where,
I is the current through the conductor in amperes
V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in volts
and R is the resistance of the conductor in ohms.

b) Kirchoff's law: Kirchhoff's junction rule (or nodal rule), states that, for any node junction in an electrical circuit,
the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node; or equivalently.
The law is based on the conservation of charge where the charge (measured in coulombs) is the product of the
current (in amperes) and the time (in seconds).

40. What is readability?

Ans. Read you 1- Unreadable

Read you 2- Read you now and then

Read you 3- Readable with difficulty

Read you 4- Readable

Read you 5- Perfectly Readable

41. Which squawk code is used when no squawk is assigned?

Ans. When no squawk code is allotted, 2000 is entered.

42. What is RADAR, Difference between primary radar and secondary radar.

Ans. RADAR- Radio Detection and Ranging

There are two types of radars- primary and secondary.
Primary Radar:

• principle- echo and searchlight

• requires external help
• Tx and Rx on same frequency
• uses single Pulse
• requires high peak power
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 • It uses one frequency throughout
Secondary Radar

• Works on two different frequencies

• Transmits on one frequency and receives the response on the another.
E.g. DME, TCAS, SSR

• It has a transponder and interrogator

Advantages of secondary over primary radar:

• free from external disturbances

• no false echoes
• Unaffected by weather
43. What are transition altitude, transition level and transition layer?

Ans. The transition level is the lowest available Flight Level for use. The transition altitude is the altitude at which
you can set the altimeter to 1013hPa so that it indicates flight levels. The transition layer is the area between the
transition altitude and transition level.

44. Difference between height and altitude

Ans. Height is the vertical distance measured from a specified datum for example an airfield while Altitude is the
vertical distance measured from the mean sea level.
45. What is the need of SELCAL

SELCAL uses a ground-based encoder and radio transmitter to broadcast an audio signal that is picked up by a
decoder and radio receiver on an aircraft. The use of SELCAL allows an aircraft crew to be notified of incoming
communications even when the aircraft's radio has been muted. This feature reduces pilot's workload and removes
the need of a pilot to monitor radio communication at all times
46. Define:

a) AERADIO:

The publication contains detailed information on the location indicator, communication, navigation and surveillance
facilities available at airports and communication stations in India.
It includes TMA units and frequency in use, ATIS, RADARA and MWARA, list of aeronautical stations and
navigation facilities, Identification of VOR and frequency and frequency for radio communication, list of stations
in India, watch hours, call sign and emissions, VOLMET etc.

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AERADIO is issued by AAl, in dark blue color, Available at all Metro airports (Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata),
AAl headquarters is in New Delhi.

b) RADARA

RDARA Regional and domestic Air Route Area is

domestic Hf station.
All domestic flights operated in it.
1. Northern RDARA (Delhi)
2. Wester RDARA (Mumbai)
3. Southern RDARA (Chennai)
4. Eastern RDARA (Kolkata)
5. Northeast (Guwahati)

c) MWARA

MWARA (Major World Air Route Area) Networks. is a high frequency station.
Divided into 37 networks.
All International flights inside or outside country operates on it.
1). MID (Middle East)- For AC flying north-west of country.
2). SEA (Southeast Asia)- For AC flying south-east of country.
3). INO (Indian ocean)- For ac flying over Indian ocean

d) ATIS

Automatic terminal information service, or ATIS, is a continuous broadcast of recorded aeronautical information
in busier terminal areas. ATIS broadcasts contain essential information, such as current weather information, active
runways, available approaches, and any other information required by the pilots, such as important NOTAMs. Pilots
usually listen to an available ATIS broadcast before contacting the local control unit, which reduces the controllers'
workload and relieves frequency congestion.

e) VOLMET

VOLMET reports are broadcast principally over high frequency (HF) radio by a number of civil and military
stations located around the world. This global network is divided into regions with each region having a number of
VOLMET broadcast stations which all broadcast on the same frequency.
47: What are Garbling and Fruiting

Ans. Fruiting: When A/C is flying within a coverage area of more than 1 SSR it may have the inference while
replying to another. This is reduced by allotting different PRF to adjacent stations.
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Garbling - When two or more AC are operating close to each other they may cause interference by giving
overlapping response at ground station. This can be reduced by using killer circuit (suppressor).

48. Define Nautical Mile.

Ans. The length on the Earth’s surface of one minute (1/60 of a degree) of arc along a meridian is known as a

Nautical Mile.

49. What are restricted, danger and prohibited areas?

Ans. Restricted Areas are areas in which flight is only permitted under certain circumstances.
Danger Area: activities dangerous to aircraft exist at specified times.
Prohibited Areas are areas in which flight is not permitted due to security concerns
List of Prohibited areas as per schedule 1 of aircraft rule 1937:
• Parliament building
• Taj Mahal
• Prime Minister house
• Rashtrapati Bhawan
• Tower of silence
• Mathura refinery
• Tirupati temple in Andhra Pradesh
• Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

50. Draw the Symbols of the following:

51. State frequencies of:

a) localizer- 108-112MHz
b) Glide slope- 329-335MHz
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c) Marker Beacons- 400Hz, 1300Hz, 3000Hz
52. What are the following Squawk codes used for?

Ans. 7500- Unlawful interference

7600- Comm failure
7700- emergency on board
2000- no code allotted
0000- transponder failure
1200- for crossing FIR boundary

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