What is the difference between following two expressions, if lst is

given as [1, 3, 5]
(i) lst * 3 and lst *= 3
(ii) lst + 3 and lst += [3]
ANS: Let's break down the differences between the two pairs of expressions.

(i) `lst * 3` vs. `lst *= 3`

- **`lst * 3`:** This expression creates a new list by repeating the original list `lst` three times. For
`lst = [1, 3, 5]`, the result would be:

[1, 3, 5, 1, 3, 5, 1, 3, 5]

- **`lst *= 3`:** This modifies the original list in place, repeating its elements three times. The `lst`
itself becomes:

[1, 3, 5, 1, 3, 5, 1, 3, 5]

In both cases, the result is the same for the given example, but the first creates a new list while the
second modifies the existing list.

(ii) `lst + 3` vs. `lst += [3]`

**`lst + 3`:** This expression raises a `TypeError` because you cannot concatenate an integer (3)
directly to a list. The operation is invalid.

**`lst += [3]`:** This modifies the original list by appending the value `3` as an element of a new list.
After this operation, `lst` becomes:

[1, 3, 5, 3]

In summary:

- The first pair (`*` vs. `*=`) behaves similarly in terms of outcome but differs in how they operate on
the list.

- The second pair (`+` vs. `+=`) shows a type error with the first expression and successfully modifies
the list with the second.

Given two lists:

L1 = ["this", 'is', 'a', 'List'], L2 = ["this", ["is", "another"], "List"]
Which of the following expressions will cause an error and why?

1. L1 == L2
 2. L1.upper( )
3. L1[3].upper( )
4. L2.upper( )
5. L2[1].upper( )
6. L2[1][1].upper( )
ANS: Let's evaluate each expression and see if it will cause an error:

1. **`L1 == L2`**:

- This compares the two lists. Since their contents and structure are different (`L1` has four strings
while `L2` has a string and a nested list), this will return `False`, but it won't cause an error.

2. **`L1.upper()`**:

- This will cause an `AttributeError` because `L1` is a list, and lists do not have an `upper()` method.

3. **`L1[3].upper()`**:

- This accesses the fourth element of `L1`, which is the string `'List'`, and calls `upper()` on it. This
will return `'LIST'` without causing an error.

4. **`L2.upper()`**:

- This will cause an `AttributeError` for the same reason as `L1.upper()`: `L2` is also a list and does
not have an `upper()` method.

5. **`L2[1].upper()`**:

- This accesses the second element of `L2`, which is the nested list `["is", "another"]`. Since a list
does not have an `upper()` method, this will also raise an `AttributeError`.

6. **`L2[1][1].upper()`**:

- This accesses the second element of the nested list `["is", "another"]`, which is the string
`"another"`, and calls `upper()` on it. This will return `'ANOTHER'` without causing an error.

Summary of errors:

- **Errors will occur in**:

- `L1.upper()`

- `L2.upper()`

- `L2[1].upper()`

So, expressions 2, 4, and 5 will cause errors.

5.Given a list L1 = [3, 4.5, 12, 25.7, [2, 1, 0, 5], 88], which function
can change the list to:
 1. [3, 4.5, 12, 25.7, 88]
2. [3, 4.5, 12, 25.7]
3. [ [2, 1, 0, 5], 88]
ANS: You can achieve the desired changes to the list `L1` using the `remove()` method or by slicing.
Here are the functions you can use for each transformation:

1. **To change `L1` to `[3, 4.5, 12, 25.7, 88]`:**

L1.remove([2, 1, 0, 5])

2. **To change `L1` to `[3, 4.5, 12, 25.7]`:**

L1.pop() # Removes the last element (88)

L1.remove([2, 1, 0, 5]) # Or L1.pop() to remove the last element again

3. **To change `L1` to `[[2, 1, 0, 5], 88]`:**

L1 = L1[4:] # Slicing to keep the last two elements (the nested list and 88)

Summary of methods:

- **`remove()`**: Removes the first occurrence of a specified value from the list.

- **`pop()`**: Removes and returns an element at a specified index (or the last element if no index is
provided).

- **Slicing**: Allows you to create a new list from specified indices.

Make sure to execute these operations in the right order based on your needs!

6. What will the following code result in?

L1 = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
print (L1 == L1.reverse( ) )
print (L1)

ANS: Let's break down what happens in the code:

1. **`L1 = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]`**: This initializes the list `L1`.

2. **`L1.reverse()`**: This method reverses the list in place and returns `None`. It modifies `L1`
directly, so after this call, `L1` becomes `[9, 7, 5, 3, 1]`.

3. **`L1 == L1.reverse()`**:

- The `reverse()` method does not return the reversed list; it returns `None`.
- Therefore, this expression evaluates to `[9, 7, 5, 3, 1] == None`, which is `False`.

4. **`print(L1)`**: This will output the modified list, which is now `[9, 7, 5, 3, 1]`.Final output:

- The first print statement will output `False`.

- The second print statement will output `[9, 7, 5, 3, 1]`.

So, the result will be:

```

False

[9, 7, 5, 3, 1]

```

7. Predict the output:

my_list= [ 'p', 'r', 'o', 'b', 'l' , 'e', 'm']
my_list[2:3] = []
print(my_list)
my_list[2:5] = []
print(my_list)

ANS: Let's break down the code step by step:

1. **Initialization**:

```python

my_list = ['p', 'r', 'o', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

```

2. **First slice assignment**:

```python

my_list[2:3] = []

```

- The slice `my_list[2:3]` refers to the element at index 2, which is `'o'`.

- Assigning `[]` to this slice effectively removes the element `'o'` from the list.

- After this operation, `my_list` becomes:

```

['p', 'r', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

```
3. **First print statement**:

```python

print(my_list)

```

- This will output:

```

['p', 'r', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

```

4. **Second slice assignment**:

```python

my_list[2:5] = []

```

- The slice `my_list[2:5]` refers to the elements at indices 2, 3, and 4, which are `'b'`, `'l'`, and `'e'`.

- Assigning `[]` to this slice removes these elements.

- After this operation, `my_list` becomes:

```

['p', 'r', 'm']

```

5. **Second print statement**:

```python

print(my_list)

```

- This will output:

```

['p', 'r', 'm']

```

Final output:

So the complete output will be:

```

['p', 'r', 'b', 'l', 'e', 'm']

['p', 'r', 'm']

8. Predict the output:
List1 = [13, 18, 11, 16, 13, 18, 13]
print(List1.index(18))
print(List1.count(18))
List1.append(List1.count(13))
print(List1)

ANS: Let's analyze the code step by step:

1. **Initialization**:

```python

List1 = [13, 18, 11, 16, 13, 18, 13]

```

2. **Finding the index of the first occurrence of `18`**:

```python

print(List1.index(18))

```

- The `index()` method returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified value. Here, `18`
first appears at index `1`.

- So, this line will output:

```

```

3. **Counting occurrences of `18`**:

```python

print(List1.count(18))

```

- The `count()` method returns the number of times a specified value appears in the list. Here, `18`
appears twice.

- So, this line will output:

```2
4. **Appending the count of `13`**:

```python

List1.append(List1.count(13))

```

- The `count(13)` method will return the number of times `13` appears in the list. Here, `13`
appears three times.

- The `append()` method adds this count (which is `3`) to the end of `List1`.

- After this operation, `List1` becomes:

```

[13, 18, 11, 16, 13, 18, 13, 3]

```

5. **Final print statement**:

```python

print(List1)

```

- This will output the modified list:

```

[13, 18, 11, 16, 13, 18, 13, 3]

```

Final output:

The complete output of the code will be:

```

[13, 18, 11, 16, 13, 18, 13, 3]

```

9. Predict the output:

Odd = [1,3,5]
print( (Odd +[2, 4, 6])[4] )
print( (Odd +[12, 14, 16])[4] - (Odd +[2, 4, 6])[4] )

ANS: Let's break down the code step by step:

1. **Initialization**:

```python

Odd = [1, 3, 5]

```

2. **First print statement**:

```python

print((Odd + [2, 4, 6])[4])

```

- Here, `Odd + [2, 4, 6]` concatenates the two lists:

```

[1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6]

```

- The index `4` refers to the fifth element (since indexing starts at `0`), which is `4`.

- So, this statement will output:

```

```

3. **Second print statement**:

```python

print((Odd + [12, 14, 16])[4] - (Odd + [2, 4, 6])[4])

```

- First, let's evaluate `(Odd + [12, 14, 16])[4]`:

- `Odd + [12, 14, 16]` results in:

```

[1, 3, 5, 12, 14, 16]

```

- The index `4` refers to the fifth element, which is `14`.

- Now we already calculated `(Odd + [2, 4, 6])[4]`, which is `4`.

- Therefore, this statement evaluates to:

```
 14 - 4 = 10

```

Final output:

So the complete output will be:

```

10

```

10. Predict the output:

a, b, c = [1,2], [1, 2], [1, 2]
print(a == b)
print (a is b)

ANS: Let's analyze the code step by step:

1. **Initialization**:

```python

a, b, c = [1, 2], [1, 2], [1, 2]

```

- Here, `a`, `b`, and `c` are all assigned separate lists, each containing the elements `[1, 2]`.

2. **First print statement**:

```python

print(a == b)

```

- The `==` operator checks for value equality. Since both `a` and `b` contain the same values (`[1,
2]`), this expression evaluates to `True`.

- So, this line will output:

```

True

`..

3. **Second print statement**:

```python

print(a is b)
 - The `is` operator checks for identity, meaning it checks if `a` and `b` refer to the same object in
memory. Since `a` and `b` were created as separate lists, they are different objects, even though
they have the same content.

- Therefore, this expression evaluates to `False`.

- So, this line will output:

```

False

```

Final output:

The complete output will be:

```

True

False

```

11.Predict the output of following two parts. Are the outputs same?
Are the outputs different? Why?
(a)
L1, L2 = [2, 4] , [2, 4]
L3 = L2
L2[1] = 5
print(L3)

(b)
L1, L2 = [2, 4] , [2, 4]
L3 = list(L2)
L2[1] = 5
print(L3)

ANS: Let's break down each part of the code:

### Part (a)

1. **Initialization**:

```python
 L1, L2 = [2, 4], [2, 4]

```

- Here, `L1` and `L2` are two separate lists, each containing `[2, 4]`.

2. **Assigning `L2` to `L3`**:

```python

L3 = L2

```

- This line makes `L3` a reference to the same list object as `L2`. Both `L2` and `L3` now point to the
same list in memory.

3. **Modifying `L2`**:

```python

L2[1] = 5

```

- This changes the second element of the list pointed to by both `L2` and `L3` to `5`. Now, both `L2`
and `L3` represent `[2, 5]`.

4. **Printing `L3`**:

```python

print(L3)

```

- Since `L3` references the same list as `L2`, this will output:

```

[2, 5]

```

Part (b)

1. **Initialization**:

```python

L1, L2 = [2, 4], [2, 4]

```
 - Same as part (a), `L1` and `L2` are two separate lists.

2. **Creating a new list from `L2`**:

```python

L3 = list(L2)

```

- This creates a new list `L3` that is a copy of `L2`. Now, `L3` contains `[2, 4]`, but it is a separate
object in memory.

3. **Modifying `L2`**:

```python

L2[1] = 5

```

- This changes `L2` to `[2, 5]`. However, `L3` remains unchanged since it is a copy.

4. **Printing `L3`**:

```python

print(L3)

```

- Since `L3` is a copy of the original `L2` (before modification), it will output:

```

[2, 4]

```

Comparison of Outputs

- **Part (a)**: Outputs `[2, 5]`

- **Part (b)**: Outputs `[2, 4]`

Are the outputs the same or different?

**The outputs are different.**

### Why?
- In part (a), `L3` is a reference to the same list as `L2`. Modifying `L2` also changes `L3`.

- In part (b), `L3` is a separate copy of `L2`. Modifying `L2` does not affect `L3`.

So, the key difference lies in whether `L3` is a reference to the same list or a copy of it.

12. Find the errors:

1. L1 = [1, 11, 21, 31]

2. L2 = L1 + 2
3. L3 = L1 * 2
4. Idx = L1.index(45)

ANS: Let's analyze each line of the code to identify errors:

1. **Initialization of `L1`**:

```python

L1 = [1, 11, 21, 31]

```

- This line is correct. `L1` is initialized as a list.

2. **Attempt to add `2` to `L1`**:

```python

L2 = L1 + 2

```

- This line will cause a `TypeError`. The `+` operator for lists is used to concatenate two lists, not to
add an integer directly. To add `2` to each element, you would need to use a list comprehension or a
similar method. For example:

```python

L2 = [x + 2 for x in L1]

```

3. **Multiplying `L1` by `2`**:

 ```python

L3 = L1 * 2

```

- This line is correct. The `*` operator for lists duplicates the list, so `L3` will be:

```

[1, 11, 21, 31, 1, 11, 21, 31]

```

4. **Finding the index of `45`**:

```python

Idx = L1.index(45)

```

- This line will cause a `ValueError`. The `index()` method raises an error if the specified value is not
found in the list. Since `45` is not in `L1`, this will raise:

```

ValueError: 45 is not in list

```

### Summary of Errors:

- **Error in Line 2**: `TypeError` because you cannot directly add an integer to a list.

- **Error in Line 4**: `ValueError` because `45` is not in `L1`.

### Corrected Code Example:

Here’s how you might correct the errors:

```python

L1 = [1, 11, 21, 31]

L2 = [x + 2 for x in L1] # Correctly add 2 to each element

L3 = L1 * 2 # This line is correct

try:

Idx = L1.index(45) # This will still raise ValueError

except ValueError:
 Idx = None # Handle the error gracefully

```

In this example, `L2` is correctly created, and we handle the potential error with `Idx`.

13. Find the errors:

L1 = [1, 11, 21, 31]
An = L1.remove(41)

ANS: Let's analyze the code to identify errors:

1. **Initialization of `L1`**:

```python

L1 = [1, 11, 21, 31]

```

- This line is correct. `L1` is initialized as a list.

2. **Attempt to remove `41`**:

```python

An = L1.remove(41)

```

- This line will cause a `ValueError`. The `remove()` method tries to remove the first occurrence of
the specified value from the list. Since `41` is not in `L1`, the method will raise:

```

ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list

```

### Summary of Errors:

- **Error in Line 2**: `ValueError` because `41` is not present in `L1`.

### Corrected Code Example:

If you want to avoid the error, you could check if the element exists in the list before trying to
remove it. Here’s a way to handle it:
```python

L1 = [1, 11, 21, 31]

if 41 in L1:

L1.remove(41)

else:

print("41 is not in the list")

```

This way, you prevent the error and can handle the situation gracefully.

13.B Find the errors:

L1 = [1, 11, 21, 31]
An = L1.remove(31)
print(An + 2)

ANS: Let's analyze the code step by step to identify any errors:

1. **Initialization of `L1`**:

```python

L1 = [1, 11, 21, 31]

```

- This line is correct. `L1` is initialized as a list.

2. **Removing `31` from the list**:

```python

An = L1.remove(31)

```

- The `remove()` method removes the first occurrence of the specified value from the list. In this
case, it removes `31` from `L1`.

- However, the `remove()` method does not return the removed value; it returns `None`.
Therefore, `An` will be set to `None`.
3. **Attempting to print `An + 2`**:

```python

print(An + 2)

```

- Since `An` is `None`, attempting to add `2` to `None` will raise a `TypeError`. Specifically, you
will get:

```

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'NoneType' and 'int'

```

### Summary of Errors:

- **Error in Line 3**: `TypeError` because you cannot add an integer to `None`.

### Corrected Code Example:

If you want to add `2` to the value that was removed, you could do it this way:

```python

L1 = [1, 11, 21, 31]

if 31 in L1:

An = 31 # Store the value you want to work with

L1.remove(31)

print(An + 2) # Now this will work, printing 33

else:

print("31 is not in the list")

```

In this corrected version, we explicitly store the value `31` before removing it, allowing for the
addition operation to succeed.
14.AFind the errors:
L1 = [3, 4, 5]
L2 = L1 * 3
print(L1 * 3.0)
print(L2)

ANS: Let's analyze the code step by step to identify any errors:

1. **Initialization of `L1`**:
```python
L1 = [3, 4, 5]
```
- This line is correct. `L1` is initialized as a list.

2. **Multiplying `L1` by `3`**:

```python
L2 = L1 * 3
```
- This line is also correct. The `*` operator for lists
duplicates the list. `L2` will be:
```
[3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5]
```

3. **Attempting to multiply `L1` by `3.0`**:

```python
print(L1 * 3.0)
```
- This line will raise a `TypeError`. The `*` operator for lists
only accepts an integer as the multiplier. Using a float (like
`3.0`) will result in:
```
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'float'
 ```

4. **Printing `L2`**:
```python
print(L2)
```
- This line is correct and will output the contents of `L2`,
which is:
```
[3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5]
```

### Summary of Errors:

- **Error in Line 3**: `TypeError` because you cannot multiply a
list by a float.

### Corrected Code Example:

If you want to avoid the error and correctly duplicate the list,
ensure the multiplier is an integer:

```python
L1 = [3, 4, 5]
L2 = L1 * 3
print(L1 * 3) # Use an integer instead of 3.0
print(L2)
```

With this correction, both print statements will work without

errors.

14.B

Find the errors:

L1 = [3, 3, 8, 1, 3, 0, '1', '0', '2', 'e', 'w', 'e', 'r']
print(L1[: :-1])
print(L1[-1:-2:-3])
print(L1[-1:-2:-3:-4])

ANS: Let's analyze the code line by line to identify any errors:

1. **Initialization of `L1`**:
```python
L1 = [3, 3, 8, 1, 3, 0, '1', '0', '2', 'e', 'w', 'e', 'r']
```
- This line is correct. `L1` is initialized as a list containing
a mix of integers and strings.

2. **First print statement**:

```python
print(L1[::-1])
```
- This statement correctly reverses the list. The slice `[::-1]`
starts from the end of the list and moves backward.
- The output will be:
```
['r', 'e', 'w', 'e', '2', '0', '1', 0, 3, 1, 8, 3, 3]
```

3. **Second print statement**:

```python
print(L1[-1:-2:-3])
```
- This statement attempts to slice the list starting from index
`-1` (the last element, `'r'`) to index `-2` (the element before
the last, which is `'e'`), moving backwards with a step of `-3`.
- Since the start index (`-1`) is greater than the stop index
(`-2`), the slice will be empty.
 - The output will be:
```
[]
```

4. **Third print statement**:

```python
print(L1[-1:-2:-3:-4])
```
- This line will raise a `SyntaxError`. The slice syntax `[-1:-
2:-3:-4]` is incorrect because the `slice` function (or slicing)
cannot have more than three arguments in this context. You can only
specify start, stop, and step, like `start:stop:step`.
- Thus, you cannot use `-4` as an additional parameter.

### Summary of Errors:

- **First statement**: No error; correctly prints the reversed
list.
- **Second statement**: No error; correctly prints an empty list
(`[]`).
- **Third statement**: **Error** due to incorrect slicing syntax,
which will raise a `SyntaxError`.

### Corrected Code Example:

To correct the third statement, you can simply use a valid slice:

```python
L1 = [3, 3, 8, 1, 3, 0, '1', '0', '2', 'e', 'w', 'e', 'r']
print(L1[::-1]) # Correctly prints the reversed list
print(L1[-1:-2:-3]) # Correctly prints an empty list
# Corrected version of the third statement:
print(L1[-1:-2:-1]) # This will print the last element in
reverse slicing
```
This way, all statements will run without errors.

15. What will be the output of following code?

x = ['3', '2', '5']
y = ''
while x:
y = y + x[-1]
x = x[:len(x) - 1]
print(y)
print(x)
print(type(x), type(y))

ANS: Let's analyze the code step by step:

1. **Initialization**:
```python
x = ['3', '2', '5']
y = ''
```
- Here, `x` is initialized as a list containing the strings
`'3'`, `'2'`, and `'5'`. The variable `y` is initialized as an
empty string.

2. **While Loop**:
```python
while x:
y = y + x[-1]
x = x[:len(x) - 1]
```
- The loop continues as long as `x` is not empty.
- In each iteration:
- `y = y + x[-1]`: The last element of `x` is added to `y`.
- `x = x[:len(x) - 1]`: The last element is removed from `x`.
 Let's go through the iterations:

- **First iteration**:
- `x` is `['3', '2', '5']`
- Last element `'5'` is added to `y`: `y = '5'`
- `x` becomes `['3', '2']`

- **Second iteration**:
- `x` is `['3', '2']`
- Last element `'2'` is added to `y`: `y = '52'`
- `x` becomes `['3']`

- **Third iteration**:
- `x` is `['3']`
- Last element `'3'` is added to `y`: `y = '523'`
- `x` becomes `[]` (empty)

- The loop ends since `x` is now empty.

3. **Print Statements**:
```python
print(y)
```
- This prints the value of `y`, which is `'523'`.

```python
print(x)
```
- This prints the value of `x`, which is now an empty list:
`[]`.
 ```python
print(type(x), type(y))
```
- This prints the types of `x` and `y`:
- `type(x)` will be `<class 'list'>`
- `type(y)` will be `<class 'str'>`

### Final Output:

So the complete output will be:
```
523
[]
<class 'list'> <class 'str'>
```

16. Question 16
Complete the code to create a list of every integer between 0 and
100, inclusive, named nums1 using Python, sorted in increasing
order.
ANS: You can create a list of every integer between 0 and 100,
inclusive, using the `range` function in Python. Here's how to do
it:

```python
# Create a list of integers from 0 to 100 inclusive
nums1 = list(range(101))

# Print the list to verify

print(nums1)
```

### Explanation:
- `range(101)` generates a sequence of integers from 0 to 100.
- `list(range(101))` converts that sequence into a list.
- The resulting list `nums1` will be sorted in increasing order by
default, as `range` generates numbers in ascending order.

When you run this code, `nums1` will contain:

```
[0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 98, 99, 100]
```

17. Question 17
Let nums2 and nums3 be two non-empty lists. Write a Python
command that will append the last element of nums3 to the end of
nums2.
ANS: You can append the last element of `nums3` to the end of
`nums2` using the `append()` method in Python. Here's the command
to do that:

```python
nums2.append(nums3[-1])
```

### Explanation:
- `nums3[-1]` accesses the last element of `nums3`.
- `nums2.append()` adds that element to the end of `nums2`.

### Example:
Here’s a complete example for clarity:

```python
nums2 = [1, 2, 3]
nums3 = [4, 5, 6]
# Append the last element of nums3 to nums2
nums2.append(nums3[-1])

# Print nums2 to verify

print(nums2) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 6]
```

In this example, the last element of `nums3` (which is `6`) is

appended to `nums2`.

18. Consider the following code and predict the result of the following
statements.
bieber = ['om', 'nom', 'nom']
counts = [1, 2, 3]
nums = counts
nums.append(4)

1. counts is nums
2. counts is add([1, 2], [3, 4])
ANS: Let’s analyze the code step by step and predict the results of
the statements:

1. **Initialization**:
```python
bieber = ['om', 'nom', 'nom']
counts = [1, 2, 3]
```
- Here, `bieber` is initialized as a list containing three
strings, and `counts` is initialized as a list containing the
integers `[1, 2, 3]`.

2. **Assigning `nums` to `counts`**:

```python
nums = counts
 ```
- This line makes `nums` a reference to the same list as
`counts`. Now both `counts` and `nums` point to the same list
object.

3. **Appending `4` to `nums`**:

```python
nums.append(4)
```
- Since `nums` and `counts` refer to the same list, this
operation modifies the list to:
```
[1, 2, 3, 4]
```
- Both `nums` and `counts` will reflect this change.

4. **Checking if `counts` is `nums`**:

```python
counts is nums
```
- This expression checks if `counts` and `nums` refer to the
same object in memory. Since they were assigned to be the same
list, this will evaluate to `True`.

5. **Checking if `counts` is `add([1, 2], [3, 4])`**:

```python
counts is add([1, 2], [3, 4])
```
- Here, the function `add()` is not defined in the provided
code. If `add()` is intended to combine two lists (e.g., using
`+`), we could assume it is defined as:
```python
def add(a, b):
return a + b
 ```
- If we define `add()` this way, `add([1, 2], [3, 4])` would
return the new list `[1, 2, 3, 4]`, which is a separate object in
memory from `counts`.
- Therefore, `counts is add([1, 2], [3, 4])` would evaluate to
`False` since they are not the same object.

### Summary of Results:

1. `counts is nums`: **True**
2. `counts is add([1, 2], [3, 4])`: **False** (assuming `add` is
defined as described).

### Final Conclusion:

- The outputs would be:
- `True` for the first comparison.
- `False` for the second comparison, given the definition of
`add()`.

19. What is the output of the following code?

numbers = list(range(0, 51, 4))
results = []
for number in numbers:
if not number % 3:
results.append(number)
print(results)

ANS: Let's break down the code step by step to determine the output.

1. **Creating the list `numbers`**:

```python
numbers = list(range(0, 51, 4))
```
- The `range(0, 51, 4)` generates numbers starting from `0` up
to (but not including) `51`, with a step of `4`.
- This results in the list:
 ```
[0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48]
```

2. **Initializing the `results` list**:

```python
results = []
```
- An empty list `results` is created to store the numbers that
meet the condition.

3. **Iterating through `numbers`**:

```python
for number in numbers:
if not number % 3:
results.append(number)
```
- The loop goes through each `number` in `numbers`.
- The condition `if not number % 3:` checks if the `number` is
divisible by `3`. If `number % 3` equals `0`, it means the number
is divisible by `3`, and thus `not number % 3` will evaluate to
`True`.
- If the condition is `True`, the number is appended to
`results`.

4. **Checking divisibility**:
- The numbers in `numbers` and whether they are divisible by
`3`:
- `0 % 3 == 0` → True, append `0`
- `4 % 3 != 0` → False
- `8 % 3 != 0` → False
- `12 % 3 == 0` → True, append `12`
- `16 % 3 != 0` → False
- `20 % 3 != 0` → False
 - `24 % 3 == 0` → True, append `24`
- `28 % 3 != 0` → False
- `32 % 3 != 0` → False
- `36 % 3 == 0` → True, append `36`
- `40 % 3 != 0` → False
- `44 % 3 != 0` → False
- `48 % 3 == 0` → True, append `48`

5. **Final `results`**:
- After the loop, the `results` list will contain:
```
[0, 12, 24, 36, 48]
```

6. **Printing `results`**:
```python
print(results)
```
- This will output:
```
[0, 12, 24, 36, 48]
```

### Final Output:

```
[0, 12, 24, 36, 48]
```
20.Following code prints the given list in ascending order. Modify the
code so that the elements are printed in the reverse order of the
result produced by the given code.
numbers = list(range(0, 51, 4))
i = 0
while i < len(numbers):
print(numbers[i] , end = " ")
i += 3
# gives output as : 0 12 24 36 48

ANS: To modify the code so that it prints the elements in reverse

order of the result produced by the original code, you can store
the results in a list first, and then print that list in reverse
order. Here's the modified code:

```python
numbers = list(range(0, 51, 4))
results = []
i = 0

# Collect the results in the list

while i < len(numbers):
results.append(numbers[i])
i += 3

# Print the results in reverse order

for number in reversed(results):
print(number, end=" ")
```

### Explanation:
1. **Collecting Results**: The original while loop is used to
append elements (every third element) to the `results` list instead
of printing them directly.
2. **Printing in Reverse**: The `reversed()` function is used to
iterate over the `results` list in reverse order, printing each
number.

### Output:
This modified code will produce the output:
```
48 24 12 0
```
This reflects the reverse of the original output (`0 12 24 36 48`).