200 English Grammar Mistakes!

A Workbook of Common Grammar and

Punctuation Errors with Examples,
Exercises and Solutions So You Never Make
Them Again

Melony Jacobs
© Copyright 2019 Melony Jacobs- All rights reserved.
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Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Foundational/Basic English Grammar Mistakes
Verbs
Adverbs
Adjectives
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Nouns
Pronouns
Interjections
Chapter Two: Grammar components and words
Abbreviations
Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs And Heteronyms
Chapter 3: Punctuation Marks
A plain text without punctuation
Period (.)
Exclamation (!)
Ellipsis (…)
Comma (,)
Colon (:)
Semicolon (;)
Quotation Marks (“”)
Apostrophe (’)
Hyphens (-)
Dash (–)
General MCQs on Punctuation marks: find the appropriate answer to the
following.
Chapter 4: Sentence Structure and Composition
Present Tense
Past Tense
Future Tense
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
Subject
Predicate
Direct Objects
Indirect Objects
Clauses
Run-Ons
Subordinators
Phrases
Noun/Verb Phrases
Prepositional/Absolute
Appositives
Introductions
Body Paragraphs
Conclusions
Thesis
Chapter 5: Spelling and Formatting
Common Spelling Mistakes .
Vowels
“I Before E”
Suffixes
Infixes
 Prefixes
Contradictions
Writing/Saying Dates
Numbers
Times and Clocks
Chapter 6: Advanced Writing Mistakes
General Advanced Writing Mistakes
Not Defining the Goal of Your Writing
The Right Content For the Wrong Audience and Vice Versa
Fluff
Specific Advanced Writing Mistake
American and British English
Order of Adjectives
Further versus Farther
Clichés
Number Agreement
Feel Good versus Feel Well
Active Voice versus Passive Voices
Conclusion
References
[T1]
Chapter 1: Foundational/Basic English Grammar
Mistakes
Not one grammatical blunder in the English language can be overlooked,
because they can be misleading. In this chapter, we will explore basic English
grammar mistakes and their correct versions. These errors have to do with
wrong usage of different parts of speech such as verbs, pronouns, adjectives,
and adverbs. Unlike other grammatical gaffes,[T3] these mistakes are often
obvious. People make such mistakes due to ignorance or negligence.
However, mistakes remain what they are regardless of the reasons they occur.
Verbs
Verbs are simply action words that make your sentences meaningful. When
using verbs, there are various forms to take note of.
Verb forms
Base S-form Past form ing-form Past/passive
form participle
Play Plays Played Playing Played
Join Joins Joined Joining Joined
Find Finds Found Finding Found
Think Thinks Thought Thinking Thought
Discuss Discusses Discussed Discussing Discussed

Let’s look at the following sentences with wrong usage, then correct form:
Incorrect: He play table tennis.
He steal the bread.
He find it difficult to solve.
Correct: he plays table tennis.
He stole the bread.
He found it difficult to solve.

Remember: use an “e” in the –ed (past simple and “–ed” form) of regular
verbs. And, when you have regular verbs where the vowel changes from “I”
to “a” to “u,” use “a” in the past simple and “u” in the “-ed” form.
Incorrect: She enjoy the movie.
 I was very thirsty so I drunk water.

Correct: She enjoyed the movie. (past simple)

I was very thirsty so I drank water. (past simple)

MCQs: Choose the appropriate option from the following past simple
forms:

1. The ship _______ before we got there. (A. had sink B. had sank C.
had sunk)
Answer: C

2. The film _______ at 3 p.m. (A. began B. begun)

Answer: A
When using verbs, some forms may be used in more than one case:
a) Imperative use case, when it begins a sentence such as “Play football with
me.” This makes a complete meaning on its own.
b)Present-tense use case, such as “You play very well.” NOT “You plays
very well.”
c) Infinitive use case, such as “He’d like to play.” NOT “He’d like playing.”
In the above listed use cases, any attempt to change the form of verb in the
order of the sentences will render the sentence incorrect.

Watch out for irregular verbs that have base form “-d” and past tense “-t”
such as:
Incorrect: He spend millions of dollars on the surgery.
Correct: He spent millions of dollars on the surgery.

Do not use regular past simple “-ed” form for irregular verbs.
Incorrect: He spended weeks before coming.
Correct: He spent weeks before coming.
Some prepositional words (e.g., about, for, and in) are not used with some
verbs used in certain forms.
Incorrect: The school board discussed about expelling the student.
Correct: The school board discussed expelling the student.

There are prepositional words that fit with prepositional verbs, e.g., lie under,
listen to, depend on, wait on, etc.
Incorrect: I like to listen him speak.
Correct: I like to listen to him speak.

Incorrect: He loves to wait upon his parents.

Correct: He loves to wait on his parents.

MCQs: Choose the appropriate options from the statements below:

1. ______along with me. (A. Read B. Reading C. Is reading)

Answer: A

2. He likes _____. (A. dancing B. dance)

Answer: A

3. You should _____ the floor. (A. scrubs B. scrub)

Answer: B

4. I ___ he was coming yesterday. (A. learned B. learnt C. was

learning)
Answer: A

5. She _____ my assistance on her assignment. (A. request B.

requested C. requested for)
Answer: B

6. We _____ his appearance in court last week. (A. demanded B.

demanded for C. demand)
 Answer: A

7. We _____ God. (A. depend B. depending on C. depend on)

Answer: C

Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, other adverbs or adjectives. An adverb
usually answers questions of: what way, why, where and when. Some
students often make mistakes[T4] when using adverbial words in statements.
The study below important adverbial rules to follow when making sentences.
Adverbial use of: very, much, so, and too
“Much” is a comparative word and should be used in comparative degree and
past participle tense.
Incorrect: Joe is more taller than his sister.
Correct: Joe is much taller than his sister.

Use adverb clause that with so, and too with the infinitve to.
Incorrect: The lion is tough, other animals tremble at its roar.
Correct: The lion is so tough that other animals tremble at its roar.

Incorrect: The candidate is too good for the job.

Correct: The candidate is too good to do the job.

Using a second negative word with words such as: seldom, barely, never,
often, merely, rarely, etc., should be avoided. Any of the categories can
stand alone.
Incorrect: Lisa barely never comes to class.
Correct: Lisa barely comes to class.

Incorrect: I hardly don’t know anyone in the church.

Correct: I hardly know anyone in the church.

Remember: don’t use any of the words with their negative-meaning words.
When using as: use the adverb as when introducing predicative verb words
like know, describe, regard, etc. Also, avoid using the adverb as when
introducing predicative verb words such as choose, make, call, etc.
Incorrect: He was described a bully.
Correct: He was described as a bully.

Incorrect: Albert Einstein is called as genius.

Correct: Albert Einstein is called genius.

When answering questions, yes must go with affirmative responses, while no

must go with negative answers.
Incorrect: Have you eaten today?
No, I have eaten.

Correct: Have you eaten today?

No, I have not eaten.

Do not place adverbs of manner before intransitive verbs.

Incorrect: The lady confidently spoke to the tough guy.
Correct: The lady spoke confidently to the tough guy.

MCQs: Choose the appropriate options from the statements below:

Australia is a _____ beautiful country. (A. so B. very C. much)
Answer: B
I was forbidden _____. (A. not to go B. to go C. never to go)
Answer: B
It appears this house is ____ bigger than the former house. (A. more B. much
C. very)
Answer: B
Cow milk is ____ nutritious. (A. too B. very C. much)
Answer: B
The student is ____brilliant ____ his teachers were proud of him. (A. very,
that B. so, that)
Answer: B
He ____ comes late to meetings. (A. often B. often always C. barely never)
Answer: A
“Are you coming for the test?” (A. “Yes, I am not coming.” B. “Yes, I am
coming.”)
Answer: B
She ___________. (A. beautifully sang B. sang beautifully)
Answer: B

Adjectives
As a noun defines or names something, an adjective gives more information
about a noun or pronoun. It can appear in regular, comparative or superlative
forms. When qualifying, they come directly before the noun or pronoun being
qualified, e.g., He is a big man. The word big here, gives additional
information about the noun man.
Below are rules to pay rapt attention to, to avoid mistakes in adjective usage
when making sentences:
Avoid using double comparatives in sentences.
Incorrect: James is more bigger than Joseph.
Correct: James is bigger than Joseph.

The adjective many goes with countable nouns (e.g.: miles, books, cars, etc.)
While, the adjective much goes with uncountable nouns (water, air). Also,
less is used with uncountable nouns, and fewer is used with countable nouns.
Incorrect: There are much miles to cover in the race.
Correct: There are many miles to cover in the race.

Incorrect: The soup has many water.

Correct: The soup has much water.

Incorrect: I have less questions to answer.

Correct: I have fewer questions to answer.
Simply add "-er" as a comparative to words like strong, fat, tall, etc.
Incorrect: And the boy grew strong and strong.
Correct: And the boy grew stronger and stronger.

Qualifiers such as "both," and "all" must go before possessive words.

Incorrect: He lost his all investment.
Correct: He lost all his investment.

Avoid the mistakes of using farther and further in comparing distance.

Incorrect: Which of the following places is further?
Correct: Which of the following places is farther?

The use of prefer:

Incorrect: I prefer biking from skating.
Correct: I prefer biking to skating.

Use the superlative adjective (e.g., most) in the latter part of sentences.
Incorrect: My brother is the most enterprising and ablest man I have seen.
Correct: My brother is the ablest and most enterprising man I have seen.

MCQs: Choose the appropriate options from the statements below:

1. Are your dresses _____ shorter these days? (A. More B. much)
Answer: B
A

2. There is too _____ noise in the air. (A. much B. many)

Answer: A

3. I have ___ worries than you do. (A. less B. fewer)

Answer: B
 4. We will go out _______. (A. next Friday B. Friday next)
Answer: A

5. ___ question in the script carries equal marks. (A. Every B. Each)
Answer: B

6. Dad gave me _____ money to spend at school. (A. little B. a little

C. few D. small)
Answer: B

7. Tell me the ___ news. (A. last B. latest)

Answer: B

8. The _____ of the story was emphasized. (A. important B.

importance)
Answer: B

Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words used to join a word to another word, a sentence to
another sentence, and a word to a clause. For example: He was playing
music, yet I studied. Here, “He was playing music” is a sentence, and “I
studied” is another sentence. Word "yet" is simply joining the two sentences
together to convey key information in the compound sentence. There are
several conjoining words that students commonly misuse in sentences. The
following important rules are to be followed when using conjunctions:
Use not only followed by but also.
Incorrect: She did not only hug him, she kissed him.
Correct: Not only did she hug him, but also kissed him.

The use of though instead of although:

Incorrect: You look as although you have seen a monster!
Correct: You look as though you have seen a monster!
Avoid using not with lest, because lest is a negative word. When used,
should must follow.
Incorrect: You had better work hard lest not you become poor.
Correct: You had better work hard lest you should become poor/lest you
become poor.

In the absence of should or shall, "else" is appropriate. In essence, when you

have will, would, or may instead of should or shall, "else" will replace "lest."

Incorrect: Drive fast to the airport else, you will miss your flight.
Correct: Drive fast to the airport, or else you will miss your flight.
Both must accompany and.
Incorrect: Both Jackson, Julian are together.
Correct: Both Jackson and Julian are together.

The use of other, rather and than:

Incorrect: I would leave than sit here with you.
Correct: I would rather leave than sit here with you.

Incorrect: Than sleeping late, I love studying.

Correct: Other than sleeping late, I love studying.

The use of the conditional if is different from whether. This is because if has
a conditional connotation, while whether connotes uncertainty.
Incorrect: He doesn’t come early, he will not be allowed entry.
Correct: If he doesn’t come early, he will not be allowed entry.
(conditional)

Incorrect: She likes it or not, she will be punished

Correct: Whether she likes it or not, she will be punished.
(certainty)

Either or and neither nor:

Incorrect: We came to the spa but we didn’t meet Jane and John.
Correct: We came to the spa but we met neither Jane nor John/we
met neither of them.

Incorrect: My client is not mad and not crazy, the lawyer said.
Correct: My client is neither mad nor crazy, the lawyer said.

Incorrect: I love pigging out on ice-cream or yogurt.

Correct: I love pigging out on either ice-cream or yogurt.

Incorrect: It is clear; you are telling a lie or saying the truth.

Correct: It is clear; you are either telling a lie or saying the truth.

Incorrect: Neither would he eat the food or let us eat it.

Correct: Neither would he eat the food nor let us eat it.

The use of such and that: usually, such that is used when stating the extent
or degree of something.
Incorrect: The rubber stretched that it broke.
Correct: The rubber was stretched such that it broke.

Incorrect: The stock market became flooded that it crashed.

Correct: The stock market became flooded such that it crashed.

Like is used to explain similarity and should be followed by a pronoun. Using

as, it should be followed by a clause.

Incorrect: She sang alike as my sister.

Correct: She sang like my sister.

Incorrect: He was as bold like a lion.

Correct: He was as bold as a lion.

Incorrect: He ate like he was walking.

Correct: He ate as he was walking.

One conjoining word is enough to join two clauses successfully.

Incorrect: The director asked that what was his grade.

Correct: The director asked what his grade was.

Incorrect: He’s often scared that he might repeat the course.

Correct: He’s often scared he might repeat the course.

Incorrect: Because he wasn’t quick enough, therefore we finished before

him.
Correct: Because he wasn’t quick enough, we finished before him.

Incorrect: He was angry. He slapped him.

Correct: He was angry, so he slapped him.

Incorrect: Since he is smart, so he always has his way.

Correct: Since he is smart, he always has his way / He is smart, so he
always has his way.

The use of so as in a sentence is usually to indicate a purpose. When so as, be

sure of the phrase that follows.

Incorrect: He attended the gathering so that he can catch the perpetrators.

Correct: He attended the gathering so as to catch the perpetrators.

MCQs: Choose the appropriate options from the statements below:

1. He had scarcely eaten__. (A. that his friend came B. when his
friend came)
Answer: B

2. ___ did he help the poor kid, __ he took him home. (A. Not
only/neither B. Neither/nor B. Not only/but also)
Answer: C

3. Read up _____ you should forget. (A. or else B. lest C. else)

Answer: B

4. Bring me the report __ I forget. (A. lest B. else)

 Answer: A

5. She walked hurriedly ___ she would miss the bus. (A. or else B.
lest C. else)
Answer: B

6. ___ Jude ___ Martin are good English students. (A. either/or B.
both/and C. both/or)
Answer: B
Prepositions
To put in a simple way, propositions serve as links within sentences. A
preposition is used to indicate a relationship between nouns, phrases and/or
pronouns. They are mostly very short words that stand in front of nouns.
Also, they connect time, location, people, and objects when used in a
sentence. Some of the examples are of, to, under, in, into, with, etc.
Prepositions may be cumbersome to deal with in sentences. However, there
are a few highlighted facts applicable that students may study as a guide to
acclimatizing themselves with prepositional words.
- In the English language, there are more than one hundred prepositions.
- Prepositions are generally followed by nouns and pronouns.
- In making clear sentences, specific prepositions are required. this
means some prepositions are not always substitutable. E.g., the use of
the preposition "in" may not work in place of the preposition "on" in all
cases.
Grammatical errors occur in the basic three types of preposition: preposition
of time, place, and direction.
Preposition of Time
Prepositions in this category help to state when something had happened, has
happened, or will happen. Examples of preposition of time are: at, on, in,
before and after.
Abide by the following rules when using the preposition of time.
Use preposition on for days and dates of the month.

Incorrect: School resumes in Monday.

Correct: School resumes on Monday.

Incorrect: Christmas is in December 25th.

Correct: Christmas is on December 25th.

Incorrect: I got my birthday present in my birthday.

Correct: I got my birthday present on my birthday.

Use the preposition "in" when stating years, months, seasons, centuries and
times of day.

Incorrect: My wife and I got married on 2002.

Correct: My wife and I got married in 2002.

Incorrect: Every year, my family vacation falls on spring.

Correct: Every year, my family vacation falls in spring.

Incorrect: Salvation came to us on the twentieth century.

Correct: Salvation came to us in the twentieth century.

Use at with night, noon, or a festive occasion.

Incorrect: We have our moments in the night.
Correct: We have our moments at night.

Incorrect: I go hiking in Christmastime.

Correct: I go hiking at Christmastime.

Incorrect: I will see you in noon.

Correct: I will see you at noon.

Use at when you indicate exactness/accuracy.

Incorrect: The lines met in exactly 90 degrees.

Correct: The lines met at exactly 90 degrees.

Incorrect: We will see each other in 4 p.m.

Correct: We will see each other at 4 p.m.

Incorrect: His shift is in 3 p.m.

Correct: His shift is at 3 p.m.

Incorrect: We eat dinner in 7 p.m. every night.

Correct: We eat dinner at 7 p.m. every night.

Avoid wrong usage of other time prepositions such as: during, until,
throughout, around, and about.

Incorrect: The politician held the rally around the month.

Correct: The politician held the rally throughout the month.

Incorrect: The sun comes out around 6 a.m. every morning.

Correct: The sun comes out about 6 a.m. every morning.

Incorrect: She waited till she heard you had gone.

Correct: She waited until she heard you had gone.

Incorrect: He ran round about the circle.

Correct: He ran around the circle.

Incorrect: I met my wife in the holiday.

Correct: I met my wife during the holiday.

Preposition of Place
These are prepositions that indicate position. Avoid the errors shown in the
following examples:

Incorrect: There is something hanging in the wall.

Correct: There is something hanging on the wall.

Incorrect: There are images in the page.

Correct: There are images on the page.
Incorrect: Maxwell is at Dubai, visiting his niece at the hospital.
Correct: Maxwell is in Dubai, visiting his niece in the hospital.

Incorrect: I am on the crossroads.

Correct: I am at the crossroads.
Incorrect: Let us meet in the airport.
Correct: Let us meet at the airport.

Use "inside" to indicate nonabstract positions and "in" for abstract positions.

Incorrect: The manual is locked in the car.

Correct: The manual is locked inside the car.

Incorrect: The fish is in the refrigerator.

Correct: The fish is inside the refrigerator.

Incorrect: I am living inside a province of Canada.

Correct: I am living in a province of Canada.

Preposition of Direction
Avoid mixing prepositions such as: over, around, and past.
Incorrect: Our horses run across the ranch every morning.
Correct: Our horses run around the ranch every morning.

Incorrect: That vehicle zoomed passed the truck.

Correct: That vehicle zoomed past the truck.

MCQs: Choose the appropriate options from the statements below:

He stepped _____ the house. (A. out B. outside C. in)
Answer: B
He flew ___ of town. (A. out B. outside C. away)
Answer: A
___ 30th of January marks our wedding anniversary. (A. The B. In C. At)
Answer: A
We shall hang out ____ 6 o’clock tomorrow. (A. on B. at C. in)
Answer: B
They’ll meet ___ five minutes. (A. at B. in)
Answer: B

Noun
When you come in contact with the names of people, things (living or
nonliving things), countable and uncountable, then, you are talking about
nouns.

Avoid the following fundamental and likely errors in nouns:

Words like furniture, luggage, baggage, information, news, and advice are
naturally singular.

Incorrect: Please pack your baggages.

Correct: Please pack your baggage.

Incorrect: We are ready to receive informations on the product.

Correct: We are ready to receive information on the product.

Incorrect: These are the news I love to hear.

Correct: This is the news I love to hear.

Incorrect: We are buying some furnitures.

Correct: We are buying some furniture.

Incorrect: Our government needs to care for the poors.

Correct: Our government needs to care for the poor.

Incorrect: Jesus provided food for the blinds.

Correct: Jesus provided food for the blind.

Incorrect: He said his need are numerous.

Correct: He said his needs are numerous.

Incorrect: Is there breads on the table?

Correct: Is there bread on the table?

Do not use brother with cousin.

Incorrect: He’s my cousin brother.
Correct: He’s my cousin. (cousin is either male or female. "He" already
states the sex)

Incorrect: My friends has arrived.

Correct: My friends have arrived.

Incorrect: The counselor gave me some advise.

Correct: The counselor gave me some advice.

Incorrect: I’ve got five dollars note in my wallet.

Correct: I’ve got a five dollar note in my wallet.

Incorrect: I have two dozens apple.

Correct: I have two dozen apples.

MCQs: Choose the appropriate options from the statements below:

Kindly put your ____ here. (A. signature B. sign)
Answer: A
She is my ______. (A. cousin sister B. cousin)
Answer: B
He was my captain when I was in ____. (A. boarding B. the boarding house
C. board)
Answer: B
God can heal the ____. (A. deafs B. deaf)
Answer: B
The ___ here is not pretty enough. (A. sceneries B. scenery)
Answer: B

Pronouns
Words used to avoid repetition of nouns are called pronouns.
Errors in pronouns may not appear common among English speakers, but the
fact cannot be ruled out that for efficient communication, the pronoun is a
fundamental part of speech that gets misused among students and other
learners.
Pronoun errors occur in English when there is a disagreement between the
pronouns and the number of nouns. If noun is singular, the pronoun has to be
singular and vice versa. Another way errors occur in pronouns is when the
verb does not agree with the subject of the sentence. However, these two
errors are intertwined.
The following are examples of common pronoun errors in grammar. The use
of one of, some of, and none of must be written so that the verb agrees with
the subject. Below, singular verbs eats, and was agree with singular subjects.
Incorrect: One of my classmates eat a lot.
Correct: One of my classmates eats a lot.

Incorrect: Some of the king’s servant is here.

Correct: Some of the king’s servants are here.

Incorrect: None of the athlete were around.

Correct: None of the athletes was around.

Incorrect: Each boy and each girl were given an exercise book.
Correct: Each boy and each girl was given an exercise book.

If the word one is used in a sentence, you should use it throughout.

Incorrect: Someone needs to work hard so that someone can make ends
meet in life.
Correct: One needs to work hard so that one can make ends meet in life.

Incorrect: One must take care of himself.

Correct: One must take care of oneself.

To avoid errors in using pronouns, all transitive verbs such as: fill, enjoy,
lend, give, etc., must have an expressed subject in a sentence.

Incorrect: Elizabeth asked for her pen but she didn’t give her.
Correct: Elizabeth asked for her pen but she didn’t give it to her.

Incorrect: She drove the car to the gas station but the attendant refused to
fill up.
Correct: She drove the car to the gas station but the attendant refused to
fill it up.

Avoid errors in using an object in place of subject.

Incorrect: In few weeks to come, my friend and me will be discussing the
investment platform.
Correct: In few weeks to come, my friend and I will be discussing the
investment platform.

Here are some other common erroneous examples:

Incorrect: It feels good spending time with they and their family.
Correct: It feels good spending time with them and their family.

Incorrect: Jane announced she and her son’s plans to leave the
neighborhood next year.
Correct: Jane announced her and her son’s plans to leave the
neighborhood next year.

Incorrect: Both my wife and myself felt so embarrassed at the situation we

found them in.
Correct: Both my wife and I felt so embarrassed at the situation we found
them in.

Incorrect: It was me who robbed the bank last week.

Correct: It was I who robbed the bank week.

Incorrect: Who is there?

It is me.
Correct: Who is there?
It is I.

MCQs: Choose the appropriate options from the statements below:

1. Mr. Lin followed __ and ___ son out of the grocery store. (A.
him, his B. he, his)
 Answer: A

2. Alan then chased __ and __ daughter out of his house. (A. her, her
B. she, her C. he, him)
Answer: A

3. He gave ___ a good handshake after the presentation. (A. he B. his

C. him)
Answer: C

4. The man confessed it was ___ who robbed the lady. (A. him B. he
C. his)
Answer: B

5. I have told ___ to move out. (A. they B. them)

Answer: B

Interjections
Though not common in most academic writing, the interjection has its
significance in several other forms of writing such as novels, fictional, emails
and some other informal communication texts. Interjections are words used to
indicate emotions such as surprise, love, hatred, anger, etc., when used in
sentences. They may appear either at the beginning, middle or end of a
sentence conveying emotion.
The fact about interjections is that, even though they show emotions, they are
not grammatically related to the sentence. Because interjections are
expressed independently, serving an emotive purpose and followed by a
sentence, there are usually no associated errors with them. However,
interjections must agree with the purpose of sentences they are used for.
Avoid contradiction between your sentence and the interjectory word.
Incorrect: hooray! He broke his jaw.
Correct: What a shame! He broke his jaw.
Incorrect: Bravo! I’m not finished.
Correct: Alas! I’m not finished.

MCQs: Choose the appropriate interjections from the statements below:

_______ You completed the task (A. Continue! B. Good work!)[T5]
Answer: B
We made it. ____ (A. What a pity! B. Wow!)
Answer: B
 Chapter Two: Grammar components and words

As English language learners, there are basic and complex English grammar
errors made when communicating. To joggle your memory a bit, language
use refers to your ability to effectively comprehend (when spoken or written
to), and produce (communicate) both spoken and written words. So the
understanding of how the English language works is confined in thorough
appropriation of English grammar rules which the English language lives by.
As described in chapter one, there are basic English grammar rules to abide
by in order to communicate well. Any attempt to do otherwise would lead to
a colossal grammatical error. In the same instance, other complex English
grammar components and words also have specific rules to pay due respect to
when being used, be it formally or informally. All said, let us go through the
components and words.

Abbreviations
In a short sentence, an abbreviation (abbr.) is a chunk of lengthy phrases or
words. As a user of the English language, you can use an abbreviation when
you need to reduce a large number of words in a sentence to a single reduced
sequence of letters, or to chunk an extensively long sentence into fewer
letters to make your statement/sentence more interesting to read. For
example, if you have to use North Atlantic Treaty Organization for every
place you need to simply use NATO (an abbreviation), you’ll realize how
boring your writing can be to your audience. A more important fact
associated with abbreviations is that they make communication easy for us. in
this case, you don’t have to write or speak every word for every statement
you mean. For example, “I am the CEO/CFO/MD of that company” looks
cool right?
To clarify the concept of abbreviation; there are forms of abbreviation which
are called acronym and initialism. An acronym is derived from the initial
letters of a long word or phrase. When National Aeronautic Space
Administration is reduced to NASA, it’s simply an acronym. In an acronym,
you do not pronounce the acronym letter for letter; rather, you take it as a
single word.
NB. Acronyms are pronounced as a word, e.g., NATO (nay tow), NASA (na
sa).
Initialism is another version or form of abbreviation and it is derived when a
phrase is reduced to initial letters. In this regard, initialized words are
pronounced as individual letters. When you reduce National Football
Academy to NFA, initialism is at work. Hence, initialized words are taken
letter for letter.
NB. Initialisms are pronounced letter for letter, e.g., Personal Computer PC
(peecee), NFA (en ef ay) Alternative Dispute Resolution (ay dee ar).
Whether you initialize or use acronym, abbreviating words can be erroneous
if you do not acclimatize yourself to them.
Now that you know what abbreviation means and the varieties of
abbreviation in English grammar, let’s go through common abbreviations and
rules that need to be taken care of in order to avoid unnecessary errors.
You can abbreviate a word by omitting one or more syllables.
examination exam
memorandum memo
decapitation decap
recapitulate recap
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In the case of names, you can also omit one or more syllables.
Fredrick Fred
Jackson Jack
Timothy Tim
Rajji Raj

Use cases of common written sentential abbreviations, pay attention to the

following:
If in a sentence you mean to say for example, simply use e.g. E.g. is
initialized from the Latin phrase exempli gratia, which in English is
translated as for example.

Also, do not confuse e.g. with i.e.

So e.g. means for example, and it is used for sentence clarification by giving