Overview of wireless Technologies

⚫ Communication is one of the integral parts of science that has

always been a focus point for exchanging information among
parties at locations physically apart.
⚫ After its discovery, telephones have replaced the telegrams and
letters.
⚫ Similarly, the term `mobile' has completely revolutionized the
communication by opening up innovative applications that are
limited to one's imagination.
⚫ Today, mobile communication has become the backbone of the
society.
⚫ All the mobile system technologies have improved the way of
living. Its main plus point is that it has privileged a common mass
of society.

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 Evolution of Mobile Radio
Communications
⚫ The first wire-line telephone system was introduced in the
year 1877.
⚫ Mobile communication systems as early as 1934 were based
onAmplitude Modulation (AM) schemes.
⚫ With the demand for newer and better mobile radio
communication systems during the World War II and the
development of Frequency Modulation (FM) technique by
Edwin Armstrong, the mobile radio communication systems
began to witness many new changes.
⚫ Mobile telephone was introduced in the year 1946.

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 Contd..
⚫ However, during its initial three and a half decades it found very
less market penetration owing to high costs and numerous
technological drawbacks.
⚫ But with the development of the cellular concept in the 1960s at
the Bell Laboratories, mobile communications began to be a
promising field of expanse which could serve wider populations.
⚫ Initially, mobile communication was restricted to certain social
users and the cellular concept was never even dreamt of being
made commercially available.
⚫ Moreover, even the growth in the cellular networks was very
slow.

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 Contd…
⚫ However, with the development of newer and better technologies
starting from the 1970s and with the mobile users now connected
to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), there has
been an astronomical growth in the cellular radio and the personal
communication systems.
⚫ Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was the first U.S.
cellular telephone system and it was deployed in 1983.
⚫ Wireless services have since then been experiencing a 50% per
year growth rate.
⚫ The number of cellular telephone users grew from 25000 in 1984
to around 3 billion in the year 2007 and the demand rate is
increasing day by day.

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 Present Day Mobile Communication
⚫ The present day cellular communication uses a basic unit called
cell.
⚫ Each cell consists of small hexagonal area with a base station
located at the center of the cell which communicates with the
user.
⚫ To accommodate multiple users Time Division multiple Access
(TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency
Division MultipleAccess (FDMA) and their hybrids are used.
⚫ Numerous mobile radio standards have been deployed at various
places such as AMPS, PACS,GSM, NTT, PHSand IS-95, each
utilizing different set of frequencies and allocating different
number of users and channels.

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 Modern Wireless Communication
Systems
⚫ With the development of newer and better technologies
starting from the 1970s and with the mobile users now
connected to the PSTN, there has been a remarkable growth
in the cellular radio.
⚫ However, the spread of mobile communication was very fast
in the 1990s when the government throughout the world
provided radio spectrum licenses for Personal
Communication Service (PCS) in 1.8 - 2 GHz frequency
band.

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 Overview- cellular communication
⚫ In general, a Mobile Station (MS) or subscriber unit
communicates to a fixed Base Station (BS) which in turn
communicates to the desired user at the other end.
⚫ The MS consists of transceiver, control circuitry, duplexer
and an antenna while the BS consists of transceiver and
channel multiplexer along with antennas mounted on the
tower.
⚫ The BS are also linked to a power source for the transmission
of the radio signals for communication and are connected to
a fixed backbone network.

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 cellular communication

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 1G: First Generation Networks
⚫ The first mobile phone system in the market was AMPS. It
was the first U.S. cellular telephone system, deployed in
Chicago in 1983. The main technology of this first generation
mobile system was FDMA/ FDD and analog FM.

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 2G: Second Generation Networks
⚫ Digital modulation formats were introduced in this
generation with the main technology asTDMA/FDD and
CDMA/FDD.
⚫ The 2G systems introduced three popularTDMA standards
and one popular CDMA standard in the market.These are:
1. TDMA/FDD Standards
2. CDMA/FDD Standard
3. 2.5G Mobile Networks

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 1.TDMA/FDD Standards
⚫ (a) Global System for Mobile (GSM): The GSM standard,
introduced by Groupe Special Mobile, was aimed at designing a
uniform pan-European mobile system. It was the first fully digital
system utilizing the 900 MHz frequency band. The initial GSMhad
200 KHz radio channels, 8 full-rate or 16 half-rate TDMA
channels per carrier, encryption of speech, low speed data services
and support for SMSfor which it gained quick popularity.
⚫ (b) Interim Standard 136 (IS-136): It was popularly known as
North American Digital Cellular (NADC) system. In this system,
there were 3 full-rate TDMAusers over each 30 KHz channel. The
need of this system was mainly to increase the capacity over the
earlier analog (AMPS) system.

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 Contd…
⚫ (c) Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC): This standard was
developed as the counterpart of NADC in Japan. The main
advantage of this standard was its low transmission bit rate
which led to its better spectrum utilization.

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 2.CDMA/FDD Standard
⚫ Interim Standard 95 (IS-95): The IS-95 standard, also
popularly known as CDMA-One, uses 64 orthogonally coded
users and code words are transmitted simultaneously on each
of 1.25 MHz channels.
⚫ Certain services that have been standardized as a part of IS-
95 standard are: short messaging service, slotted paging,
over-the-air activation (meaning the mobile can be activated
by the service provider without any third party
intervention), enhanced mobile station identities etc.

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 2.5G Mobile Networks
⚫ In an effort to retrofit the 2G standards for compatibility with
increased throughput rates to support modern Internet
application, the new data centric standards were developed to be
overlaid on 2G standards and this is known as 2.5G standard.
⚫ Here, the main up-gradation techniques are:
a) supporting higher data rate transmission for web browsing
b) supporting e-mail traffic
c) enabling location-based mobile service
⚫ 2.5G networks also brought into the market some popular
application, a few of which are: Wireless Application Protocol
(WAP), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), High Speed
Circuit Switched Dada (HSCSD), Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution (EDGE) etc.

14 IsaacWarutumo, Dedan Kimathi University

 3G: Third Generation Networks
⚫ 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and
technology, superseding 2.5G.
⚫ It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
family of standards under the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000).
⚫ ITU launched IMT-2000 program, which, together with the main
industry and standardization bodies worldwide, targets to
implement a global frequency band that would support a single,
ubiquitous wireless communication standard for all countries, to
provide the framework for the definition of the 3G mobile
systems.
⚫ Several radio access technologies have been accepted by ITU as
part of the IMT-2000 framework.

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 Contd…
⚫ 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider
range of more advanced services while achieving greater network
capacity through improved spectral efficiency.
⚫ Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls,
and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
⚫ Additional features also include HSPA data transmission
capabilities able to deliver speeds up to 14.4Mbit/s on the down
link and 5.8Mbit/s on the uplink.
⚫ 3G networks are wide area cellular telephone networks which
evolved to incorporate high-speed internet access and video
telephony.

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 IMT-2000 defines a set of technical requirements for the realization of
such targets, which can be summarized as follows:
⚫ high data rates: 144 kbps in all environments and 2 Mbps in low-
mobility and
⚫ indoor environments
⚫ symmetrical and asymmetrical data transmission
⚫ circuit-switched and packet-switched-based services
⚫ speech quality comparable to wire-line quality
⚫ improved spectral efficiency
⚫ several simultaneous services to end users for multimedia services
⚫ seamless incorporation of second-generation cellular systems
⚫ global roaming
⚫ open architecture for the rapid introduction of new services and
technology.
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