Topics to be covered Announcements

Overview Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 Topic 6 Summary 1

 Topics to be covered Announcements

Overview Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 Topic 6 Summary 2

 Topics to be covered Announcements

Overview Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 Topic 6 Summary 3

HSC PDHPE LECTURE
January Lecture Series

Presented by:
ADITI KALIA
 Greetings!

Aditi Kalia
Graduated in 2021 as Dux
• ATAR: 95
• Band 6s in English Ext, English
Advanced, PDHPE & Biology.

• Currently studying Bachelor of

Science/Bachelor of Advanced Studies
(Medical Science) at USYD - Majoring in
Medical Science & Political Economy

• Love reading, good shows & sunny

days!

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 GAME PLAN FOR TODAY

Core 1 Revision

Study Skills

Q&A

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 Let’s Do this!

• To break down the Core 1 syllabus and make

My Job you feel confident and knowledgeable about
what’s to come!

• Take Notes
Your Job • Participate through the live chat
• Ask lots and lots of questions

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 Epidemiology

Definition:
Epidemiology is the study of patterns and causes of health and
disease in populations AND the application of these studies to
improve health.
Why are we studying this??

Collecting statistics about populations and their health

allows identification of health issues, to implement health
promotion to improve Australia’s health

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 Epidemiology
The information gathered in epidemiology includes:
• Life expectancy: Average number of years a given
gender is expected to live e.g. 84.5 female and 80.4
male

• Morbidity rate: level of disease/injury/illness

• 🡪 Prevalence: no# cases
• 🡪 Incidence: no# new cases

• Mortality rate: number of deaths in a given time

e.g. Mortality rate of injuries is decreasing

• Infant mortality rate: number of deaths in infants <1

year old, per 1000 births
e.g. Decreasing in Australia but higher in Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.

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Your job to use the information learned (the right hand side of the
syllabus) and applying it to analyse the health system in Australia.

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 Epidemiology

What can epidemiology tell us?

• Basic health status and major causes of disease
• Inequities between groups by comparing results
• Identify areas of priority
• Evaluate effectiveness of treatments

Who uses these measures?

• Everyone!
• Measures are used to inform decision making of many groups including:
Government, NGO’s, manufacturers of health products or services and
individuals.

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 Epidemiology

Do they measure everything about health status? i.e

what are the limitations?

• Obtaining data is difficult in emergency situations 🡪 by the time valid

and reliable data is collected and analysed, the conclusions for a
course of action may already be too late.

• Objective (doesn’t consider quality of life) - doesn’t consider a holistic

view of determinants of health; very numerical data

• Observational (doesn’t tell us why certain trends are occurring,

however does give good insight).

• Health workers in remote communities often lack the resources to

conduct adequate data collection and lack of access may also present
difficulties in communicating these data in a timely manner.

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 Social Justice Principles

EQUITY
Resources allocated fairly for equal opportunity.
Some groups face more disadvantages than others,
and in these cases of inequity, more resources allocated to those who need it to create equity
e.g. Those of lower socioeconomic status (less money, lower education, lower employment) have
less accessibility to health care
E.g. Medicare, bulk billing, PBS

DIVERSITY
Acknowledgement that population is made up of different groups, cultures and languages with
diverse health needs
e.g. ageing population, immigrants with ESL needs
e.g. Medicare available to ALL citizens, immunisation pamphlets available in different languages.

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 Social Justice Principles
SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS

• Ensuring all Australians are supported in

their right to access services and be
healthy.
• e.g. environments need to support health
(discussed later in the topic)

Social Justice Principles are the influencers and

goals of identifying health priorities. If social
justice not attained within a health issue = we
want to prioritise it!

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 Priority Population Groups
PRIORITY POPULATION GROUPS
- Some population groups suffer greater health
inequities than others
- By focusing resources (prioritizing) the groups
suffering inequities, we improve these groups’
health, which contributes to increasing the health of
Australia overall.

PREVALENCE
Prevalence refers to how common the health issue is (the more common, the more we want to
prioritise).The greater the prevalence, the more burden this disease has on Australia’s health care
system
BURDEN of disease = the things that occur as a result of disease = increase demand for health
services, less resources, emotional burden.

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 Priority Population Groups

POTENTIAL FOR PREVENTION AND EARLY INTERVENTION

It is much more efficient and cost effective to prevent and intervene with illness, than it is to
cure and treat diseases.

Prevention: act of stopping a disease from occurring all together

e.g. immunisation programs to prevent hepatitis b
e.g. campaigns for sun safety to prevent melanoma
e.g. good diet and exercise to prevent obesity

Intervention: act of interrupting a disease and stopping it from worsening

e.g. regular mammograms to detect breast cancer early and intervene with the disease
process
e.g. skin checks

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 COSTS : DIRECT AND INDIRECT

Direct (about the Indirect (about the person)

disease) - loss of income
- Financial costs to - Absent from job – having to
diagnose, treat and care. find replacement
- Emotional

Community: DIRECT – treatment and caring costs billions of dollars.

INDIRECT – finding replacements in workplaces.

Individual: DIRECT – financial, time for appointment, time off work, travel costs
INDIRECT – emotional trauma, mental health of carers etc.

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Today we will discuss Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
and then, its your job to research/revise ONE other group.

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 Nature & Extent – ATSI Peoples

• Lower life expectancy (10 years) TIP: Look on Australian Bureau of Statistics for more
• Higher mortality rates specific stats for MC
• Higher levels of cancer
• More likely to describe their health as
poor TIP:
• ATSI make up 3% of Australia’s Nature = describe what
population, but 28% of the prison Extent = trend
population
• Overall Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Peoples have extensive TIP: Don’t get too bogged down on statistics for your
health gap short answers – just describe e.g. higher, lower etc.

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 The Determinants

Sociocultural Socioeconomic Environmental

• Higher rates of domestic • Within lower income bracket • Living in rural areas means
violence • Lower health literacy = decreased access to services
• Some adults associate with a increased participation in risky that are only available in more
clan, which can impart language behaviors such as smoking urban areas
barriers • Lower rates of finishing high • Some are homeless –
• Suffered years of unjust school contributes to lower sometimes health forms need an
oppression, which has lead to health literacy address for processing, and so
distrust of healthcare services • Lower employment rates = without an address they are
lower income = affordability of unable to receive certain
services becomes difficult services

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Roles of Individuals, Communities and Governments
Individual Community Governments

Responsible for own Communities, elders and Creating policy

health leaders involved in “Close Funding
the Gap” programs. Research
- Access information
- Lead healthy AIME - tutoring and
lifestyle education for Aboriginal
- Participating in and Torres Strait Islanders
health promotion to address education
inequities

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 Remote Aboriginal swimming pools project = RASPP
THIS EXEMPLIFIES AN INTERSECTORAL APPROACH!
• Government
– WA State Government provides funding
• Community
– Pools are run and managed by the Royal Life Saving Society
• Individual
– Individuals engage with the program, leading to positive health outcomes
– In one school, retention rates rose from 20% to 80%
– Adolescent crime rates in some communities went to zero.

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 Cardiovascular Disease – Nature
Conditions and diseases of the heart and peripheral blood vessels.
• Coronary heart disease - ischemic heart disease (disease of the blood vessels that supply the heart, whereby blood supply and thus oxygen
supply is cut off)
• Angina: chronic, temporary, short episodes of chest pain
• Heart Attack: blood vessels supplying heart get suddenly blocked
• Peripheral vascular disease (affects blood vessels in the limbs ie to atherosclerosis)
• Heart Failure - heart is unable to maintain a strong enough blood flow. It can result in chronic tiredness, reduced capacity for physical
activity and shortness of breath. Atherosclerosis – main cause of CVD – build up of plaque on the inside of vessels. It is a gradual process,
and if it ruptures, forms a clot which can block blood supply and cause heart attack
• Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) – disease of the arteries in the brain, caused by atherosclerotic clots = interruption of blood supply to
brain = stroke
• Also occurs as a result of blood vessels bursting in the brain

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 Cardiovascular Disease – Extent
1 in 5 Australians suffer from CVD

CVDs account for the second largest burden of disease

The rate of strokes has fallen by 25% in the last 10 years (if using as an example in a response you only need to say rates of strokes
has decreased. This level of detail is only needed for MC)

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD):

• Prevalence increasing
• Rates increase with age
• 2x higher for males
• Death rate decreasing due to improved medical technology

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 Cardiovascular Disease – Determinants

Socioeconomic

• High levels of education, means awareness of detriments of risky behaviors and thus less likely to develop a CVD
• Lower income = lower health outcomes (social gradient) as their accessibility is lower, and education also generally
lower
• Inability to afford fresh fruits and vegetables

Sociocultural

• Growing up in family who smoke

• Peer pressure to smoke/ easy to eat poorly
• Men more likely to ignore symptoms

Environmental

• People living in rural areas have higher mortality rates of CVD due to slower speed of accessing immediate medical
attention
• Less access to overall services

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Cardiovascular Disease – Risk factors & Groups at risk

Modifiable Risk Factors Non-Modifiable Risk Factors Protective factors

- Smoking - Age Opposite of modifiable risk

- High salt and fat diet - Hereditary factors
- Overweight - Gender - Healthy diet, low in salt and fat
- Sedentary lifestyle - Regular exercise
- Hypertension (high blood - Not smoking/quitting
pressure) - Managing stress

Groups at Risk
• Smokers • People with high blood pressure and high cholesterol
• Overweight/ Obese • Males
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait • Elderly

Islanders • Socioeconomically disadvantaged

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 Healthy Ageing

Australia’s population is growing and ageing (decreased birth rate

and increased life expectancy) - increased prevalence of chronic
disease (elderly are more susceptible) and increased demand for
health services.

It is a process that includes behaviour and choices that positively

affect health and reduce risk factors for chronic disease.

= economic growth – stay in workforce longer

= decreased strain on health services by elderly
= able to train young entrants to workforce
= able to volunteer and take care of others

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 Demand for Health Services and Incremental Effects

• Growing and ageing population → increased

population with chronic disease → increased
demand on health services

• Increased number living in aged care

• Increased demand for facilities and aged care
facilities = requirement of more workforce training
and recruitment in these areas

• Overall, this leads to higher costs to the healthcare

system, as well as risks demanding more services
than Australia can currently provide for.

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 Availability of Carers and Volunteers

- Carer: person providing informal assistance – usually family

member or friend. Sometimes can be formal, hired and paid.
- Carers NSW
- Family members/friends
- Carers in Nursing Homes

- Volunteer: member of community who offers their services to others

who need it (unpaid)
- Anglicare
- Nursing on wheels
- Alzheimer's Australia

Greater demand for both these roles, and availability is not where it
needs to be.

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 Range and Type of Health Facilities
Hospitals (public and private): Medicare covers the costs of public hospitals making them more
accessible to socioeconomically disadvantaged people, though private hospitals require either full
payment by the patient or a combined payment using a private health insurer.

Primary care (GPs, nurses, dental): the frontline/first point of access of health care, where
referrals are made. Medicare covers the bulk of the cost, with many GPs choosing to add additional
fees on top of that provided by the government, though there are still some who bulk bill (no extra
cost to the individual)

Public (screenings, immunisations)

Specialised (mental, reproductive, skin, nursing homes etc.)

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, which provides partial payments for many medications with set
amounts being paid by the patient. The PBS provides extra funding for people with special needs,
such as: pensioners, concession cardholders and war veterans.

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 Who is Responsible??
Federal – Funding through taxation, National health programs
such as Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and
research

State – provision of health public hospitals, development of health

promotion activities e.g. overseeing immunisation, regulation
monitoring

Local – implementation of health promotion activities e.g.

immunisations, sporting competitions, responsible for community
hygiene and waste removal

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 Health Services for You, Me, Everyone…
- Achieved by: Medicare, PBS, health promotion initiatives
allows all Australians basic level of health care, is diverse
and for everyone.

…However, there are some barriers to equity:

• Cost – some after-hours walk-in expenses not covered
• Long waiting periods due to decreased availability of health workers and increased demand of
health services
• Language, religion, culture and geographic location hinder equitable access, TV access to
promotion initiatives.
• Some specialists such as physio, chiro, dentists may not be covered under public healthcare
system – inequity of access due to costs
• Mention the difference between public and private hospitals: private hospitals have no waiting
time, choice of room, and choice of doctor
• To overcome: Medicare local after-hours walk-in clinics, supporting mobile GP’s

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 $$$ Spent on Healthcare and Health Promotion

Prevention is cheaper and more effective than cure as it targets risk

factors and behaviours by promoting health rather than treating with
expensive technologies, procedures and medications.
- Prevention targets a wide range of people whereas treatment
focuses on the one person.
- However, health promotion does not take immediate effect, and has
long term impacts, hence there is hesitation to reallocate funds from
health care toward health promotion.

e.g. tobacco initiatives, tax increase and policies Vs lung transplant.

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 New Health Technologies and Their Impact

+ improves early detection, prevention and thus life expectancy

and quality of life, advances in treatment and reduces recovery
time and are less invasive

- Expensive, increase health care expenditure and long terms

effects unknown

e.g. MRI, vaccination, keyhole surgery, lasers, screenings

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 The Ultimate Showdown
Advantages Disadvantages
Medicare ✔ Broad range of high quality health care - Some important services only
✔ Choice of GP partially covered or not at all
✔ Affordable/ subsidized or bulk billing - Waiting lists
✔ Equitability: all have access - Limitations of choices due to
availability of covered services

Private ✔ Access to ancillary benefits (physio, - Costly

Health dentist, optical) not covered by Medicare - Premiums must be paid regardless
Insurance ✔ Superior comfort in surgery and wards of level of use
✔ Choice of surgeon - Out of pocket expenses may still
✔ Elective surgeries with smaller waiting list occur
✔ Choice of public or private hospital care
✔ Rebates given by government

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Complementary and Alternative health services

Complementary: A health service sought by a person

in addition to western/ traditional medical treatment

Alternative: A health service utilised instead of

traditional medical attention/treatment.

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 Reasons for growth
- Traditional medicines not working for people

- Growth of research into these products – more trustworthy, and more evidence of their
effectiveness and worthwhile

- Development of regulatory bodies has increased the credibility e.g. Australian Natural Therapies
Association

- Important to note that in Australia, you do not need to be registered in order to practice some of
these alternate and complementary health services – important to be aware of when addressing
making informed consumer choices

- Considered a more holistic and more natural approach to health care and treatment

- Tertiary education and qualifications available to practice these alternate and complementary
health services

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 Complementary and Alternative health services
Naturopathy Aromatherapy Acupuncture Chiropractic
- utilises the natural - utilising essential oils - involves inserting fine - treating the spine by using
medicine approach and from plants in massage, needles into specific points their hands to examine and
seeks to use natural baths, inhalation or topical on the skin or applying treat health conditions
products to strengthen the application to produce various other techniques to related to the bones,
immune system and speed different emotional and the acupuncture points to muscles and joints. - For
up the healing process. physiological reactions. restore balance and some medical conditions,
encourage the body to heal chiropractic services may
- Naturopaths often treat - Most are for calming, itself. complement or support
patients by improving their relaxing and de stressing medical treatment by
diets or providing which assists in recovery - Said to assist with relieving the
nutritional supplements, processes. migraines and joint pain. musculoskeletal aspects
using homeopathic associated with the
treatments, or herbal condition.
medicines.

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 Decisions, Decisions…. How will you make the right one?
• Research: ask someone who has used it, ask someone qualified, research online,
checking procedures, success rates and risks. Research the person performing the
procedure, know costs and side effects. There is a lot of ambiguity and unknowns
revolving around alternative and complementary health services so research has to be
thorough. Ask the person questions such as: what qualifications do you have? Are your
registered? What evidence is there for this treatment? Are there side effect? If so are
they common? Will treatment affect other treatments I might or am receiving? – if they
are not able to answer accurately, they are not reliable sources.

• After selecting, it is important to reassess the effectiveness and determine if it is

meeting your needs.

• Useful resource: Australian Natural Therapist Association, which has a list of all
practitioners who are accredited and have signed a code of ethics.

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 DPSCSESCARHB
“Dips - c - sarb”

OR

D – DOG - developing personal skills

C – CRAP – creating supportive environments
S – SMELLS – strengthening community action
R – REALLY – reorienting health services
B – BAD – building healthy public policy.

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 Developing Personal Skills

Requires the provision of information, education and life skill

development. This increases options and control for individuals
over their own health. It is essential to equip people for lifelong
learning and to develop skills for coping with ill health. This is
done through school, home, and community settings.

Education and development of knowledge and skills, aimed at

positively modifying behaviors and empowering individuals to
make informed decisions e.g. PDHPE, kids alive do the five “teach
your kids to swim”

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 Creating Supportive Environments

There is a link between people’s health and their environment, requiring

a socioecological approach to health. Reciprocal maintenance of
environments is the guiding principle. Work and leisure should promote
health, not demote it. Thus, health promotion should create safe working
environments that are enjoyable, assess health impacts of developing
infrastructure (buildings, energy etc), and protect natural and built
environments.

Providing care and support for people in various settings such as work
and school. Within environments supportive of positive health behaviour,
individuals are better able to make positive health decisions e.g. school
speed zones, not hat no play, no smoking areas

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 Strengthening Community Action
Community action is strengthened through communities being involved in setting priorities, making decisions,
planning strategies and implementing them to improve health outcomes. The process’ goal is to empower
communities, which improves outcomes of health promotion.

Encouraging communities to increase participation in decisions, planning and implementing strategies to

improve health e.g. mother and babies groups, walking groups, self help groups such as alcohols anonymous

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 Reorienting Health Services
• Reorienting health services is about the shift towards a system that
promotes health, rather than curative services. Health services need to
support the needs of individuals and communities to promote health and
prevent illness, by considering social, physical, political and economic
environments in which individuals live. This requires greater health
research and professional education and training. The shift is to focus on
the needs of the entire individual, not just their injury, illness or disease.
• Shift from curing what’s “wrong” in an individual and rather focusing on
their holistic health before illness even begins

Refocusing health services toward prevention and health promotion rather

than just ‘cure’. E.g. free screenings for skin and breast cancer, encouraging
cessation of smoking

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 Building Healthy Public Policy

Policy development at all levels seeks to promote

health. It includes: legislation, taxation, and
organizational change. They are made to foster
equity and ensures safer and healthier goods and
services, healthier public services, and cleaner
more enjoyable environments. Policies need to
identify obstacles to health and seek to remove
them, making the healthier choice the easiest one.

Encouraging policy makers to incorporate health

into all policy and legislations. E.g. RBT
legislations, kids alive do the five “ fence the pool”
and smoking bans, taxation on cigarettes

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 LEVELS OF RESPONSIBILITY
Developing Personal Skills
Governments Communities Individuals
Create policies and fund education Run education and training Participate and take own
to develop personal skill of the programs to develop personal responsibility of education, using
community and individuals skills in relation to health. E.g. the resources provided e.g. signing
e.g. Mandatory pdhpe k-10 community health centre up for locally run education
education sessions, attending school

Creating Supportive Environments

Governments Communities Individuals
Planning, implementation and Help maintain healthy Using resources implemented and
management of infrastructure. Eg) environments and promote making better health choices e.g.
Pathways for walking in parks, healthy behaviours. Eg) clean up putting rubbish in bins to keep
waste removal, sun shelters etc. Australia day, fun runs, maintain environment clean and supportive
parks, of health

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 Strengthening Community Action
Governments Communities Individuals
Engage with community groups in Contribute to and take ownership Getting involved in and promote
the creation of policies. Eg) of policies being empowered to act community activities. Eg) promote
allowing communities to provide and implement them. Eg) fun runs, engage in community
feedback on policies before signing Aboriginal community-controlled discussions around health
them health services

Reorienting Health Services

Governments Communities Individuals
Funding, research and creation of Conduct research and be involved Participation in health promotion
policies around prevention and in the promotion of health. Eg) and taking responsibility of
health promotion. Looking at the cancer council conducts research preventative measures. Eg)
determinants and not just cure. E.g. around cancer, but also promotes participating in jump-rope-for-
tv advertisements, training of better health choices in relation to heart or getting advice from a GP
primary health sector to promote the prevention of cancer. on quitting smoking
health as well as cure.

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 Building Healthy Public Policy
Governments Communities Individuals
Creation and maintenance of policies Contribution toward Acting in accordance with
e.g. Close the gap statement of intent. developing and carrying out policies e.g. abiding by no
Another example is National Tobacco policies e.g. Aboriginal and smoking zones
Strategy – under which tobacco smoking is Torres Strait Islander peoples
prohibited in certain areas and the involvement in Close the Gap
branding on cigarette packs contains
warnings.

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 Holding Imaginary Hands … or Partnerships
Partnerships = Sharing resources

- Shared responsibility = more time efficient for health promotion initiatives

- Increases access to expertise and resources
- Community and NGO involvement means policy and health promotion will be targeting
actual needs of population
- Governments provide research and funding
- Individuals such as stakeholders invest money but also partake in initiatives,
underpinning success, evaluation and future improvements

The Intersectoral Approach: Working together across sectors to improve health and
influence its determinants is often referred to as intersectoral action on health.

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 CASE STUDY!!!

Breast Cancer Mobile Screening Van

As a result of this collaborative approach and this program, Breast Cancer mortality
rates have decreased!

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 THE OC AND SJP’s
Developing Personal Skills
Equity = ALL Diversity Supportive Environments
Access to education for all Education programs should be People share their skills and
Australian citizens to ensure modified to cater for the knowledge within their
everyone is empowered to diversity within the population environment making it more
make healthy choices, and e.g. health classes, pamphlets, supportive. E.g parents educate
decisions productive of good textbooks and advertisements and model for their children,
health e.g. PDHPE easily in different languages utilizing who do the same in their peer
accessible as it is provided images to cater for lower health groups
during school k-10 – is not an literacy.
additional fee or additional
access necessary.

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 Creating Supportive Environments

Equity = ALL Diversity Supportive Environments

Health promotion that is built to E.g. In order for an Creating environments that
achieve a supportive environment, environment to be encourage healthy choices
means that everyone is considered supportive it must account is vital in health promotion.
and involved. E.g. Alcoholics for the diversity of the E.g. ensuring good parks for
anonymous open to the public allows population and their needs. outdoor activities
a safe environment for any people PCYC (police citizens youth
seeking help to attain help. E.g. No club) implementation to
smoking zones in bars and pubs support the health of young
creates an environment free of people, accounts for the
passive smoking to all. This diversity of our community
demonstrates that basing health in that young people also
promotion off the action area CSE have health needs that need
promotes equity. tending to.

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 Strengthening Community Action
Equity = ALL Diversity Supportive Environments
Health promotion that engages Empowering elders in the Health promotion that aims to
the community means Aboriginal community and strengthen community action
involvement of everyone and encouraging them to by getting communities to
their health needs. Aboriginal implement and address health address health problems by
and Torres Strait Islander issues in their communities, creating supportive
Peoples getting involved in accounts for and promotes the environments in which health
close the gap program, allows acknowledgement of the problems can be addressed,
them to strengthen their diversity of cultures within promotes the creation of
community whilst improving Australia supportive environments. E.g.
health outcomes for their community volunteer groups
population, achieving more maintaining bushwalking tracks
equitable health outcomes. to create an environment that is
supportive of exercise.

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 Reorienting Health Services

Equity = ALL Diversity Supportive Environments

Providing free or Ensuring promotion for Immunisations in schools
subsidized screenings to screening and preventative to prevent spread of
ALL Australians, via initiatives such as disease in school and
Medicare promotes immunisations are create a safe and
prevention and equity. advertised in multiple supportive environment
languages to promote for learning.
diversity.

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 Building Healthy Public Policy
Equity = ALL Diversity Supportive Environments
Policy making in Australia is built to Public policy accounts for the Policy makers should aim to
cater for all citizens, making it diversity of our population, produce policies that promote
equitable. Eg) Medicare provides seeking to provide for all supportive environments that are
access to health services for supportive of good health. E.g.
people groups. Also policies to
socioeconomically smoking bans in pubs, clubs and
ensure resources are accessible most public places.
disadvantaged people in different languages, and that
translators at hospital are
available to account for the
diversity of languages used in
Australia.

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 So…. In Essence

• The Ottawa Charter provides a framework upon which

health initiatives can be based on. This will subsequently
promote the Social Justice Principles {this is your overall
answer statement and then you would have to back it up
with examples

• Intersectoral approach is one that involves all groups

including GOV, NGO, communities and individuals working
together, combining resources to produce better and more
effective health promotion
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 OC IN ACTION
DPS : Educating
SCA : Life Skills People

National Tobacco
Strategy
2012 - 2018
RHS : Increase
quitting by 50-70% CSE : Supporting
BHPP :
People to Quit
Laws,
Taxes
https://www.dailyma
il.co.uk/news/article-
8684497/A-pack-20-
cigarettes-Australia-
costs-19-latest-tax-
hike.html

https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/national-tobacco-strategy-2012-2018_1.pdf

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 STUDYING WITH A BANG!

EXAMPLES!!!!!

SYLLABUS!!!!

PRACTICE!!!

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We wish you all the very best! Good Luck with Term 2 !

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