I certain events in Philippine History considered spaces for CASE STUDY 2: What Happened in The Cavite Mutiny?

conflicts and controversies as they remain subject of debate

with different perspectives and interpretations. 1872: TWO MAJOR EVENTS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 Events contested over time leading to varying  Cavite Mutiny
historical narratives often influenced by political,  Martyrdom of Three Filipino priests: GOMBURZA
social and cultural factors. (Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora)

CASE STUDY 1: Where did the first Catholic Mast took These events shaped/influenced Philippine Revolution
place in the Philippines: This case study focuses on me different accounts of the
 First Catholic Mass in the Philippines: March 31, Cavite Mutiny (Fueled Filipino Nationalism) that sparked
1521 debate due to varying perspectives.
 Led by Ferdinand Magellan
 Believed to have been held in Limasawa (Leyte) but SPANISH ACCOUNTS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
some argue it was in Mazaua (near Homonhon,
Samar) 1. JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL (SPANICH HISTORION)
 In reflects now historians interpret evidence to  The mutiny was an attempt to overthrow the
understand history Spanish government in the Philippines.
 Biased account (criticized)
BUTUAN'S CLAIM:  Believed muting was caused by the removal of
 Butuan was thought to be the site of the first mass rights of the workers in Cavite arsenal (e.g.,
for three centuries. To commemorate this belief, a exemption from taxes.)
monument was built near Agusan River in 1872.  Connected the event to revolutionary ideas from
This was questioned in late 19th to early 20th Spain (democracy & republicanism) and claimed
centuries. some Filipinos with native clergy, sought
independence.
TWO PRIMARY SOURCES FOR THE LOCATION OF THE
FIRST MALE: 2. GOVERNOR GENERAL RAFAEL IZQUIERDO
 Implicated the native clergy in the mutiny.
1. FRANCISCO ALBO'S LOG  Believed it wat led by mestizos, lawyers and come
 He was a pilot on Magellan's expedition. native clergy to overthrow Spanish rulers and
 He included their journey and several islands but replace it with a Filipino leader, possibly a priest like
not specifically the First Mass. Jose Burgos or Jacinto Zamora.
 March 16, 1521 reached Yunagan island (likely  Started when workers at Cavite arsenal were forced
Homonhon) then railed to Mazaua (likely to pay tribute and perform forced labor after being
Limasawa) where they planted a cross on a exempted.
mountain but no mention of the first mass.
JANUARY 20, 1872: Mutiny began when Filipino workers
2. ANTONIO PIGAFETTA'S TESTIMONY and soldiers misinterpreted fireworks display in Sampaloc
 Part of Magellan's crew provided more details of the as a signal. They attacked but was easily suppressed.
journey including the first mass. FEBRUARY 17, 1892: Leader like Gomez, Burgos and
 March 18, 1521 sailed to Mazaua after seeing a Zamora were executed to stop future revolts. Others were
light. stayed there for 7 days before sailing to Cebu arrested and sent into exile.
on April 4.
 April 14, 1521: reached the island of Mazaua. 3. DR. TRINDAD HERMENEGILDO PARDO DE TAVERA
Specific day not directly linked to the mass but is a key part (Filipino scholar)
of the journey reading to an eventual celebration of the  Cavite mutiny was a reaction to Governor
Fires catholic Mace in the Philippines. Izquierdo’s policies, not in independence
movement.
Both Albo and Pigafetta's accounts overlap supporting the  It was caused by the abolition of privileges like tar
idea at the first Mass occurred in Limasawa, not Butuan or exemptions and banning of schools for Filipinos.
Mazaua.  It was aimed for reform, not revolution.
 argued that Spanish authorities exaggerated the
CONCLUSION: Exact location is still debated but historical mutiny to justify their control and protect friars’
records, like Albo's and Figaretta's points to Limasawa as influences to the Philippines.
the site of the First Catholic Mass in the Philippines. This
case shows the complexities of interpreting historical 4. EDMUND PLAUCHUT (FRENCH WRITER)
evidences.  Supported Tavera's view
 Spanish exaggerated the muting to justify
PRIMARY SOURCES: oppression.
 Albo's Log: " “Diario ó derotero del viage de  Spanish included or introduced reforms like better
Magallanes" (as cited in Miguel A. Bernard, "Butuan education and customs.
or Limasawa, 1981)  Filipinos welcomed these reforms.
 Pigafetta’s (Log) Testimony: "The Philippine
Islands, vol. 33 and 34" (as cited in Miguel A.
Bernard, 1981)
SUMMARY OF SOURCES:
  Montero’s Account: Focuses on the mutiny a s  Secure support from wealthy Filipinos first.
rebellion led by Filipinas, including the native clergy  Recruit Antonio Luna to read military efforts.
against Spanish rule, motivated by various social
and political factors (Montero y Vidal, 1990) He gave advise despite not actively supporting. Many still
 Izquierdo's Report: Blames the mutiny on the native view him as key figure regardless the Retraction
clergy and other educated Filipinos, alleging a controversy.
conspiracy to establish a Filipino leader and
overthrow Spanish rule. (Izquierdo, 1990) CASE STUDY 4: Where did the Cry of Rebellion Happen?
 Tavera's Account: Argues that the mutiny was a
protest against Governor Izquierdo’s policies, with CRY OF REBELLION (EI Grito de Rebelion)
no intention of breaking away from Spain (Pardo de  August 1896 marked the beginning of this struggle
Tavera, 1990) against Spanish colonial Government. However, the
 Plauchut's Account: Support's Tavera’s view that exact date and location was debated by historians.
the Spanish exaggerated the mutiny to justify
continues control over the Philippines (Plauchut, KEY DISAGREEMENTS ABOUT THE DATE & PLACE OF
1990) THE CRY:

CASE STUDY 3: Did Rizal Retract? 1. Teodoro Agoncillo (historian) highlighted when Andres
 Jose Rizal is a hero known for his writings criticized Bonifacio tore his cedula (tax receipt) as sign of defiance.
Spanish rule, like Noli me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo 2. Historians believed first military clash w/ Spain was the
 THE RETRACTION: A controversial document real start of the Cry. Emilio Aguinaldo Iater commissioned a
alleged signed by Rizal before his execution, where song, "Himno de Balintawak" after failed Pact of Biak-na-
he retracts his criticisms of the church and declared Bato to inspire renewed fight.
his Catholic belief.
 PRIMARY SOURCE: The Retraction (translated by 3. A monument (heroes of 1896) at the intersection of
Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M. in 1935) on December 29, EDSA Avenue and Andrea Bonifacio Drive in Quezon City.
Rizal wrote a statement saying he wishes to live significance of the place is unknown but it was the site
and die a Catholic, retract anything against church chosen for the celebration of the "cry" from 1896-1862.
and reject Masonry.
 Fr. Vicente Balaguer, a Jesuit priest, in his VARIOUS CLAIMS ABOUT THE CRY'S LOCATION AND
testimony or account of the only one eyewitness DATE:
claimed that Rizal confessed, attended mass, and  Lt. Oligario Diaz (Guardia Civil): Balintawak; Aug.
prayed before his death, suggesting he may have 25,1896.
signed the retraction.  Teodoro Kalaw (historian): Kangkong, Balintawak
 The authenticity of the Retraction is still debated as Last week of August 1896
is contradicts Rizal's revolutionary ideas.  Santiago Alvarez (Katipunero): Banay Toro,
Quezon City August 24, 1896
PRIMARY SOURCE: EYEWITNESS ACCOUNT OF  Pio Villanueva (katipunero) & Gregorio zaide
RIZAL'S LAST HOURS (Historian): Pugad Lawin; August 23, 1896
 Source: Michael Charleston Chua, "Retraction ni  Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion, Ramon
Jose Rizal: Mga Bagong Dokumento at Pananaw", Villegas (Historians): Tandang Sora's barn in
GMA News online, 29 December 2016 Gulod, Barangay Ban Quezon City; August 24,
1894
Balaguer described Rizal's final day:
 Refusal to sign Retraction document. PRIMARY SOURCE ACCOUNTS:
 Wrote his own later and signed with others present.
 Added weight to Rizal's authorship of The 1. Guillermo Masangkay: Meeting; August 24, 1896 at
Retraction, though Balaguer wasn't directly involved Apolonio Samon's house in Balintawak with leaders of
in writing in Katipunan. Bonifacio gave a speech urging the revolution.
The crowd agrees and tore up their cedulas.
THE RETRACTION CONTROVERSY:
 Many scholars argue that The Retraction doesn't 2. Pio Valenzuela: First major meeting; Balintawak; August
Change Rizal’s status as a hero. 22, 1896. In Pugad Lawin, Aug. 23, 1896, 1,000
 His works are still central to Philippine History. katipuneros debates whether to start the revolution. After
 His connection with Katipunan remains and is discussion many tore cedulas and shouted “Long live the
significant. Though not officially a part, he is Philippines”
admired by Katipunan. It’s leaders are former
members of La Liga Filipina, a group he founded in
1892 and still use Rizal's name as symbol of
resistance.
HISTORICAL CONFLICTS: Difference or varying accounts
1896: Katipunan decided to launch revolution, Pio and reports is to avoid detection by the Spanish
Valenzuela was sent to Rizal, who’s-in exile, and lie gave government. As per historians Guerrero, Encarnacion and
some advice: Villegas, all the mentioned places (Balintawak, Kangkong,
 It is suicide to fight well-armed Spaniards.
Pugad Lawin and Bahay Toro) were parts in the same
areas: Balintawak in Caloocan, now part of Quezon City. CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITARIANISM (1973):
 Approved under Pres. Ferdinand Marcos Sr.,
CONCLUSION: The Cry of Rebellion, despite bong the molt shifting to a Parliamentary system
deputed moments and the varying date and place, marked  Consolidated power in Marcos, leading to
a pivotal point in the Philippine Revolution. Authoritarianism rule and Martial Law, which lasted
until 1986
SOURCES:
 Guillermo Masangkay, "Cry of Balintawak" in FREEDOM CONSTITUTION (1986):
Documentary Sources of Philippine History, vol. 8  Issued by Pres Corazon Aquino after People Power
(1990) Revolution temporarily replacing 1973 Constitution.
 Pio Valenzuela, "Cry of Pugad Lawin" in  Led to the drafting of the 1987 Philippine
Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Vol. 8 Constitution.
(1990)
 Teodoro Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION:
(1960)  Established a presidential system and emphasized
 Gregorio Zaide, Philippine History (1994) human rights, civil liberties, and social justice.
 Ratified on February 2, 1987, marking the return to
EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION democracy after martial law.

CONSTITUTION – Set of fundamental principles or

precedent governing a state or organization.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT:
 The Philippines has had six constitutions since its
independence in 1898.
 The Malolos Constitution (1899) war Asia's first
republican constitution.
 During American occupation, US. Iaw acted as
temporary Constitution until 1935 constitution.

SALIENT POINTS OF EACH CONSTITUTION:

CONSTITUTION OF BIAK-NA-BATO (1897):

 Provisional constitution for the Philippine Republic
revolution, promulgated on November 1, 1897
 Aimed to establish government amidst fight for
independence from Spain.
 Short-lived due to the pact of Biak-na-Bato (Dec,
1897)

Malolos Constitution (1899):

 Established the First Philippine Republic
 Approved: Nov. 29, 1898; Promulgated by Pres.
Aguinaldo January 21, 1899
 Unitary government with presidential system, civil
liberties, and protections for individual rights
 Nullified in 1901 due to the Philippine-American war

COMMONWEALTH CONSTITUTION (1935):

 Approved: May 14, 1935; Came into effect: NOV.
15,1935
 Established a Presidential system and commitment
to future independence (granted on July 1, 1940)
 Women's suffrage granted in 1937; Tagalog
declared as National Language
 President: Manuel L. Quezon

1943 CONSTITUTION:
 Adopted during Japanese occupation to legitimize
their control but lacked Filipino support
 Short-lived, restored after Philippines' liberation in
1945