Scribd
Upload
21 views20 pages

Unit#1 CL#5

The document covers key concepts in Engineering Physics, focusing on atomic spectra, the photoelectric effect, and the Compton effect. It explains the quantum mechanics behind these phenomena, including the dual nature of radiation and the significance of energy quantization. Additionally, it includes numerical problems and conceptual questions to reinforce understanding of the material.

Uploaded by

piyushapatel2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views20 pages

Unit#1 CL#5

The document covers key concepts in Engineering Physics, focusing on atomic spectra, the photoelectric effect, and the Compton effect. It explains the quantum mechanics behind these phenomena, including the dual nature of radiation and the significance of energy quantization. Additionally, it includes numerical problems and conceptual questions to reinforce understanding of the material.

Uploaded by

piyushapatel2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

ENGINEERING PHYSICS

Department of Science and Humanities


ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Unit I : Review of concepts leading to Quantum Mechanics

Week #2 Class #7
• Atomic Spectra
• Photo Electric effect
• Compton effect
• Compton shift
• Dual nature of radiation
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Atomic spectra

• Atoms of different elements have distinct spectra


• Atomic spectroscopy allows the identification of a sample's
elemental composition (An important tool for material
characterization)
• Atomic absorption lines are observed in the solar spectrum,
referred to as Fraunhofer lines
• Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered new elements
by observing their emission spectra
• The existence of discrete line - Emission spectra
• Absence of discrete lines -Absorption spectra
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Atomic spectra analysis – Classical
• Classical physics - orbiting electron is constantly changing
direction and emit electromagnetic radiation

• As a result, the electron should be continually losing energy!

• The electron should lose all of its energy and spiral down into
the proton In other words, atoms should not exist!

Hydrogen spectra

https://physics.weber.edu/carroll/honors/failures.htm
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Atomic spectra analysis – Quantum explanation
Based on Max Planck's idea that energy comes in quanta, energy
can be absorbed or emitted in terms of quanta
Particle-Particle interaction leading to absorption and emission
spectra of atoms!

The explanation of the line spectrum of atoms: in terms of


transition between quantized energy states of an atom
https://physics.weber.edu/carroll/honors/failures.htm
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Photoelectric effect
• Electron emission from metals under irradiation - Photo electric
effect
• Instantaneous emission of electrons with kinetic energy
dependent on wavelength of radiation
• Energy of photo electrons independent of intensity of radiation
• Failure of EM wave theory to explain observed results

https://notes.tyrocity.com/photoelectric-effect/
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Photoelectric effect – Quantum explanation
• Quantum phenomenon
• Einstein’s concepts of photons
• Low energy electron-photon interaction (Particle-Particle interaction!)
• Transfer of energy and momentum to the photo electron
• 𝒉𝝂 = 𝑾 + 𝑲𝑬𝒆
• Waves can have dual nature – depending on the nature of interaction
with matter !

Single photon-electron interaction

Image courtesy: hyperphysics


ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Scattering of X-rays by target materials – Compton effect
• Scattering of X Rays by different target materials
Observation: Scattered X rays have a higher wavelength than the
incident X rays
• Wavelength of scattered X rays depend on the angle of scattering
• Scattering of EM waves with electrons do not explain the
observed change in wavelength-Classical explanation fails!

Image courtesy: hyperphysics


ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Compton shift
Change in wavelength (Compton Shift) was calculated as
𝒉
𝝀𝒇 − 𝝀𝒊 = 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒎𝒆 𝒄
• Compton shift 𝜟𝝀 is independent of the incident wavelength
• 𝜟𝝀 depends only on the scattering angle.
𝒉
• = 𝝀𝒄 is termed as the Compton wavelength
𝒎𝒆 𝒄
• For electrons, 𝝀𝒄 =2.42 x 10-12 m
𝒉
• Maximum value of Compton shift for the angle 180o is (2x )
𝒎𝒆 𝒄

For inner bound electrons do not knocked off from target atoms –
similar to collision of photon with a whole atom (change in
wavelength will be negligible – presence of incident wavelength)
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Compton shift: Dependency on scattering angle
• Change in wavelength (Compton Shift)
𝒉
𝝀𝒇 − 𝝀𝒊 = 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒎𝒆 𝒄

Energy lost by photon =


Energy gained by electron
hν−hν′= KE of electron

If instead of electron if the X-ray photon


interacts with proton?

Compton shift- Dependence on angle


ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Relativistic concepts of momentum and energy

Pre-requisites to derive Compton shift

• Rest mass energy of a particle given by

E= moc2.

• the kinetic energy of a particle with momentum p is given


by pc (no specific knowledge on mass, e.g: photon, E =
hc/𝝀)

• The total energy of the particle is given by

𝑬= 𝒑𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒎𝒐 𝟐 𝒄𝟒
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Compton shift derivation: Conservation of momentum and energy
Momentum conservation along the incident direction
Pi + 0 = Pf cosθ + Pe cosφ
Momentum conservation in the perpendicular direction
0 = Pf sinθ - Pe sinφ
conservation of momentum

𝑃𝑖 + 0 = 𝑃𝑓 + 𝑃𝑒
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Conservation of momentum in X ray scattering
• Momentum conservation along the incident direction -
𝒑𝒊 + 𝟎 = 𝒑𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒑𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓.
• Momentum conservation in a perpendicular direction -
𝟎 = 𝒑𝒇 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒑𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓
• Conservation of momentum before and after collision
𝒑𝒆 𝟐 = 𝒑𝒊 𝟐 + 𝒑𝒇 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒑𝒊 𝒑𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 … 1.

Colliding photon and with weakly


bound electrons, the conservation of
energy for the photon-electron system
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Compton shift derivation: Conservation of energy
• Conservation of energy before and after collision 𝐸𝑖 + 𝑚𝑒 𝑐 2 = 𝐸𝑓 + 𝐸
𝒑𝒊 𝒄 + 𝒎𝒐 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒑𝒇 𝒄 + 𝒑𝒆 𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒎𝒐 𝟐 𝒄𝟒

𝒑𝒆 𝟐 = 𝒑𝒊 𝟐 + 𝒑𝒇 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒑𝒊 𝒑𝒇 + 𝟐𝒎𝒐 𝒄 𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝒇 --- 2


• Comparing equations 1 & 2

𝒑𝒆 𝟐 = 𝒑𝒊 𝟐 + 𝒑𝒇 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒑𝒊 𝒑𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 … 1. (From conservation of momentum)

𝒑𝒆 𝟐 = 𝒑𝒊 𝟐 + 𝒑𝒇 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒑𝒊 𝒑𝒇 + 𝟐𝒎𝒐 𝒄 𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝒇 --- 2 (From conservation of energy)


−𝟐𝒑𝒊 𝒑𝒇 + 𝟐𝒎𝒐 𝒄 𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝒇 = −𝟐𝒑𝒊 𝒑𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 ---- 3.
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Compton Shift derivation

𝒉 𝒉
• With 𝒑𝒊 = and 𝒑𝒇 = equation 3. simplifies to
𝝀𝒊 𝝀𝒇

𝒉
𝝀𝒇 − 𝝀𝒊 = 𝚫𝝀 = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒎𝒆 𝒄
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Compton effect: Conclusion

• Compton Effect- proved the particle nature of EM radiation

• Interaction of radiation with matter at sub-atomic matter


requires radiation to be treated as particles - Photons

• Wave-Particle duality is a reality (radiation can behave like a


particle at times and show the normal wave characteristics at
other times)
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Class 7 . Numericals
X-rays of wavelength 0.112 nm is scattered from a carbon target. Calculate the
wavelength of X-rays scattered at an angle 90o with respect to the original
direction. What is the energy lost by the X-ray photons? What is the energy gained
by the electrons? If the incident x-ray retraces back what will be the shift?
𝒉
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕, 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒎𝒆 𝒄
𝑼𝒑𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝑨𝒐
𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑿 − 𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒔, 𝝀′ = 𝝀 + 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝒐

Energy lost by the X-ray photons = Energy gained by the electron


= Kinetic energy gained by the electron
𝒄 𝒄
𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝑿 − 𝐫𝐚𝐲 𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐬 = 𝒉𝝂 − 𝐡𝝂′ = 𝐡( ) − 𝒉( ) = Energy gained by the
𝝀 𝝀′
electron 1.77x10-15 – 1.74x10-15=3.14x10-17 J =196 eV
Here, θ = 180o maximum shift, head on collision
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Class 7 . Numericals
X-rays of wavelength 1 𝑨𝒐 is scattered from a proton target. Calculate the
wavelength of X-rays scattered at an angle 45o with respect to the original
direction. What is the energy lost by the X-ray photons? What is the energy
gained by the proton?
𝒉
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕, 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 =1.32x10-15x0.3 = 3.87x10-16
𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒄
𝑐 𝑐
Energy lost by the X − ray photons = hν − hν′ = h( ) − ℎ( ) =
𝜆 𝜆′
Energy gained by the proton

Evaluate the maximum Compton shift when an X-ray photon interacts with a
neutron. (Wavelength of X-rays 0.112 nm)
𝒉
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕, 𝜟𝝀 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒎𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒄
ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Conceptual Questions
How Compton effect proves the particle nature of radiation.
Justify the non-suitability of visible photons in Compton
scattering.

EM wave theory cannot explain Compton effect. Justify.

In Compton scattering, why the incident wavelength is


detected after scattering?
THANK YOU

Muhammad Faisal, Ph.D.


Associate Professor, Department of Science and Humanities

muhammadfaisal@pes.edu
+91 80 50829629

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy