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L4 - Compton Effect

The document discusses the Compton effect, which describes the scattering of X-rays from electrons and the resulting energy loss due to bremsstrahlung. It contrasts classical and quantum models of X-ray scattering, highlighting that the wavelength shift in the quantum model is dependent only on the scattering angle. Additionally, it includes experimental observations and problems related to the Compton effect and X-ray interactions with matter.

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15 views22 pages

L4 - Compton Effect

The document discusses the Compton effect, which describes the scattering of X-rays from electrons and the resulting energy loss due to bremsstrahlung. It contrasts classical and quantum models of X-ray scattering, highlighting that the wavelength shift in the quantum model is dependent only on the scattering angle. Additionally, it includes experimental observations and problems related to the Compton effect and X-ray interactions with matter.

Uploaded by

metuku.rishitkumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Compton effect

X-Rays
Electromagnetic theory predicts that an accelerated electric charge will radiate em waves,
and a rapidly moving electron suddenly brought to rest is certainly accelerated.
o Radiation produced under these
circumstances is given the German name
bremsstrahlung (“braking radiation”).
o Energy loss due to bremsstrahlung is
more important for electrons than for
heavier particles because electrons are
more violently accelerated when passing
near nuclei in their paths.
o The greater the energy of an electron and
the greater the atomic number of the
nuclei it encounters, the more energetic
the bremsstrahlung.
Bragg scattering of x-rays from successive planes of atoms. Constructive interference
occurs for ABC equal to an integral number of wavelengths.

it follows that

at ion
Bragg equ
o Superimposed on the continuous spectrum are sharp

x-ray lines labeled K and K, which are like sharp


lines emitted in the visible light spectrum.
o The sharp lines depend on target composition and
provide evidence for discrete atomic energy levels
separated by thousands of electron volts
A Bragg crystal x-ray spectrometer.

The crystal is rotated about an axis through P.


Incident electron’s kinetic energy is converted to electromagnetic energy in the

form of a single x-ray photon

where V is the x-ray tube voltage.


The Compton Effect
X-ray scattering from an electron: (a) the classical model
According to Classical theory
o Incident radiation of frequency f0 should
accelerate an electron in the direction of
propagation of the incident radiation, and that it
should cause forced oscillations of the electron
and reradiation at frequency f’, where f f0.

o Frequency or wavelength of the scattered


radiation should depend on the length of time
the electron was exposed to the incident
radiation as well as on the intensity of the
incident radiation
X-ray scattering from an electron: the quantum model

o Experimentally the wavelength shift of x-


rays scattered at a given angle is absolutely
independent of the intensity of radiation
and the length of exposure; it depends
only on the scattering angle.

Compton effect
o Lower scattered frequency f is because the
incident photon gives some of its
original energy hf to the recoiling
electron.
Monochromatic x-rays of wavelength 0 0.71 Å constituted the incident beam.

A carbon target with a low atomic number, Z = 12,


was used because atoms with small Z have a
higher percentage of loosely bound electrons.
 The experimental intensity versus
wavelength plots observed by Compton
for scattering angles of 0, 45, 90, and
135 are shown in Figure.
 They show two peaks, one at  and a
shifted peak at a longer wavelength .
 The shifted peak at  is caused by the
scattering of x-rays from nearly free
electrons.
 Assuming that x-rays behave like
particles,  was predicted by Compton
to depend on scattering angle as
me electron
mass;
The combination of constants h/mec is called the Compton wavelength of the electron
 The unshifted peak at 0 in Figure is caused

by x-rays scattered from electrons tightly


bound to carbon atoms.
 This unshifted peak is actually predicted by
Equation

 if the electron mass is replaced by the mass of a carbon atom, which is about
23,000 times the mass of an electron
Initial momentum = final momentum

Perpendicular to this direction


Loss in photon energy = gain in electron energy

The Momentum of a massless particle is


related to its energy by the formula

Photon
momentum
Initial momentum = final momentum

Perpendicular to this direction


The total energy of a particle

Since

Substituting this value of p2c2


Compton effect
Problems
Problem -1

Find the fraction of energy lost by the photon in this collision.


X-ray Photons versus Visible Photons Problem -2
Problem -2
Problem -3

In a Compton-effect experiment in which the incident x-rays have a wavelength of 10.0 pm, the scattered
x-rays at a certain angle have a wavelength of 10.5 pm. Find the momentum (magnitude and direction) of
the corresponding recoil electrons.
Problems to practice

1. An x-ray photon whose initial frequency was 1.5  1019 Hz emerges from a
collision with an electron with a frequency of 1.2  1019 Hz. How much kinetic
energy was imparted to the electron?

2. (a) Find the change in wavelength of 80-pm x-rays that are scattered 120° by a
target. (b) Find the angle between the directions of the recoil electron and the
incident photon. (c) Find the energy of the recoil electron.

3. A photon whose energy equals the rest energy of the electron undergoes a
Compton collision with an electron. If the electron moves off at an angle of 40°
with the original photon direction, what is the energy of the scattered photon?

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