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Chapter 6 Nervous System

Chapter 6 discusses the organization and function of the nervous system, which is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). It details the structure and function of nervous tissue, including neurons and supporting cells, as well as the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the nervous system's role in communication and coordination within the body.

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Juila jean Managaytay
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86 views24 pages

Chapter 6 Nervous System

Chapter 6 discusses the organization and function of the nervous system, which is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). It details the structure and function of nervous tissue, including neurons and supporting cells, as well as the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the nervous system's role in communication and coordination within the body.

Uploaded by

Juila jean Managaytay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 6

The
Nervous
System
TOPICS
1. Organization of the Nervous System
A. Structural Classification
B. Functional Classification

2. Nervous Tissue : Structure and Function


A. Supporting Cells
B. Neurons

3. Central Nervous System (CNS)


4. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
2
The nervous
system
is the body’s master control
and communication network.
It gathers, processes, and
responds to information.

3
4

Organization of Nervous System


A. Structural Classification
The nervous system is divided into
two (2) main parts.

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)


- Composed of brain and spinal cord.

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)


- Includes all nerves outside the CNS
5

Organization of Nervous System


B. Functional Classification
The nervous system functional divisions include:
1. Sensory (Afferent) Division
- Carries information from sensory receptors
to the CNS.

2. Motor (Efferent) Division


- Transmits signals from the CNS to muscles
Subdivited into:
A. Somatic Nervous System
B. Autonomic Nervous System
Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function
A. Supporting Cells
(Neuroglia) support and protect neurons.
• In CNS

A. Astrocytes - Controlling chemical balance

B. Microglia - Acts as immune cells

C. Ependymal Cells - Produce cerebrospinal fluid


(CSF)

D. Oligodendrocytes - Create myelin sheaths for 6


faster signal transmission
• In PNS

1. Schwann Cells - Produce myelin for


peripheral nerves.

2. Satellite Cells - Support and cushion


neurons.

7
Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function
B. Neurons - primary cells of the nervous system
1. Structure of Neuron

• Cell Body - contains muscles and


organelles.
• Dendrites structure that receive signals.
• Axon - long projection that sends signals
to other cells.
• Axon Terminals - release
neurotransmitters to communicate with
other cells.
8
Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function
2. Function of Neurons

•. Sensory Neurons - Detect stimuli and


sends messages to the CNS.

• Motor Neurons - Carry commands


from the CNS to muscles.

• Interneurons - Connect sensory and


motor neurons within the CNS.
9
Central
Nervous
System
A. Fundamental Anatomy of the Brain

The brain is divided into


distinct regions, each with
specialized functions.

10
1. Cerebrum - Controls thinking, memory,
emotions, and voluntary movements.

2. Diencephalon: includes:
A. Thalamus - Relays sensory information to
the brain.
B.Hypothalamus - Maintains homeostasis

3. Brainstem - Sends messages to the rest of


your body to regulate balance, breathing,
heart rate and more.

4. Cerebellum - Coordinates movement,


balance, and posture. 11
Central
Nervous
System
B. Protection of the Central Nervous System

The brain is divided into


distinct regions, each with
specialized functions.

12
1. Bones: Skull and vertebrae

2. Meninges: Three protective layers:


Dura Mater: Tough outer layer.
Arachnoid Mater: Web-like middle layer.
Pia Mater: Delicate inner layer.

3. Cerebrospinal Fluid: Acts as a cushion and


provides nutrients.

4. Blood-Brain Barrier: Prevents harmful


substances from entering the brain.
13
Central
Nervous
1. Concussion: Temporary brain injury
System caused by trauma.

C. Brain Dysfunctions 2. Stroke: Blockage or rupture of blood


vessels in the brain.

3. Neurodegenerative Diseases:
include Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

14
Central
Nervous
System
D. Spinal Cord

The spinal cord connects the


brain to the rest of the body
and controls reflex actions.

15
Peripheral Nervous System
A. Structure of a Nerve

A nerve is a bundle of axons


enclosed by connective
tissue layers:

16
1. Endoneurium: Surrounds individual axons.
2. Perineurium: Bundles axons into fascicles.
3. Epineurium: Covers the entire nerve.
17
Peripheral Nervous System
B. Cranial Nerves

12 of cranial nerves emerge


from the brain, responsible
for sensory and motor
functions.

18
1. Optic Nerve (II): Vision.

2. Vagus Nerve (X): Controls


heart, lungs, and digestive
tract.

19
Peripheral Nervous System
C. Spinal Nerves and
Nerve Plexuses

Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs of


nerves branching from the
spinal cord.

20
Nerve Plexuses:
Interconnected networks of
nerves,

1. Cervical Plexus: Controls


the diaphragm (breathing).

2. Brachial Plexus: Supplies


the arms and shoulders.
21
Peripheral Nervous System
D. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The ANS controls involuntary actions and is


divided into:

1. Sympathetic Division
2. Parasympathetic Division

22
23
Conclusion

The nervous system is an intricate and vital network that


enables communication and coordination within the
body. It allows us to sense, respond, and adapt to the
environment, maintaining balance and homeostasis.

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