RESTRICTED (AFIT)

bstract. Fluid dynamics is

the study of the behavior
of liquids and gasses in
motion. Scientists
across several fields
study fluid dynamics.
Fluid dynamics cannot
only help the
development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also
play an important role
in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and

1
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

Mechanical engineering,
fluid
dynamics has totally
different applications. In
the future, scientists and
engineers must discover
more
uses of fluid dynamics in
many different fields to
make people better.
bstract. Fluid dynamics is
the study of the behavior
of liquids and gasses in
motion. Scientists
across several fields
study fluid dynamics.
Fluid dynamics cannot

2
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only help the

development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also
play an important role
in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and
Mechanical engineering,
fluid
dynamics has totally
different applications. In
the future, scientists and
engineers must discover
more

3
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

uses of fluid dynamics in

many different fields to
make people better.
oss several fields study
fluid dynamics. Fluid
dynamics cannot only
help the development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also
play an important role
in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and
Mechanical engineering,
fluid

4
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

dynamics has totally

different applications. In
the future, scientists and
engineers must discover
more
uses of fluid dynamics in
many different fields to
make people bette
oss several fields study
fluid dynamics. Fluid
dynamics cannot only
help the development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also

5
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

play an important role

in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and
Mechanical engineering,
fluid
dynamics has totally
different applications. In
the future, scientists and
engineers must discover
more
uses of fluid dynamics in
many different fields to
make people bette
oss several fields study
fluid dynamics. Fluid
dynamics cannot only
help the development of

6
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also
play an important role
in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and
Mechanical engineering,
fluid
dynamics has totally
different applications. In
the future, scientists and
engineers must discover
more
uses of fluid dynamics in
many different fields to
make people bette
7
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

oss several fields study

fluid dynamics. Fluid
dynamics cannot only
help the development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also
play an important role
in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and
Mechanical engineering,
fluid
dynamics has totally
different applications. In
the future, scientists and

8
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

engineers must discover

more
uses of fluid dynamics in
many different fields to
make people bette
oss several fields study
fluid dynamics. Fluid
dynamics cannot only
help the development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also
play an important role
in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and

9
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

Mechanical engineering,
fluid
dynamics has totally
different applications. In
the future, scientists and
engineers must discover
more
uses of fluid dynamics in
many different fields to
make people bette
oss several fields study
fluid dynamics. Fluid
dynamics cannot only
help the development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for

10
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

blood circulation, it can

also
play an important role
in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and
Mechanical engineering,
fluid
dynamics has totally
different applications. In
the future, scientists and
engineers must discover
more
uses of fluid dynamics in
many different fields to
make people bette
oss several fields study
fluid dynamics. Fluid

11
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

dynamics cannot only

help the development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also
play an important role
in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and
Mechanical engineering,
fluid
dynamics has totally
different applications. In
the future, scientists and
engineers must discover
more

12
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

uses of fluid dynamics in

many different fields to
make people bette
oss several fields study
fluid dynamics. Fluid
dynamics cannot only
help the development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also
play an important role
in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and
Mechanical engineering,
fluid

13
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

dynamics has totally

different applications. In
the future, scientists and
engineers must discover
more
uses of fluid dynamics in
many different fields to
make people bette
oss several fields study
fluid dynamics. Fluid
dynamics cannot only
help the development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also

14
 RESTRICTED (AFIT)

play an important role

in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and
Mechanical engineering,
fluid
dynamics has totally
different applications. In
the future, scientists and
engineers must discover
more
uses of fluid dynamics in
many different fields to
make people bette
bstract. Fluid dynamics is
the study of the behavior
of liquids and gasses in
motion. Scientists

15
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across several fields

study fluid dynamics.
Fluid dynamics cannot
only help the
development of
astronomy, meteorology,
oceanography, even
provides methods for
blood circulation, it can
also
play an important role
in Engineering. In Civil
engineering and
Mechanical engineering,
fluid
dynamics has totally
different applications. In
the future, scientists and
16
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engineers must discover

more
uses of fluid dynamics in
many different fields to
make people better.

AIRFORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KADUNA

NAME : SHEHU MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM

MATRIC NO: AFIT/ND/CET/24/002
COURSE CODE: CEC 107
TITLE : TECHNICAL REPORT ON FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURER: MR BROWN
DATE : 4TH OF MARCH 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

II. ABSTRACT ……………… ……………………………………………………………………………………….

III. FLUID PROPERTIES………………………………………………………………………………………………..

IV. VISCOSITY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

V. SURFACE TENSION ………………………………………………………………………………………………

VI. PASCAL LAW ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

VII. FLUID FLOW……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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VIII. LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW……………………………………………………………………………

IX. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………………………

X. MODEL AND PROTOTYPES ……………………………………………………………………………………..

XI. SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

SIGN ………………………….…
DATE ……………………………

INTRODUCTION
Fluid mechanics is the fundamental branch of engineering that deals with the
behavior {liquids and fluids } both at rest and in motion it plays a crucial role in
various engineering applications, including aerodynamics, hydrodynamics
pipeline design . understanding fluid behavior is essential for optimizing
engineering designs, improving energy efficiency and solving practical
challenges in industries such as aerospace, automotive, civil engineering.

FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluid in motion or the behavior of liquid and gas and what propagates
its movement.
We therefore were told that fluid mechanics have three branches namely;
 STATIC
 DYNAMIC

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 KINEMATIC

I. STATIC is defined as the study of fluid at rest.

II. DYNAMICS is defined as the study of fluid in motion
III. KINEMATIC is the study of fluid in motion and the forces that propagates its movement.

FLUID PROPERTIES
Furthermore it was said that fluid has different properties to determine the mass density or the
weight of a fluid and other properties listed below.
These are;

 SPECIFIC DENSITY {DENSITY] ; this Is the ratio of mass to volume : ρ=M /V

 WEIGHT ;this is the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity ; M x g

 SPECIFIC WEIGHT {WEIGHT DENSITY} ;this is the ratio of the weight of fluid to the

volume of the fluid; W/V

 SPECIFIC VOLUME ; this is the Ratio of the volume of a fluid to the mass of the fluid ;

V/M

 SPECIFIC GRAVITY this is the ratio of a particular liquid or gas to a standardized density

of either water or air ρ /ρ

L W

NOTE; The standard density for water is 1000kg/m3.

Viscosity
Viscosity this is defined as the property of fluid that offers resistance to the movement of one
layer of liquid over another layer of liquid.

Furthermore we were told that viscosity is divided into two parts namely ;

 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY

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 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

 fluid DYNAMIC VISCOSITY is the resistive flow of fluid under the action of gravity.

It is known that dynamic viscosity Is denoted by the symbol µ

du
and the formular is given by Ʈ = µ dy
 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the density of that
fluid

Kinematic viscosity is denoted as ɣ

And the formular is given by ɣ = µ/ ρ

There are also some types of fluids namely ;

REAL FLUIDS; this is when a liquid has the properties of viscosity or basically the liquid is viscous.

IDEAL FLUIDS; this is when the fluid has no viscosity.

IDEAL PLASTIC FLUID this is when the shear stress of the fluid id greater than the yield value and
the shear stress is proportional to the shear strain

NEWTONIAN FLUID; this is when the shear stress of a liquid is proportional to the shear strain .

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID ; this is when the shear stress of a fluid is not proportional to the shear
strain

NOTE : we understand that a fluid must have all this properties for it to be classified under fluid
mechanics.

NOTE: an ideal fluid has no viscosity so therefore there’s no ideal fluid .

SURFACE TENSION
There’s always a force acting on the surface \of a liquid and also an intermolecular force
existing between the liquid this is therefore known as surface tension and it is denoted by
…………………………

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Capillarity can on the other hand is the ability for a liquid to rise and fall in a capillarity tube.
however there are some factors that affect the capillarity of a fluid and these are namely ;

 Surface tension Ϭ
 Atmospheric pressure p
 Height h

All these are external pressures acting on a liquid

 Depth h
 Density ρ
 Acceleration due to gravity g

All these acts internally to the liquid in a tube

MATHEMATICALLY :

For equilibrium to occur all pressure must be equal therefore

External pressures = internal pressure

Formular { Ϭ cosꝊ 2 = ρghr }

NOTE : if Ꝋ is < 90 this is a wet fluid

If Ꝋ is > 90 this is not a wetting fluid

If height is positive it means there is a rise in the capillary tube

If height is negative it means there is a fall in the capillary tube.

Pascal law
Pascal law states that when fluid is at rest the pressure is equal on both side .
This was made understandable with the hypothesis of applying a force on the plunger it can
raise a greater force at the ram,.This principle is applied in hydraulic system such as brake and lifts.
MATHEMATICALLY

;P1=P2

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Recall that pressure = force /area therefore it is said that F1/A1=F2/A2

ABSOLUTE AND GAUGE PRESSURE

 Gauge pressure : is the pressure, measured with the help of

pressure measuring instruments, in which the atmospheric
pressure is taken as datum. The atmospheric pressure on the
scale is marked zero.
 Vacuum pressure is defined as the pressure below the
atmospheric pressure.
 Absolute pressure: Any pressure measured above the absolute
zero of pressure is termed as an “absolute pressure “.

 Below is diagram showing the relationship between Pressures

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MEASUREMENTS OF PRESSURE
Pressure can be measured through the following device;
 Manometer
 Mechanical gauges
 Barometer
U – TUBE MANOMETER
This is one of the simple Manometer, it is a u- shape glass tube in
which one ends is connected to point at which pressure is to be
measured and other ends remain open to the atmosphere.
diagram below shows a u- tube Manometer for gauge pressure and
vacuum pressure;

Formula for calculating gauge pressure

P=(ρ2gh2 – ρgh)
Vacuum pressure
P=-(ρ2gh2 + ρgh)

FLUID FLOW
Fluid flow is the movement of a fluid {liquid or gas }.
There are basically six types of fluid flow namely;
I. Steady and unsteady flow
II. Uniform & non uniform flow
III. Rotational & irrotational flow
IV. One, two, three dimensional flow
V. Compressible and incompressible flow

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VI. Laminar and turbulent flow .

LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW

 Laminar flow is when fluid particles are passing along a well defined
path.
 Turbulent flow is when the fluid particles move in a zig zag way.
 Reynold’s number is the ratio of the inertia force to the viscous forces .

Reynold critical is { 2600} . anything below the Reynold critical is laminar

and above the Reynold critical is turbulence.

This is said when the value is in between the laminar and turbulent

Therefore it was denoted that

Laminar is value < 2000

Turbulent is value greater than > 4000

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
It was said here that there are two methods of determining dimensions namely;

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 Rayleigh’s method
 Buckingham pi theorem

RAYLEIGH’S METHOD

Rayleigh’s method deals with the relationship that every variable has with one another and it is
possible to find a relationship between them .

In this case you have to understand your fundamental quantities

namely MASS, LENGTH, TIME; Where this will be applicable in the steps that are about to be
listed below.

This method comes with some few steps to attain the dimensions namely ;

1. Step 1 introduce a constant called K.

2. Step 2 assign power
3. Step 3 express every variable in form of the dimensions
4. Step 4 compare it with M, L, T {fundamental quantities}

BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
Unlike Rayleigh’s method this is used for a large scale of dimensioning and it has some
characteristics to consider which are ;
 Step 1 identify all variables {independent and dependent }
 Step 2 list out the variables
 Step 3 find then number of pi groups and subtract 3 from it
 Step 4 Represent all the variables in M,L,T dimension
 Step 5 select your repeating variables
 Step 6 write out your pi groups
 Find the dimension of the M,L,T for each pi groups
 Step 8 write out the relationship from each group
NOTE; The dependent variable cannot be part of the repeating variable.
Also one must have each group they belong to .
Geometry similitude [length height diameter} L, m }
Also one must represent the flow property ( ACCELERATION ) (VELOCITY )

MODEL ANALYSIS
this is a small or large scale machine of an actual machine or structure ( replica)

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PROTOTYPE
this is a real machine or structure built for a purpose of reference.

SIMILARITY AND SIMILITUDES

Similitudes is defined as similarities between the model and the prototype .

SUMMARY
Fluid mechanics is the study of the behavior of liquids and gasses in motion. Scientists across
several fields study fluid dynamics. Fluid dynamics cannot only help the development of astronomy,
meteorology, oceanography, even provides methods for blood circulation, it can also play an
important role in Engineering. In Civil engineering and Mechanical engineering, fluid dynamics has
totally different applications. In the future, scientists and engineers must discover more uses of fluid
dynamics in many different fields to make people better.

26