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Y9+Chemistry+Chapter+2 2

The document outlines various separation methods used to separate mixtures, including filtration, crystallization, evaporation, simple distillation, fractional distillation, and paper chromatography. Each method is described with its procedures and suitable applications, emphasizing the importance of the type of mixture and the desired substance. Additionally, it introduces the concept of Rf values in chromatography for identifying substances.

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21 views19 pages

Y9+Chemistry+Chapter+2 2

The document outlines various separation methods used to separate mixtures, including filtration, crystallization, evaporation, simple distillation, fractional distillation, and paper chromatography. Each method is described with its procedures and suitable applications, emphasizing the importance of the type of mixture and the desired substance. Additionally, it introduces the concept of Rf values in chromatography for identifying substances.

Uploaded by

muazbinmofazzal669
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 2

SEPARATING SUBSTANCES
2.3 Separation methods (Part I)

Learning Objective:
• Students should able to explain the
procedures of the methods and identify
which method is suitable to separate a
mixture.
Separation methods
• The most useful separation method for a particular mixture
depends on:
– The type of mixture
– Which substance in the mixture we are most interested in
Filtration
• Filtration is to separate solids from liquids.
• The insoluble material is collected as a residue on filter
paper.
• The liquid is collected as the filtrate.

Keywords and procedures:


- Filter the solution
- Wash the residue
- Dry the residue in an oven
/ a warm place
Crystallisation
• Crystallisation is a separation method that obtains solids from
the solution by letting crystals form.
• The solution will be heated until is has become saturated.
• This works because soluble solids tend to be less soluble at
lower temperatures.

Keywords and procedures:


- Heat the solution
- Reach crystallization point / crystals start to form
- Leave the solution to cool
- Remove crystals
- Rinse crystals with distilled water
- Dry crystals with filter paper
Evaporation
• This method drives off the liquid component from the solid
component.
• This process typically involves heating the mixture until no
more liquid remains.
• For some substances, the solubility changes very little as the
temperature falls. So this method is used instead of
crystallisation.
• Common example: evaporation of sea water (obtain salt).

Keywords and procedure:


- Heat the solution until it is
dry
***Separating a mixture of two solids
• To separate two solids, you could choose a solvent that will
dissolve just one of them.
• Ethanol can be used to dissolve sugar but not salt.
• For example, a mixture of salt and sand:
– Add water to the mixture and stir. The salt dissolves.
– Filter the mixture.
– Rinse the sand with water, and dry it in an oven.
– Evaporate the water from the salt solution, to give dry salt.
UNIT 2
SEPARATING SUBSTANCES
2.4 Separation methods (Part II)

Learning Objective:
• Students should able to explain the
procedures of the methods and identify
which method is suitable to separate a
mixture.
Simple distillation
• This method is to obtain the solvent from a solution.
• Simple distillation works because the dissolved solute has a
much higher boiling point than the solvent.
• Example: separate water from the seawater

Keywords and procedures:


- Heat the solution in the flask.
- As it boils, water vapour rises into the condenser
leaving salt behind.
- The condenser is cold, so the vapour condenses back
to water in it.
- The water drips into the beaker. It is called distilled
water because it is almost pure.
• Two processes involved: evaporation and condensation
• Why the cooling water has to circulate around the
condenser and going in and out from the condenser?
Fractional distillation
• This method is used to separate a mixture of liquids from
each other.
• This method makes use of their different boiling points.
• This method is useful in industry (i) in refining petroleum or
crude oil, (ii) in producing ethanol and (iii) in separating
the gases in liquid air.
Keywords and procedures:
- Heat the mixture in the flask.
- At about 78ºC, ethanol begins to
boil. Some water evaporates
together with ethanol vapour.
- The vapour condense on the glass
beads in the column, making them
hot.
- When the beads reach about 78ºC,
ethanol vapour no loner condense,
only the water vapour.
- The ethanol vapour condenses.
- The pure ethanol drips into the
beaker.
- Eventually, the thermometer
reading rises above 78ºC. This
shows that all the ethanol has
gone.
Paper Chromatography
• This method can be used to separate a mixture of
substances.
• Examples: food dyes, ink, a mixture of amino acids.
• Each substance has different solubility in the solvent, so they
travel across the paper at different rates.
• The paper that used is called as chromatogram.
• Paper chromatography can also be used to identify
substances.
Keywords and procedures:
- Pencil line is drawn on chromatography paper and spots
of ink / dye is placed on it.
- Paper is lowered into a bucket of solvent, allowing the
solvent to travel up the paper, taking some of the
coloured substances with it.
- Allow chromatography to occur until the solvent
reaches the top of the paper.
Quick quiz
• Why the line has to be drawn by using a pencil?
• Why the water level cannot be placed more than the base line?
• Other than water to use as a solvent, what else can be used?
UNIT 2
SEPARATING SUBSTANCES
2.5 More about chromatography

Learning Objective:
• Students should able to interpret simple
chromatograms, including the use of Rf
values
Purposes of using paper
chromatography
1. To identify a substance
2. To separate mixtures of substances
3. To purify a substance, by separating it from its impurities
How paper chromatography works?
• It depends on how the substances in a mixture interact with
the chromatography paper and the solvent.
• Substances in a mixture will travel over the paper at different
speeds due to their different solubilities in the solvent and
attraction to the paper.
• The more soluble a substance is in the solvent, the further it
will travel up the chromatography paper.
Rf value
• Rf value is defined as the ratio of the distance moved by the
solute and the distance moved by the solvent along the paper.
• The formula to calculate Rf value:

• After the Rf value of a substance is calculated,


it is used to identify the substance.
• This method always workable because Rf
value of a compound is always same for a
given solvent, under the same conditions.

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