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Chapter 3 - Atomic Structure and Periodic Table - EDX.

Chapter 3 covers the basics of atoms, elements, and the periodic table, explaining that atoms are the smallest particles of matter, while elements consist of one type of atom and compounds are made of two or more elements. It details atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as the arrangement of electrons in shells, and introduces isotopes and relative atomic mass. The periodic table is organized by atomic number, with elements grouped by similar chemical properties, and distinguishes between metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases.

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20 views6 pages

Chapter 3 - Atomic Structure and Periodic Table - EDX.

Chapter 3 covers the basics of atoms, elements, and the periodic table, explaining that atoms are the smallest particles of matter, while elements consist of one type of atom and compounds are made of two or more elements. It details atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as the arrangement of electrons in shells, and introduces isotopes and relative atomic mass. The periodic table is organized by atomic number, with elements grouped by similar chemical properties, and distinguishes between metals, non-metals, metalloids, and noble gases.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 3

Atoms, elements
and periodic table
- Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that we cannot break down further by chemical
means.
- Element substances that can’t be split into anything simpler by chemical means. An element
contains only one type of atom
- Compound: substance made up of two or more elements chemically bonded together.

- Atoms and Molecules:


Atoms can be joined together to make molecules. A molecule
consists of two or more atoms chemically bonded (by covalent
bonds). The atoms that make up a molecule can be from the
same elements or different elements.

Atomic structure;
Atoms consist of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons that move around the nucleus.
The nucleus itself consists of two kinds of particles, protons and neutrons.
Those particles are called Subatomic particles.

Particle in atom Mass Charge Symbol


Proton 1 +1 p

Electron 1/1836 -1 e-

Neutron 1 0 n

Chapter 3 - Atomic structure & periodic table Page 1


Symbol of an atom;

Mass number: Number of protons +


23 Number of neutrons.

Na 11 Atomic number/Proton number:


Number of
neutrons: Mass no. –
Atomic no.
Number of protons.

Proton Number: Every other atom has a different number. You can identify an atom by the
number of protons in it.

Every atom has an equal number of protons and electrons.


As a result the number of +ve particles = the number of –ve particles, therefore the atom is
electrically neutral and has no overall charge.

Electronic Structure:
It is the arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom. It’s also called “electronic
distribution” or “electronic configuration”.

❖ The first shell can hold only 2 electrons. It fills first.


❖ The second shell can hold 8 electrons. It fills next.
❖ The third shell can hold 18 electrons. But it fills up to 8.

The outermost shell shouldn’t contain more than 8 electrons, and this is what’s called the octet
configuration where the atom should reach 8 electrons in the outer shell to be stable.

They are atoms of the same element, the same atomic number but different mass numbers. They
have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Why do all isotopes have same chemical properties?


As they have same number outer shell electrons.

Chapter 3 - Atomic structure & periodic table Page 2


Relative atomic mass:
There are some elements that contains a mixture of isotopes. That’s why their relative atomic
masses are not a whole numbers.

The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of any element compared to the
carbon 12. taking into account the amount of each isotope present in a naturally occurring
sample of an element.

For example;
Chlorine consists of two isotopes with mass numbers of 35 and 37. Their proportions are 75% and
25% respectively.

75 25
Relative atomic mass of chlorine is: x35 + x37 = ….
100 100

Chapter 3 - Atomic structure & periodic table Page 3


✓ Elements are arranged in the periodic table according to their atomic number.

✓ Periodic table consists of 8 vertical columns – called groups. The number of the group =
the number of outer shell electrons.

✓ It also consists of 7 horizontal rows – called periods. The period number = the number
of electron shells.

✓ The chemical properties of the elements in the same group is the same – as they have
the same number of outer shell electrons.

Periodic table consists of;

Metals ⟶ Group 1, 2, 3, and Transition.

Metalloids ⟶ they are elements which have some properties like metals and other like non-
metals. (zigzag).

Non-metals ⟶ Group 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Noble gases ⟶ Group 8.

Valency Number of electrons; lost, gained, or


shared.

Valence Number of outer shell electrons.


electrons

Chapter 3 - Atomic structure & periodic table Page 4


Metals Non-metals
Solids at room temperature. Solids, liquids, and gases.
Except mercury is a liquid. Bromine is a liquid.
Most of them are shiny and are silver/grey colored. They are dull.
Good conductors of heat and electricity. Bad conductors of heat and electricity.
Malleable – can be easily shaped. Brittle – can be easily broken.
Ductile – can be pulled into wires.
Their outer shell electrons contains less than 4 Their outer shell electrons contains more than 4
electrons. electrons.
They lose electrons and change into +ve ions. They can gain or share electrons.

Groups in the Periodic Table contain elements with similar chemical properties – they react
in the same way.

For example:

- all the elements in Group 1 react vigorously with water to form hydrogen and hydroxides with
similar formulae: LiOH (lithium hydroxide), NaOH (sodium hydroxide), KOH (potassium hydroxide)

- all the elements in Group 7 react with hydrogen to form compounds with similar formulae: HF
(hydrogen fluoride), HCl (hydrogen chloride), HBr (hydrogen bromide)

- all the elements in Group 2 form chlorides with similar formulae: MgCl2, CaCl2.

Noble gases – Inert gases “Group 8”

✓ They are present in group 8 (VIII).

✓ They have complete outer shell electrons which is


full with 8 electrons, that’s why they are unreactive.
And so there is no tendency to lose, gain or share
electrons in a chemical reaction.

✓ They are monoatomic gases.

Chapter 3 - Atomic structure & periodic table Page 5

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