CH101-Chapter 2

Lecture 2

Atoms and The Periodic Table

Learning Outcomes

1. Identify an element by its symbol and classify it as metal, nonmetal

and metalloid
2. Describe the basic parts of an atom
3. Distinguish isotopes and calculate atomic weight
4. Describe the basic features of Periodic Table
5. Understand the electronic structure of an atom
6. Write an electronic configuration for an element
7. Relate the location of an element in Periodic Table to its electronic
configuration
8. Draw an electron- dot symbol for an atom
9. Use the Periodic Table to predict the size and ionization energy of
atoms

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 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Elements and the Periodic Table

•An element is a pure substance that cannot be

broken down into simpler substances by a
chemical reaction.
•Each element is identified by a one- or two-letter
symbol.
•Elements are arranged in the periodic table.
•The position of an element in the periodic table
tells us much about its chemical properties.

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Figure 2.1
Atoms and the Periodic Table
Elements and the Periodic Table

5
 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
The elements in the periodic table are divided into
three groups—metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
Metals:
• are located on the left side of the periodic table

• usually exist as shiny solids

• are good conductors of heat and electricity

• are solids at room temperature, except for

mercury (Hg), which is a liquid

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 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Nonmetals:
• are located on the right side of the periodic table

• usually do not have a shiny appearance

• are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity

• can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature

solid liquid gas

sulfur bromine nitrogen
carbon oxygen
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 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Metalloids:
• are located on the solid line that starts at boron
(B) and angles down towards astatine (At)

• have properties intermediate between metals

and nonmetals

• are represented by only seven elements:

boron (B) antimony (Sb)
silicon (Si) tellurium (Te)
germanium (Ge) astatine (At)
arsenic (As)
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Figure 2.1
 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Compounds
Compound: a pure substance formed by chemically
combining two or more elements together.
A chemical formula consists of:

• element symbols to show the identity of the

elements forming a compound
• subscripts to show the ratio of atoms in the
compound
H2O C3H8

2 H atoms 1 O atom 3 C atoms 8 H atoms

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 Atoms and the Periodic Table
Compounds
• Compounds can be drawn many ways:

• Different elements are represented by different

colors:

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 Structure of the Atom

All matter is composed of the same basic building

blocks called atoms.

Atoms are composed of three subatomic particles:

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 Structure of the Atom

Nucleus: Electron cloud:

•location of protons •location of electrons
and neutrons •comprises most of the
•dense core of the atom atom’s volume
•location of most of the
atom’s mass 13
 Structure of the Atom
Opposite charges attract while like charges repel each
other.

Protons and electrons attract each other, but two

electrons repel each other.

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 Structure of the Atom
Atomic Number
From the periodic table:

3 Atomic number (Z) is

the number of protons
Li in the nucleus.
•Every atom of a given element has the same
atomic number.
•Every atom of a given element has the same
number of protons in the nucleus.
•Different elements have different atomic numbers.
•A neutral atom has no net overall charge, so
Z = number of protons = number of electrons
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Page 39_01
Sample Problem 2.4

2.4
 Atomic Composition Calculations
Mass number (A)
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons

OR A Mass Number
Atomic Number Z
X Element Symbol X
Mass Number A Z Atomic Number

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Figure 2.4
Sample Problem 2.6

2.6
 Isotopes
Isotopes, Atomic Number, and Mass Number
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have
a different number of neutrons.
the number of protons (Z)
Mass number (A) = +
the number of neutrons
Mass number (A) 35
Cl
Atomic number (Z) 17

# of protons = 17
# of electrons = 17
# of neutrons = 35 – 17 = 18
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Isotopes
Sample Problem 2.7
2.7
Homework: Sample Problem 2.8
2.8
 Isotopes
Atomic Weight

The atomic weight is the weighted average of the

masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of a
particular element reported in atomic mass units (amu).

From the periodic table:

6 atomic number (Z)

C element symbol
12.01 atomic weight (amu)

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 Isotopes
Atomic Weight

HOW TO Determine the Atomic Weight of an Element

Example What is the atomic weight of chlorine?

Step [1] List each isotope, it’s mass in atomic

mass units, and it’s abundance in nature.

Isotope Mass (amu) Isotopic Abundance

Cl-35 34.97 75.78% = 0.7578
Cl-37 36.97 24.22% = 0.2422

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 Isotopes
Atomic Weight

HOW TO Determine the Atomic Weight of an Element

Step [2] Multiply the isotopic abundance by the mass

of each isotope, and add up the products.
The sum is the atomic weight of the element.

34.97 x 0.7578 = 26.5003 amu

36.97 x 0.2422 = 8.9541 amu
35.4544 amu = 35.45 amu
4 sig. figs. Answer
4 sig. figs.
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Sample Problem 2.10
2.10
 The Periodic Table
Basic Features of the Periodic Table
A row in the periodic table is called a period, and a
column in the periodic table is called a group.
Main group elements:
•consist of the two columns on the far left and the
six columns on the far right of the periodic table
•the groups are numbered 1A–8A
Transition metal elements:
•contained in the 10 short columns in the middle
•these groups are numbered 1B–8B
Inner transition elements:
•consist of the lanthanides and actinides
•no group numbers are assigned
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 The Periodic Table
Basic Features of the Periodic Table

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Sample Problem 2.11

2.11
Sample Problem 2.11

2.11
 The Periodic Table
Characteristics of Groups 1A and 2A
Elements that comprise a particular group have
similar chemical properties.

Group Group
Number Name Properties of Both Groups
•soft and shiny metals
1A Alkali metals
•low melting points
2A Alkaline earth •good conductors of heat
elements and electricity
•react with water to form
basic solutions

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Characteristics of Groups 1A and 2A
 The Periodic Table
Characteristics of Groups 7A and 8A
Group Group
Number Name Properties

7A Halogens •exist as two atoms

joined together
•very reactive; combine
with many other elements
to form compounds

8A Noble gases •very stable

•rarely combine with
any other elements

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Characteristics of Groups 7A and 8A
 Electronic Structure
Electrons in the Atom
•Electrons do not move freely in space.

•An electron is confined to a specific region, giving

it a particular energy.
•The regions occupied by electrons are called
principal energy levels or shells (n).
•The shells are numbered n = 1, 2, 3, etc.

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 Electronic Structure
Electrons in the Atom

•Electrons in lower numbered shells are closer to

the nucleus and are lower in energy.

•Electrons in higher numbered shells are further

from the nucleus and are higher in energy.

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Principal energy levels or shells (n),
Subshells-(Sublevels)

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 Electronic Structure
Shells
Shells with larger numbers (n) are farther from the
nucleus, have a larger volume, and can therefore
hold more electrons.
The distribution of electrons in the first four shells:
Number of Electrons
Shell (n) in a Shell
4 32
3 18 increasing
increasing number of
energy 2 8 electrons
1 2
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 Electronic Structure
Subshells and Orbitals
•Shells are divided into subshells, identified by the
letters s, p, d, and f.
•The subshells consist of orbitals.
•An orbital is a region of space where the
probability of finding an electron is high.
•Each orbital can hold two electrons.
Subshell Number of Orbitals
s 1
increasing p 3
energy
d 5
f 7 41
 Electronic Structure
Subshells and Orbitals
Shell

Subshell

# of orbitals
(in each subshell)

# of electrons
(in each shell)

Check with formula

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Electronic Structure
Subshells and Orbitals

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 Electronic Structure
Orbital Shapes
• The s orbital has a spherical shape.

• The p orbital has a dumbbell shape.

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 Electron Configuration
The electron configuration shows how the electrons
are arranged in an atom’s orbitals.

The ground state is the lowest energy arrangement.

• Rules to Determine the Ground State Electronic

Configuration of an Atom

• Rule [1]
Electrons are placed in the lowest energy
orbital beginning with the 1s orbital.

Orbitals are then filled in order of increasing

energy.

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 Electron Configuration
Rules to Determine the Ground State Electronic
Configuration of an Atom

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Electron Configuration

47
Electron Configuration

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 Electron Configuration
Rules to Determine the Ground State Electronic
Configuration of an Atom
• Each orbital holds a maximum of 2
Rule [2]
electrons.

• Rule [3]
When orbitals are equal in energy:

• 1 electron is added to each orbital until

all of the orbitals are half-filled.

• Then, the orbitals can be completely filled.

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 Electron Configuration
Orbital Diagrams

An orbital diagram uses a box to represent each

orbital and arrows to represent electrons.

an orbital a single, an electron

unpaired pair
electron
Two electrons in an orbital have paired spins—that
is, the spins are opposite in direction—so up and
down arrows are used.
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 Electron Configuration
First-Row Elements (Period 1)

Orbital Electron
Element Notation Configuration

H (Z = 1) 1s1
1 electron 1s

He (Z = 2) 1s2
2 electrons 1s

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 Electron Configuration
Second-Row Elements (Period 2)
Orbital Electron
Element Notation Configuration

Li (Z = 3) 1s22s1
3 electrons 1s 2s

C (Z = 6) 1s22s22p2
6 electrons 1s 2s 2p

Ne (Z = 10) 1s22s22p6
10 electrons 1s 2s 2p

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 Electron Configuration
Noble Gas Notation

The electron configuration can be shortened by:

•using the name of the nearest noble gas from the
previous row
•adding the electronic configuration of all remaining
electrons
Electron Noble Gas
Configuration Notation
element: C 1s22s22p2

nearest He 1s2 [He]2s22p2

noble gas:
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Table 2.5
 Electron Configuration
Other Elements
Orbital
Element Notation

Ca
20 electrons 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s

4s is lower in energy;
it is filled before 3d.

Electron Noble Gas

Configuration Notation
1s22s22p63s23p64s2 [Ar]4s2
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Homework-Sample Problem 2.12
 Electron Configurations
and the Periodic Table
FIGURE 2.9 The Blocks of Elements in the Periodic Table
 Valence Electrons
•The chemical properties of an element depend on
the most loosely held electrons, which are found
in the valence shell.
•The valence shell is the outermost shell (the highest
value of n).
•The electrons in the valence shell are called valence
electrons.

Be Cl
1s22s2 1s22s22p63s23p5

valence shell: n = 2 valence shell: n = 3

# of # of
valence electrons = 2 valence electrons = 7 58
Valence Electrons
 Valence Electrons

•Elements in the same group:

- have similar electron configurations
-have the same number of valence electrons.

•The group number, 1A–8A, equals the number of

valence electrons for the main group elements.
•The exception is He, which has only 2 valence
electrons.
•The chemical properties of a group are similar
because these elements contain the same
electronic configuration of valence electrons.
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Table 2.6-Main Group Elements
Sample Problem 2.13
2.13
Sample Problem 2.13
2.13
Homework: Sample Problem
2.14
2.14
Homework: Sample Problem
2.14
2.14
 Valence Electrons
Electron-Dot Symbols
•Dots representing valence electrons are placed
on the four sides of an element symbol.
•Each dot represents one valence electron.
•For 1–4 valence electrons, single dots are used.
With > 4 valence electrons, the dots are paired.

Element: H C O Cl
# of Valence electrons: 1 4 6 7

Electron-dot symbol: H C O Cl

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 Periodic Trends
Atomic Size
•The size of atoms

Increases
increases down a
column, as the
valence e− are
farther from the
nucleus.

Decreases

•The size of atoms decreases across a row, as

the number of protons in the nucleus increases.

•The increasing # of protons pulls the e− closer

to the nucleus, making the atoms smaller. 67
Atomic size

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 Periodic Trends
Ionization Energy
The ionization energy is the energy needed to remove
an electron from a neutral atom.
Na + energy → Na+ + e–
•Ionization energies

Decreases
decrease down a
column as the
valence e− get
farther away from
the positively
Increases charged nucleus.

•Ionization energies increase across a row as the

number of protons in the nucleus increases.
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 Periodic Trends
Ionization Energy

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 Info about Test #1

To work on:
Lecture 1 (Chapter 1) and Lecture 2 (Chapter 2)
Regular Lecture and Self- Study Units

Test #1 will be available on

Thursday,
October 10th from 12:30 pm- 2:20 pm

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Next lecture class:
Ionic compounds
Thank you!

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