WRITING TASK 1

TREND EXPRESSION - TỪ CHỈ XU HƯỚNG

A. STRUCTURE
Trend expression là một đặc trưng của các dạng bài Task 1 liên quan tới sự thay đổi
của số liệu (line graph, bar chart, pie chart, table)

● Viết công thức cho các cấu trúc câu có chứa từ chỉ xu hướng dựa vào những
câu ví dụ dưới đây (câu đầu tiên đã được làm mẫu)

Chart Examples Formula

1 a, Sales of coffee Subject + show + a +

showed a slight increase of adj + noun (trend) + of
5% between 2004 and + data + time
2006.

b, Sales of coffee Subject + verb (trend)

increased slightly by 5% + adv + by + data +
between 2004 and 2006. time

2 a, The domestic car Subject + show/

market showed an witness/ see/
impressive growth of 50% experience/ undergo
for three consecutive years + a/an + adj + Noun
from 2001 to 2003. (trend) + of + data +
time
b, The domestic car market
grew impressively by 50% Subject + verb (trend)
for three consecutive years + adv + by + data +
from 2001 to 2003 time

3 a, The world population

grew remarkably by 5
billion between 1950 and
2005.

b, The world population

experienced a remarkable
growth of 5 billion between
1950 and 2005.

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 4 a, The number of British There + be + a/an +
households using their own adj + Noun (trend) +
shopping bags when of/to + data + time
shopping fell steadily
between 1965 and 2005. of: sự tăng/giảm thêm
(chênh lệch)
b, There was a steady fall
in the number of British to: tới mốc bn
households using their own
shopping bags when
shopping between 1965
and 2005.

5 a, House prices climbed Subject + verb (trend)

steeply during the first half + adv (by/to + data) +
of the year before falling before + Ving (trend)
sharply to 10 million vnd in (by/to + data) + time
August.

b, There was a steep climb There + be + a/an +

in house prices during the adj + Noun (trend) +
first half of the year before (of/to + data) + in +
a sharp fall to 10 million Subject + time +
vnd in August. before + a/an + adj +
Noun (trend) + (of/to +
data)

● Lưu ý những giới từ đứng sau từ chỉ xu hướng (trend): khi nào thì dùng
“of”,”by” and “to”?

Vị trí Ý nghĩa

of sau… Noun + data chênh lệch

by sau… Verb + data chênh lệch

to sau… cả Noun, Verb mốc

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B. VOCABULARY
I. Verbs and Nouns for trend
● Phân loại các Verb chỉ xu hướng vào đúng nhóm ở bảng màu phía dưới, sau
đó viết Noun tương ứng của chúng vào cột bên cạnh
To increase To fall To Fluctuate To climb
To grow To decrease To vary To ascend
To rise to improve to be erratic To go up

to reach/hit a low To lift To descend To dip

of... To leap To drop to recover
to hit the bottom at To dive To decline to rebound
to hit the lowest
point at

To surge to stabilise at to be steady to level off at ...

To soar to stagnate at to be stagnant to flatten out at...
To rocket to be consistent to bottom out at...

to reach a plateau To reduce to reach a peak To skyrocket

at To go down of ... to spike
to plateau at … To diminish to peak at ... to accelerate
to improve

To slump to maintain stable/ To double (x2) to reach/hit a high

To plummet to stay unchanged To triple (x3) of
To plunge to remain the same To quadruple (x4) to hit the highest
point

Verb Noun
increase an increase
grow - grew a growth

Go up rise - rose a rise

(the slope is below improve an improvement
45 degree) climb a climb
ascend an ascent
go up (informal)
Go down fall - fell a fall
(the slope is below decrease a decrease
45 degree)
descend a descent
decline a decline

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 drop - dropped a drop
reduce a reduction
diminish
go down
fluctuate fluctuations
vary
Go up and down continuously variations
be erratic peaks and troughs
dip - dipped a dip
Recover (down recover a recovery
then up) improve an improvement
rebound a rebound
lift a lift
leap a leap
surge a surge
Go up remarkably
soar
(the slope is rocket
above 45 degree)
skyrocket
Tăng mạnh → ko spike a spike
kết hợp với accelerate an acceleration
adv/adj mức độ double - doubled a doubling
triple - tripled a tripling
quadruple - quadrupled a quadrupling
slump a slump
Go down remarkably
plummet a plummet
(the slope is
plunge a plunge
above 45 degree)

Giảm mạnh → ko
dive a dive
kết hợp với
adv/adj mức độ
to reach/hit a peak of
Highest peak to peak at
to reach/hit the highest point at
chạm đỉnh
to reach/hit a high of
to reach/hit a low of
Lowest point to reach/hit the lowest point at
to reach/hit the bottom at …

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 unchanged (adj)
the same
steady

stay/ maintain/ be +... consistent consistency

Stable
constant
stagnant
stable
to stabilise stability
to stagnate stagnation
to plateau at…

Increase to the highest point and remain flat

to reach a plateau at…
chạm trần
to flatten out at…
topoint
Decrease to the lowest bottom
andout at…flat
remain

to level off at…

chạm sàn

II. Adjectives and Adverbs for the degree of changes

● Phân loại các Adj vào đúng nhóm trong bảng màu phía dưới, sau đó viết Adv
tương ứng của chúng vào cột bên cạnh
sharp infinitesimal considerable
marked steady significant
wild gradual appreciable

mild sudden steep

negligible abrupt slight
unremarkable rapid/ quick marginal

progressive dramatic inconsiderable

slow substantial insubstantial
moderate remarkable insignificant

Adjective Adverb
Big change sharp sharply
marked markedly

Ms. Vân Vũ IELTS

 wild wildly
significant significantly
considerable considerably
appreciable appreciably
dramatic dramatically
substantial substantially
remarkable remarkably
steep steeply
progressive progressively
slight slightly
marginal marginally
inconsiderable inconsiderably
Small change insignificant insignificantly
(trong 1 khoảng insubstantial x
tgian ngắn/ dài
mild mildly
đều đc)
negligible x

unremarkable unremarkably
infinitesimal infinitesimally
steady steadily
Gradual change slow slowly
(thay đổi chậm,
gradual gradually
từ từ trong 1
khoảng tgian dài) moderate moderately

sudden suddenly
Quick change quick quickly
(thay đổi trong 1
tgian ngắn) abrupt abruptly
rapid rapidly

III. Approximation - sự tương đối

Data trong Task 1 không phải lúc nào cũng là số tròn (vd như 10, 15, 30,...) mà có
thể lẻ (vd như 11,2; 8,9%; 48%). Vì thế, đôi khi chúng ta cần sử dụng những con số
tương đối để mô tả số liệu, khiến cho các con số dễ hình dung với người đọc và bài
viết có tính khái quát, không bị đi vào tiểu tiết.

Dựa vào bảng dưới đây về approximation, hãy mô tả những số liệu ở cột bên phải
sử dụng các từ approximation và những số đã làm tròn hoặc phân số

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 Meaning Words/ phrases Example
precisely
exact
exactly
around 10,0% = …exactly… 10%

(just) about
about 5,86% = …nearly/almost… 6%
roughly
approximately 49,5% = …. just under… 50%
nearly
52% = somewhat above… 50%
almost
just/ slightly + under (độ lệch 48% = …well below… a half
a bit smaller than dưới 1%)
a round number just/ slightly + below 51% = ….about/ roughly… a half

somewhat/ well + under (độ

18% = …well under a fifth…
lệch lớn 1-2%)
somewhat/ well + below 21% = …just over a fifth…
just/ slightly + above
24% = …nearly a quarter…
a bit bigger than a just/ slightly + over
round number somewhat/ well + above 26% = …slightly over a quarter…
somewhat/ well + over
32% = …somewhat under a third
1/10 (10%) one-tenth /one in ten

⅕ (20%) a fifth 68% = …well over two thirds…

¼ (25%) a quarter 77% = well above three quarters

⅓ (33,33%) a third
73% = …well under three
½ (50%) (a) half quarters…

⅔ (66,66%) two thirds 82% = …somewhat above four

fifths…
¾ (75%) three quarters

⅘ (80%) four fifths

C. PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Match các đoạn dưới đây với cách diễn tả trend tương ứng .

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 hit a low fall and then level off soar plummet rise gradually

decline steadily remain flat/stable dip fluctuate hit a peak

A-B: dip
B-C: plummet/ fall
dramatically
B-D: fall significantly
and then level off
D-F: hit a peak
F-G: fluctuate
I-J: rise gradually
J-K: remain flat/ stable
L-M: decline steadily

Exercise 2: Viết lại các câu sau sao cho thay đổi cấu trúc ngữ pháp mà nghĩa
không đổi.
Subject + Verb (trend) + Adverb +
The figure significantly increased to 20%
by/to + data + time

Subject + witness/see/ experience/

The data experienced a gradual decrease
undergo + a/an + Adj + Noun (Noun
of 10%
trend) + to/of + data + time

There was a considerable drop to just over There + was/were +a/an + Adj + Noun
30% in the percentage of visitors (trend) + of/to + data + in Subject

Noun Grammar Verb Grammar

In 2005, there was a significant rise of 20% In 2005, the use of social networking
in the use of social networking sites. sites rose significantly by 20%.
The 90s saw a dramatic increase of 30 The number of people using the
million in the number of people using the Internet increased dramatically By 300
Internet. million in the 90s.
Yearly spending on clothes witnessed a Yearly spending on clothes increased
significant increase of roughly $300 in 2000. significantly by roughly $300 in 2000.
the figure of Vietnam was stable/
There was a stability at around 10 units in stabilised at around 10 units in the
the figure of Vietnam in the last 10 years last 10 years

Despite some minor fluctuations at around Although the percentage of foreign

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10 to 15% during the first 20 years, the visitors fluctuated mildly at around
percentage of foreign visitors 10 to 15% during the first 20 years, it
experienced a gradual decrease to just 5% decreased gradually to just 5% in the
in the final year. final year.
Verb Grammar Noun Grammar
There is a steady/ an annual growth of
The popularity of reading newspapers 2% in the popularity of reading
online grows steadily by 2% each year. newspapers online each year.
The sales of digital televisions
For the first ten years, the sales of digital witnessed a slight increase of 5% for
televisions increased slightly by 5%. the first ten years
There was a fall of approximately $200
in the average amount poured into
shoes after 5 years.
The average amount poured into
The average amount poured into shoes shoes underwent a fall of
fell by approximately $200 after 5 years. approximately $200 after 5 years.
The figure for Japan saw mild
fluctuations at below $300 in the last
20 years.
There were mild fluctuations at
The figure for Japan fluctuated mildly below $300 in the figure for Japan in
below $300 in the last 20 years. the last 20 years.
The percentage of island visitors The percentage of island visitors
increased dramatically and peaked at about experienced a dramatic increase
45% in 1995. before a peak of about 45% in 1995.

Exercise 3: Dựa vào biểu đồ dưới đây viết các câu đầy đủ mô tả xu hướng và
số liệu theo yêu cầu của từng câu
(sử dụng đa dạng các cấu trúc câu đã học ở phần A và từ vựng đã học ở phần B)

The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European
country between 1979 and 2004.

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to fluctuate downwards
downward fluctuations/ variations

1. Fish consumption từ năm 1979 đến năm 2004

Cấu trúc 1: Subject + adv + Verb + to/by + data + time
Fish consumption reduced gradually from about 60 grams to well below 50 grams
from 1979 to 2004.

Cấu trúc 2: Subject + experience/ undergo/ see/ witness + a/an + adj + Noun
(trend) + of/to + data + time
Fish consumption saw a gradual reduction of 10 grams to well below 50 grams
after 25 years.

Cấu trúc 3: There + be + a/an + adj + Noun + of/to + data + in + Subject + time
There was a gradual reduction of 10 grams to well under 50 grams in fish
consumption after 25 years.

2. Lamb consumption từ năm 1979 đến năm 2004

năm đầu: 150 grams
năm cuối: about 60 grams
→ độ chênh: about 90 grams
Phi có 2 trong 3 data trên
vd: Lamb consumption reduced from 150 grams in 1979 to about 60 grams in
2004.
After 25 years, lamb consumption reduced by 90 grams from 150 grams in 1979.
Lamb consumption reduced by 90 grams to about 60 grams in 2004.

Cấu trúc 1:

Cấu trúc 2:

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Cấu trúc 3:

3. Chicken consumption từ năm 1979 đến năm 2004

Cấu trúc 1:

Cấu trúc 2:

Cấu trúc 3:

4. Beef consumption từ năm 1979 đến năm 2004

Beef consumption started at just above 220 grams and reached a peak of
roughly 250 grams in 1984 before fluctuating downwards to approximately 110
grams in 2004.

Cấu trúc 1:

Cấu trúc 2:

Cấu trúc 3:

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