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Prob

A random experiment has multiple possible outcomes and cannot predict the outcome in advance. The sample space includes all possible outcomes, while events are subsets of this space representing favorable outcomes. Types of events include impossible, sure, simple, compound, mutually exclusive, and exhaustive events, which are defined based on their characteristics and relationships within the sample space.

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16 views8 pages

Prob

A random experiment has multiple possible outcomes and cannot predict the outcome in advance. The sample space includes all possible outcomes, while events are subsets of this space representing favorable outcomes. Types of events include impossible, sure, simple, compound, mutually exclusive, and exhaustive events, which are defined based on their characteristics and relationships within the sample space.

Uploaded by

hesahay
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Random Experiments: An experiment is called random

experiment if it satisfies the following two conditions:


✓ It has more than one possible outcome.
✓ It is not possible to predict the outcome in advance.
Outcomes: a possible result of a random experiment is
called its outcome.

Sample space: Set of all possible outcomes of a random


experiment is called sample space. It is denoted by the symbol S.
Example: In Toss of a coin, Sample space is Head, Tail.
Sample point: Each element of the sample space is called a sample point. E.g. in toss of a coin, Head is a Sample point.

Event: It is the set of favorable outcome. Any subset E of a sample space S is called an event. E.g. Event of getting odd
outcome in a throw of a die

Occurrence of an event: the event E of a sample space S is said to have occurred if the outcome 𝜔 of the experiment
is such that 𝜔 ∈ 𝐸. If the outcome 𝜔 is such that 𝜔 ∉ E, we say that the event E has not occurred.
Impossible and Sure Events: The empty set 𝜙 and the sample space S describe
Types of Event . events. Impossible event is denoted by φ, while the whole sample space, S, is
✓ Impossible and Sure Events called the Sure Event. E.g. in rolling a die, impossible event is that number is
✓ Simple Event more than 6 & Sure event is the event of getting number less than or equal to
✓ Compound Event 6.

Simple Event: If an event E has only one sample point of a sample space, it is called a simple (or elementary) event. In a
sample space containing n distinct elements, there are exactly n simple events. E.g. in rolling a die, Simple event could be the
event of getting 4.

Compound Event: If an event has more than one sample point, it is called a Compound event. E.g. in rolling a die, Simple
event could be the event of getting even number
Algebra of Events
Complementary Event Complementary event to A= ‘not A’ Example: If event A=
• Complementary Event
Event of getting odd number in throw of a die, that is {1, 3, 5} Then,
• Event ‘A or B
Complementary event to A = Event of getting even number in throw of a die, that
• ’ Event ‘A and B’
is {2, 4, 6}
• Event ‘A but not B

Event (A or B) Union of two sets A and B denoted by A ∪ B contains all those elements which are either in A or in B or
in both. When the sets A and B are two events associated with a sample space, then ‘A ∪ B’ is the event ‘either A or B or
both’. This event ‘A ∪ B’ is also called ‘A or B’. Event ‘A or B’ = A ∪ B = {ω : ω ∈ A or ω ∈ B}.
Event ‘A and B’ Intersection of two sets A ∩ B is the set of those elements which are common to both A and B.
i.e., which belong to both ‘A and B’. If A and B are two events, then the set A ∩ B denotes the event ‘A and B’.
Thus, A ∩ B = {ω : ω ∈ A and ω ∈ B}
Event ‘A but not B’ A–B is the set of all those elements which are in A but not in B. Therefore, the set A–B may
denote the event ‘A but not B’. A – B = A ∩ B’

Mutually exclusive events Events A and B are called mutually exclusive events if occurrence of any one of them excludes
occurrence of other event, i.e., if they cannot occur simultaneously. Example: A die is thrown. Event A = All even outcome &
event B = All odd outcome. Then A & B are mutually exclusive events, they cannot occur simultaneously. Simple events of a
sample space are always mutually exclusive.
Exhaustive events Lot of events that together forms sample space. Example: A die is thrown. Event A = All even
outcome & event B = All odd outcome. Even A & B together forms exhaustive events as it forms Sample Space.

Axiomatic Approach to Probability:

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