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Lecture (Introduction and Basics)

ق4لل

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13 views21 pages

Lecture (Introduction and Basics)

ق4لل

Uploaded by

sabakka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture

Introduction and Basics


‫طارق العزب‬.‫د‬.‫أ‬
‫توجان الجغبير‬.‫م‬
Definitions
The sample Space, S
The sample space, S, for a random phenomena is the
set of all possible outcomes.
Examples
1. Tossing a coin – outcomes S ={Head, Tail}

2. Rolling a die – outcomes


S ={ , , , , , }

={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
An Event , E
The event, E, is any subset of the sample space, S. i.e.
any set of outcomes (not necessarily all outcomes) of
the random phenomena

Venn
S diagram
E
The event, E, is said to have occurred if after the
outcome has been observed the outcome lies in E.

S
E
Examples

1. Rolling a die – outcomes


S ={ , , , , , }
={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

E = the event that an even number is


rolled
= {2, 4, 6}
={ , , }
Special Events
The Null Event, The empty event - f

f = { } = the event that contains no outcomes


The Entire Event, The Sample Space - S
S = the event that contains all outcomes
The empty event, f , never occurs.
The entire event, S, always occurs.
Example
If two events A and B are are mutually
exclusive then:
1. They have no outcomes in common.
They can’t occur at the same time. The outcome
of the random experiment can not belong to both
A and B.

A B
Set operations on Events
Union
Let A and B be two events, then the union of A
and B is the event (denoted by AB) defined by:
A  B = {e| e belongs to A or e belongs to B}
A
B

A B
The event A  B occurs if the event A occurs or
the event and B occurs .

A
B

A B
Intersection

Let A and B be two events, then the intersection


of A and B is the event (denoted by AB) defined
by:
A  B = {e| e belongs to A and e belongs to
B}
A
B

A B
The event A  B occurs if the event A occurs and
the event and B occurs .

A
B

A B
Complement

Let A be any event, then the complement of A


(denoted by A ) defined by:

A = {e| e does not belongs to A}

A
A
The event A occurs if the event A does not
occur

A
A
Definition: mutually exclusive
Two events A and B are called mutually
exclusive if:
A B f

A B

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