Number Systems

Exercise 1.1

1. Every rational number is

(A) a natural number
(B) an integer
(C) a real number
(D) a whole number
Sol. (C) a real number
We know that rational and irrational numbers taken together are known as real numbers.
Therefore, every real number is either a rational number or an irrational number. Hence,
every rational number is a real number. Therefore, (c) is the correct answer.

2. Between two rational numbers

(A) there is no rational number
(B) there is exactly one rational number
(C) there are infinitely many rational numbers
(D) there are only rational numbers and no irrational numbers
Sol. (C) there are infinitely many rational numbers
Between two rational numbers there are infinitely many rational number. Hence, (C) is
the correct answer.

3. Decimal representation of a rational number cannot be

(A) terminating
(B) non-terminating
(C) non-terminating repeating
(D) non-terminating non-repeating
Sol. (D) non-terminating non-repeating
The decimal representation of a rational number cannot be non-terminating and non-
repeating.

4. The product of any two irrational numbers is

(A) always an irrational number
(B) always a rational number
(C) always an integer
(D) sometimes rational, sometimes irrational
Sol. (D) sometimes rational, sometimes irrational
The product of any two irrational numbers is sometimes rational and sometimes
irrational. Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

5. The decimal expansion of the number 2 is

(A) a finite decimal
(B) 1.41421
(C) non-terminating recurring
 (D) non-terminating non-recurring
Sol. The decimal expansion of the number 2 is 1.41421……

6. Which of the following is irrational?

4
(A)
9
12
(b)
3
(c) 7
(d) 81
4 3
Sol. (a) = , which is a rational number.
9 2

12 4×3 2 3
(b) = = = 2, Which is a rational number.
3 3 3
(c) 7 is a irrational number.
(d) 81 = 9, which is a rational number.
Hence, (C) is the correct answer.

7. Which of the following is irrational?

(A) 0.14
(B) 0.1416
(C) 0.1416
(D) 0.4014001400014...
Sol. A number is irrational if and only of its decimal representation is non-terminating and
non-recurring.
(a) 0.14 is a terminating decimal and therefore cannot be an irrational number.
(b) 0.1416 is a non-terminating and recurring decimal and therefore cannot be irrational.
(c) 0.1416 is a non-terminating and recurring decimal and therefore cannot be irrational.
(d) 0.4014001400014... is a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal and therefore is
an irrational number.
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

8. A rational number between 2 and 3 is

2+ 3
(A)
2
2⋅ 3
(B)
2
(C) 1.5
 (D) 1.8
Sol. We know that
2 = 1.4142135.... and 3 = 1.732050807....
We see that 1.5 is a rational number which lies between 1.4142135….. and
1.732050807….
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

p
9. The value of 1.999…. in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0, is
q
19
(A)
10
1999
(B)
1000
(C) 2
1
(D)
9
Sol. Let x = 1.999... = 1.9. ….(1)
Then, 10 x = 19.999... = 19.9 ….(2)
Subtracting (1) and (2), we get
9 x = 18 ⇒ x = 18 ÷ 9 = 2
p 2
∴ The value of 1.999… in the form is 2 or .
q 1
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

10. 2 3 + 3 is equal to
(A) 2 6
(B) 6
(C) 3 3
(D) 4 6
Sol. Given 2 3 + 3 = (2 + 1) 3 = 3 3
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

11. 10 × 15 is equal to
(A) 6 5
(B) 5 6
(C) 25
(D) 10 5
Sol. We have 10 × 15 = 10 ×15 = 5 × 2 × 5 × 3 = 5 6
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
 1
12. The number obtained on rationalizing the denominator of is
7 −2
7 +2
(A)
3
7 −2
(B)
3
7 +2
(C)
5
7 +2
(D)
45
1 1 7+ 2 7+ 2 7+ 2 7+ 2
Sol. = × = 2 2
= =
7 − 2 7 − 2 7 + 2 (7) − ( 2) 49 − 2 47
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

1
13. is equal to
9− 8
1
(A) (3 − 2 2)
2
1
(B)
3+ 2 2
(C) 3 − 2 2
(D) 3 + 2 2
1 1 1
Sol. = =
9− 8 3× 3 − 4 × 2 3 − 2 2
1 3+ 2 2 3+ 2 2
= × = 2
3 − 2 2 3 + 2 2 (3) − (2 2) 2
3+ 2 2 3+ 2 2
= = = 3+ 2 2
9−8 1
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

7
14. After rationalizing the denominator of , we get the denominator as
3 3−2 2
(A) 13
(B) 19
(C) 5
(D) 35
7 7 3 3+2 2
Sol. = ×
3 3−2 2 3 3−2 2 3 3+2 2
 7(3 3 + 2 2) 7(3 3 + 2 2)
= 2 2
=
(3 3) − (2 2) 27 − 8
7(3 3 + 2 2)
=
19
Therefore, we get the denominator as 19.
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

32 + 48
15. The value of is equal to
8 + 12
(A) 2
(B) 2
(C) 4
(D) 8
32 + 48 16 × 2 + 16 × 3
Sol. =
8 + 12 4× 2 + 4×3
4 2 + 4 3 4( 2 + 3) 4
= = = =2
2 2 + 2 3 (2 2 + 3) 2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

2 −1
16. If 2 = 1.4142, then is equal to
2 +1
(A) 2.4142
(B) 5.8282
(C) 0.4142
(D) 0.1718
2 −1 ( 2 − 1) × ( 2 − 1)
Sol. =
2 +1 ( 2 + 1) × ( 2 − 1)
( 2 − 1)2 2 −1 2 −1
= 2 2
= = = 2 −1
( 2) − 1 2 −1 1
= 1.4142 – 1 = 0.4142
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

4 3
17. 22 equal
1
(A) 2 6
(B) 2 −6
(C) 21/6
(D) 26
 1

4 3 4  2 4
1 2 1
×
1
Sol. 22 = (2 ) =  2 3  = 2 3 4 = 2 6
2 3

 
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

3
18. The product 2 ⋅ 4 2 ⋅ 12 32 equals
(A) 2
(B) 2
(C) 12 2
(D) 12 32
Sol. We have,
1 1 1 1 1 5
3
2. 4 2.12 32 = 2 2 × 2 4 × (25 )12 = 2 3 × 2 4 × 212
1 1 5 4 + 3+ 5 12
+ +
= 2 3 4 12 = 2 12 = 212 = 21 = 2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

19. Value of 4
(81) −2 is
1
(A)
9
1
(B)
3
(C) 9
1
(D)
81
2 1
−2 1
2
 1  2  4 4×
1 1 4 1
Sol. 4
(81) = 4   = 4    = 4   =   =
 81   9   9 9 9
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

20. Value of (256)0.16 × (256)0.09 is

(A) 4
(B) 16
(C) 64
(D) 256.25
Sol. (256)0.16 × (256)0.09 = (256)0.16+0.09
1 1 1
4×
= (256)0.25 = (256) 4 = (44 ) 4 = 4 4
=4
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
21. Which of the following is equal to x?
12 5
(A) x 7 − x 7
1
12
(B) ( x4 )3
2
3 3
(C) ( x )
12 7
(D) x 7 × x 12
12 5
Sol. (a) x 7 × x 7 ≠ x
1

12
1
4 3 12 4×
1
 4 12 4 1
×
1
(b) (x ) = x 3
=  x 3  = x 3 12 = x 9 ≠ x
 
1 2 3 2
×
3 2 3
(c) (( x ) ) = ( x) 2 3
= x1 = x
12 7 12 7 193
+
(d) x 7 × x 12 = x 7 12 = x 84 ≠ x
Hence, (C) is the correct answer.
 Number Systems
Exercise 1.2

1. Let x and y be rational and irrational numbers, respectively. Is x + y necessarily an

irrational number? Give an example in support of your answer.
Sol. Yes, x+ y is necessary an irrational number.
Let x = 5 and y = 2.
Then, x + y = 5 + 2 = 5 + 1.4142..... = 6.4142..... which is non – terminating and non-
repeating.
Hence, x + y is an irrational number.

2. Let x be rational and y be irrational. Is xy necessarily irrational? Justify your

answer by an example.
Sol. Let x = 0 (a rational number) and y = 3 be an irrational number. Then,
xy = 0( 3) = 0, which is not an irrational number.
Hence, xy is not necessarily an irrational number.

3. State whether the following statements are true or false? Justify your answer.
2
(i) is a rational number.
3
(ii) There are infinitely many integers between any two integers.
(iii) Number of rational numbers between 15 and 18 is finite.
p
(iv) There are numbers which cannot be written in the form , q ≠ 0, p, q both are
q
integers.
(v) The square of an irrational number is always rational.
12
(vi) is not a rational number as 12 and 3 are not integers.
3
15 p
(vii) is written in the form , where q ≠ 0 so it is a rational number.
3 q
2 p
Sol. (i) The given statement is false. is of the form but p = 2 is not an integer.
3 q
(ii) The given statement is false. Consider two integers 3 and 4. There is no integers
between 3 and 4.
(iii) The given statement is false. There lies infinitely many rational numbers between
any two rational number. Hence, number of rational numbers between 15 and 18 are
infinite.
3 p
(iv) The given statement is true. For example, is of the form but p = 3 and
5 q
q = 5 are not integers.
 4
(v) The given statement is false. Consider an irrational number 2. Then, its square
( 4 2) 2 = 2, which is not a rational number.
12
(vi) The given statement is false. = 4 = 2, Which is a rational number.
3
15 15 5
(vii) The given statement is false. = = 5= , where p = 5 is irrational
3 3 1
number.

4. Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational with justification:

(i) 196
(ii) 3 18
9
(iii)
27
28
(iv)
343
(v) − 0.4
12
(vi)
75
(vii) 0.5918
(viii) (1 + 5) − (4 + 5)
(ix) 10.124124...
(x) 1.010010001….
Sol. (i) 196 = 14, which is a rational number.
(ii) 3 18 = 3 9 × 2 = 3 × 3 2, = 9 2, which is the product of a rational and an irrational
number.
Hence, 3 18 is an irrational number.
9 1
(iii) = , which of the quotient of a rational and an irrational number and
27 3
therefore an irrational number.
28 4 2
(iv) = = , which is a rational number.
343 49 7
2
(v) − 0.4 = − , which is a quotient of a rational and an irrational number and so it is
10
an irrational number.
12 4 2
(vi) = = , which is a rational number.
75 25 5
(vii) 0.5918 is a terminating decimal expansion. Hence, it is rational number.
(viii) (1 + 5) − (4 + 5) = −3, which is a rational number.
(ix) 10.124124… is a decimal expansion which non-terminating recurring. Hence, it is a
rational number.
(x) 1.010010001… is a decimal expansion which is non-terminating non-recurring.
Hence, it is an irrational number.
 Number Systems
Exercise 1.3

1. Find which of the variables x, y, z and u represent rational numbers and which
irrational numbers:
(i) x 2 = 5
(ii) y 2 = 9
(iii) z 2 = 0.4
17
(iv) u 2 =
4
Sol. (i) x = 5 ⇒ x = 5, which is an irrational number.
2

(ii) y 2 = 9 ⇒ y = 9 = 3, which is a rational number.

(iii) z 2 = .04 ⇒ z = .04 = 0.2, which is a terminating decimal. Hence, it is rational
number.
17 17 17 p
(iv) u 2 = ⇒ u = = , which is of the form , where p = 17 is not an integer.
4 4 2 q
Hence, u is an irrational number.

2. Find three rational numbers between

(i) –1 and –2
(ii) 0.1 and 0.11
5 6
(iii) and
6 7
1 1
(iv) and
4 5
Sol. (i) -1.1, -1.2, -1.3 (terminating decimals) are three rational numbers lying between – 1
and – 2.
(ii) 0.101, 0.102, 0.103 (terminating decimals) are three rational numbers which lie
between 0.1 and 0.11.
5 5 10 50 6 6 10 60
(iii) = × = and = × =
7 7 10 70 7 7 10 70
51 52 53 50 60
⇒ , , are three rational numbers lying and between and and therefore lie
70 70 70 70 70
5 6
between and .
7 7
1 1 20 20 1 1 16 16
(iv) = × = and = × =
4 4 20 80 5 5 16 80
18  9  19 1 1
Now, 2 × 3  =  , are three rational numbers lying between and .
80  40  80 4 5

3. Insert a rational number and an irrational number between the following:

 (i) 2 and 3
(ii) 0 and 0.1
1 1
(iii) and
3 2
−2 1
(iv) and
5 2
(v) 0.15 and 0.16
(vi) 2 and 3
(vii) 2.357 and 3.121
(viii) 0.0001 and 0.001
(ix) 3.623623 and 0.484848
(x) 6.375289 and 6.375738
2+3 5
Sol. (i) A rational number between 2 and 3 is = = 2.5.
2 2
Also, 2.1 (terminating decimal) is a rational between 2 and 3.
Again, 2.010010001… (a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal) is an irrational
number between 2 and 3.

(ii) 0.04 is a terminating decimal and also it is lies between 0 and 0.1.
Hence, 0.04 is a rational number which lies between 0 and 0.1. Again 0.003000300003…
is a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal which lies between 0 and 0.1.
Hence, 0.003000300003… is an irrational number between 0 and 0.1.
1 1 4 4 1 1 6 6
(iii) = × = and = × =
3 3 4 12 2 2 6 12
5 4 6 5
Now, is a rational number between and . So, is a rational number lying
12 12 12 12
1 1
between and .
3 2
1 1
Again, = 0.33333... and = 0.5.
3 2
Now, 0.414114111… is a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal.
1 1
Hence, 0.414114111… is an irrational number lying between and .
3 2
−2 1
(iv) = −0.4 and = 0.5
5 2
Now, 0 is a rational number between -0.4 and 0.5 i.e., 0 is a rational number lying
−2 1
between and .
5 2
Again, 0.131131113…. is a non – terminating and non – recurring decimal which lies
between – 0.4 and 0.5.
−2 1
Hence, 0.131131113… is an irrational number lying between and .
5 2
 (v) 0.151 is a rational number between 0.15 and 0.16. Similarly, 0.153, 0.157, etc. are
rational number lying between 0.15 and 0.16.
Again, 0.151151115… (a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal) is an irrational
number between 0.15 and 0.16.

(vi) 2 = 1.4142135.... and 3 = 1.732050807...

Now, 1.5 (a terminating decimal) which lies between 1.4142135… and 1.732050807….
Hence, 1.5 is a rational number between 2 and 3.
Again, 1.575575557… (a non – terminating and non – recurring decimal) is an irrational
number lying between 2 and 3.

(vii) 3 is a rational number between 2.357 and 3.121.

Again, 3.101101110… (a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal) is an irrational
number lying between 2.357 and 3.121.

(viii) 0.00011 is a rational number 0.0001 and 0.001.

Again, 0.0001131331333…. (a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal) is an
irrational number between 0.0001 and 0.001.

(ix) 1 is a rational number between 0.484848 and 3.623623.

Again, 1.909009000… (a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal) is an irrational
number lying between 0.484848 and 3.623623.

(x) 6.3753 (a terminating decimal) is a rational number between 6.375289 and 6.375738.
Again, 6.375414114111… (a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal) is an irrational
lying between 6.375289 and 6.375738.

4. Represent the following numbers on the number line:

−3 −12
7, 7.2, ,
2 5
Sol.
5. Locate 5, 10 and 17 on the number line:
Sol. Presentation of 5 on number line:
We write 5 as the sum of the square of two natural numbers:
5 = 1 + 4 = 12 + 22
On the number line, take OA = 2 units.
Draw BA = 1 unit, perpendicular to OA. Join OB.
By Pythagoras theorem, OB = 5
Using a compass with centre O and radius OB, draw an arc which intersects the number
line at the point C. Then, C corresponds to 5.

Presentation of 10 on the number line:

We write 10 as the sun of the square of two natural numbers:
10 = 1 + 9 = 12 + 32
On the number line, taken OA = 3 units.
Draw BA = 1 unit, perpendicular to OA, Join OB.
By Pythagoras theorem, OB = 10
Using a compass with centre O and radius OB, draw an arc which intersects the number
line at the point C. Then, C corresponds to 10.

Presentation of 17 on the number line:

We write 17 as the sum of the square of two natural numbers:
17 = 1 + 16 = 12 + 42
On the number line, take OA = 4 units.
Draw BA = 1 units, perpendicular to OA. Join OB.
By Pythagoras theorem, OB = 17
Using a compass with centre O and radius OB, draw an arc which intersects the number
line at the point C. Then, C corresponds to 17.
6. Represent geometrically the following numbers on the number line:
(A) 4.5
(B) 5.6
(C) 8.1
(D) 2.3
Sol. (i) 4.5
Presentation of 4.5 on number line:

Mark the distance 4.5 units from a fixed point A on a given line to obtain a point B such
that AB = 4.5 units. From B, mark a distance of 1 units and mark the new points as C.
Find the mid-point of AC and mark that points as O. Draw a semicircle with centre O and
radius OC. Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B and intersecting the
semicircle at D. Then, BD = 4.5.
Now, draw an arc with centre B and radius BD, which intersects the number line in E.
Thus, E represent 4.5.

(ii) 5.6
Presentation of 5.6 on number line:

Mark the distance 5.6 units from a fixed points A on a given line to obtain a point B such
that AB = 5.6 units. From B, mark a distance of 1 unit and mark the new points as C. Find
the mid-point of AC and mark the points as O. Draw a semicircle with centre O and radius
OC. Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B and intersecting the semicircle at
D. Then BD = 5.6.
Now, draw an arc with centre B and radius BD, which intersects the number line in E.
Thus, E represent 5.6.

(iii) 8.1
Presentation of 8.1 on number line:

Mark the distance 8.1 units from a fixed point A on a given line to obtain a point B such
that AB = 8.1 units. From B, mark a distance of 1 unit and mark the new points as C. Find
the mid-point of AC and mark that point as O. Draw a semicircle with centre O and radius
OC. Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B and intersecting the semicircle at
D. Then, BD = 8.1.
Now, draw an arc with centre B and radius BD, which intersects the number line in E.
Thus, E represents 8.1.

(iv) 2.3
Presentation of 2.3 on number line:

Mark the distance 2.3 units from a fixed points A on a given line to obtain a point B such
that AB = 2.3 units. From B mark, a distance of 1 unit and mark the new point as C. Find
the mid-point of AC and mark that point as O. Draw a semicircle with centre O and radius
OC. Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B and intersecting the semicircle at
D. Then, BD = 2.3.
Now, draw an arc with centre B and radius BD, which intersects the number line in E.
Thus, E represents 2.3.
 p
7. Express the following in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
q
(i) 0.2
(ii) 0.888…
(iii) 5.2
(iv) 0.001
(v) 0.2555…
(vi) 0.134
(vii) .00323232…
(viii) 0.404040…
2 1
Sol. (i) 0.2 = = .
10 5
(ii) Let x = 0.888... = 0.8 …(1)
∴ 10 x = 8.8 …(2)
Subtracting (1) and (2), we get
9x = 8
8
Hence, x =
9
(iii) let x = 5.2 = 5.2222... …(1)
Multiplying both sides by 10, we get
10 = 52.222... = 52.2 …(2)
If we subtract 5.2 from 52.2 , the repeating portion the decimal cancels out.
∴ Subtracting (1) and (2), we get
47
10 x − x = 47 ⇒ 9 x = 47 ⇒ x =
9
47
Hence, 5.2 = .
9
(iv) Let x = 0.001 = 0.001001. …(1)
∴ 1000 x = 1.00100... …(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
999x = 1
1
Hence, x = .
999
(v) Let x = 0.2555... = 0.25. …(1)
∴ 10 x = 2.5... …(2)
And 100 x = 25.5 …(3)
Subtracting (2) from (3), we get
90x = 23
23
∴ x=
90
 (vi) Let x = 0.134 = 0.1343434... …(1)
Multiplying both sides by 100, we get
100 x = 13.43434... = 13.434 …(2)
If we subtract 0.134 from 13.434 , the represent portion of the decimal cancels out.
∴ subtracting (1) from (2), we get
133 133
100 x − x = 13.3 ⇒ 99 x = ⇒x=
10 990
133
Hence, 0.134 = .
990
(vii) Let x = 0.00323232... = 0.0032. …(1)
∴ 100 x = 0.32 …(2)
And 10, 000 x = 32.32 …(3)
Subtracting (2) from (3), we get
9900x = 32
32 8
∴ x= =
9900 2475
(viii) Let x = 0.404040... = 0.40. …(1)
∴ 100 x = 40.40 …(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
99 x = 40
40
∴ x=
99

1
8. Show that 0.142857142857... = .
7
Sol. Let x = 0.142857142857... …(1)
∴ 1000000 x = 142857.142857 …(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
999999 x = 142857 …(3)
142857 1
⇒ x= =
999999 7
1
Hence, 0.142857142857... = .
7

9. Simplify:
(i) 45 − 3 20 + 4 5
24 54
(ii) +
8 9
4 6
(iii) 12 × 7
(iv) 4 28 ÷ 3 7
 7
(v) 3 3 + 2 27 +
3
(vi) ( 3 − 2) 2
(vii) 4 81 − 8 3 216 + 15 3 32 + 225
3 1
(viii) +
8 2
2 3 3
(ix) −
3 6
Sol. (i) 45 − 3 20 + 4 5 = 9 × 5 − 3 4 × 5 + 4 5
= 3 5 − 3 × 2 5 + 4 5 = (3 − 6 + 4) 5 = 5
24 54 4×5 9×6 2 6 3 6 6 6
(ii) + = + = + = +
8 9 8 9 8 9 4 3
1 1  3+ 4  7 6
= 6 +  = 6 =
 4 3  12  12
(iii) 4 12 × 7 6 = 4 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 2 × 3
= 8 3×7 2 × 3
= 24 × 7 2 = 168 2
1
(iv) 4 28 ÷ 3 7 = 4 2 × 2 × 7 ×
3 7
8 7 8
= =
3 7 3
1
(v) 3 3 + 2 27 +
3
7 7
= 3 3 + 2×3 3 + =3 3 +6 3+
3 3
7 3
=3 3+6 3+
3
 7  7 34
= 3 3+ 6 +  = 3 9 +  = 3 ×
 3  3 3
34
= 3
3
(vi) ( 3 − 2) 2 = ( 3) 2 + ( 2) 2 − 2( 3)( 2)
= 3 + 2 − 2 3× 2 = 5 − 2 6
(vii) 4 81 − 8 3 216 + 15 5 32 + 225
= 4 34 − 8 3 63 + 15 5 25 + (15) 2
= 3 − (8 × 6) + (15 × 2) + 15
 = 3 − 48 + 30 + 15 = 0
3 1 3 1 1 3 
(viii) + = + =  + 1
8 2 4× 2 2 22 
5 5 2 5 2
= = × =
2 2 2 2 2 4
2 3 3 2 1  4 −1  3 3
(ix) − = 3 −  = 3  = 3× =
3 6 3 6  6  6 2

10. Rationalize the denominator of the following:

2
(i)
3 3
40
(ii)
3
3+ 2
(iii)
4 2
16
(iv)
41 − 5
2+ 3
(v)
2− 3
6
(vi)
2+ 3
3+ 2
(vii)
3− 2
3 5+ 3
(viii)
5− 3
4 3+5 2
(ix)
48 + 18
2 2 3 2 3
Sol. (i) = × =
3 3 3 3 3 9
40 40 3 2 30
(ii) = × =
3 3 3 3
3+ 2 3+ 2 2 2(3 + 2) 3 2 + 2
(iii) = × = =
4 2 4 2 2 4× 2 8
16 16 41 + 5
(iv) = ×
41 − 5 41 − 5 41 + 5
 16( 41 + 5) 16( 41 + 5)
= =
41 − 25 16
= 41 + 5
2+ 3 2+ 3 2+ 3
(v) = ×
2− 3 2− 3 2+ 3
(2 + 3) 2 4 + 3+ 4 3
= 2 2
=
(2) − ( 3) 4−3
7+4 3
= =7+4 3
1
6 6 2− 3
(vi) = ×
2+ 3 2+ 3 2− 3
6( 2 − 3) 6( 2 − 3)
= 2 2
=
( 2) − ( 3) 2−3
= 6( 3 − 2) = 6 × 3 − 6 × 2
= 18 − 12 = 9 × 2 − 4 × 3 = 3 2 − 2 3
3+ 2 3+ 2 3+ 2
(vii) = ×
3− 2 3− 2 3+ 2
( 3 + 2)2 3+ 2 + 2 3× 2
= 2 2
=
( 3) − ( 2) 3− 2
5+ 2 6
= = 5+2 6
1
3 5+ 3 3 5+ 3 5+ 3
(viii) = ×
5− 3 5− 3 5+ 3
15 + 3 15 + 15 + 3
=
( 15) 2 − ( 3) 2
18 + 4 15 2(9 + 2 15)
= = = 9 + 2 15
5−3 2
4 3+5 2 4 3+5 2
(ix) =
48 + 18 4 3 + 3 2
4 3 +5 2 4 3 −3 2
= ×
4 3+3 2 4 3 −3 2
48 − 12 6 + 20 6 − 30
=
(4 3) 2 − (3 2) 2
18 + 8 5 18 + 8 6 9 + 4 6
= = =
48 − 18 30 15
11. Find the value of a and b in each of the following:
5+2 3
(i) = a−6 3
7+4 3
3− 5 19
(ii) =a 5−
3+ 2 5 11
2+ 3
(iii) = 2−b 6
3 2 −2 3
7+ 5 7− 5 7
(iv) − =a+ 5b
7− 5 7+ 5 11
5+2 3 5+2 3 7−4 3
Sol. (i) LHS = = ×
7+4 3 7+4 3 7−4 3
(5 + 2 3)(7 − 4 3)
=
(7)2 − (4 3) 2
35 − 20 3 + 14 3 − 24
=
49 − 48
11 − 6 3
= = 11 − 6 3
1
Now, 11 − 6 3 = a − 6 3
⇒ a = 11

3− 5 3− 5 3− 2 5
(ii) LHS = = ×
3+ 2 5 3+ 2 5 3− 2 5
(3 − 5)(3 − 2 5)
=
(3) 2 (2 5) 2
9 − 6 5 − 3 5 + 10 19 − 9 5
= =
9 − 20 −11
19 − 9 5 19
Now, =a 5−
−11 11
−19 9 19
⇒ + 5 =a 5−
11 11 11
9 19 19
⇒ 5− =a 5−
11 11 11
19
Hence, a = .
11

2+ 3 2 + 3 3 2+2 3
(iii) LHS = = ×
3 2 −2 3 3 2 −2 3 3 2 +2 3
 ( 2 + 3)(3 2 + 2 3)
=
(3 2)2 − (2 3) 2
6+2 6 +3 6 +6
=
18 − 12
12 + 5 6 5 6
= = 2+
6 6
5 5
Now, 2 − b 6 = 2 + 6 ⇒b=−
6 6

7+ 5 7− 5 7
(iv) − =a+ 5b
7− 5 7+ 5 11
7+ 5 7+ 5 7− 5 7− 5 7
× − × =a+ 5b
7− 5 7+ 5 7+ 5 7− 5 11
(7 + 5)2 (7 − 5)2 7
2 2
− 2 2
=a+ 5b
(7) − ( 5) (7) − ( 5) 11
49 + 5 + 14 5 49 + 5 − 14 5 7
− =a+ 5b
49 − 5 49 − 5 11
54 + 14 5 54 − 14 5 7
= − =a+ 5b
44 44 11
54 + 14 5 − 54 + 14 5 7 28 5
= =a+ 5b =
44 11 44
7 5 7
⇒ =a+ 5b
11 11
7 5 7
⇒ 0+ =a+ 5b
11 11
Thus, a = 0 and b = 1.

1
12. If a = 2 + 3, then find the value of a − .
a
Sol. We have a = 2+ 3
1 1 1 2− 3 2− 3
∴ = = × =
a 2 + 3 2 + 3 2 − 3 (2) 2 − ( 3) 2
2− 3 2− 3
= = = 2− 3
4−3 1
1
∴ a− = 2+ 3 −2+ 3 = 2 3
a
13. Rationalize the denominator in each of the following and hence evaluate by taking
2 = 1.414, 3 = 1.732 and 5 = 2.236, upto three places of decimal.
4
(i)
3
6
(ii)
6
10 − 5
(iii)
2
2
(iv)
2+ 2
1
(v)
3+ 2
4 4 3 4 3 4 × 1.732 6.928
Sol. (i) = × = = = = 2.309
3 3 3 3 3 3
6 6 6 6 6
(ii) = × = = 6 = 2×3 = 2 × 3
6 6 6 6
= 1.414 × 1.732 = 2.44909 = 2.448 (approx.)
10 − 5 2× 5− 5 5( 2 − 1) 2.236(1.414 − 1)
(iii) = = =
2 2 2 2
= 1.118 × 0.414 = 0.463
2 2 2− 2 2(2 − 2) 2(2 − 2)
(iv) = × = 2 2
=
2 + 2 2 + 2 2 − 2 (2) − ( 2) 4−2
2(2 − 2) 2 2 − 2
= =
2 2
= 2 − 1 = 1.414 − 1 = 0.414
1 1 3− 2 3− 2 3− 2
(v) = × = 2 2
=
3+ 2 3+ 2 3 − 2 ( 3) − ( 2) 3− 2
3− 2
= = 3− 2
1
= 1.732 − 1.414 = 0.318
 Number Systems
Exercise 1.4

p
1. Express 0.6 + 0.7 + 0.47 in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
q
6
Sol. We have 0.6 = …(1)
10
Let x = 0.7 = 0.777... …(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get
7 7
9 x = 7 ⇒ x = or 0.7 =
9 9
Now, let y = 0.47 = 0.4777...
∴ 10 y = 4.7 …(3)
And 100 y = 47.7 …(4)
Subtracting (3) from (4), we get
43
90 y = 43 ⇒ y =
90
43
∴ 0.47 =
90
6 7 43 54 + 70 + 43 167
Now, 0.6 + 0.7 + 0.47 = + + = =
10 9 90 90 90
167 p
So, is of the from and q ≠ 0.
90 q

7 3 2 5 3 2
2. Simplify: − − .
10 + 3 6+ 5 15 + 3 2
7 3 2 5 3 2
Sol. − −
10 + 3 6+ 5 15 + 3 2
7 3 10 − 3 2 5 6− 5 3 2 15 − 3 2
= × − × − ×
10 + 3 10 − 3 6+ 5 6− 5 15 + 3 2 15 − 3 2
7 3( 10 − 3) 2 5( 6 − 5) 3 2( 15 − 3 2)
= − =
10 − 3 6−5 15 − 18
= 3( 10 − 3) − 2 5( 6 − 5) + 2( 15 − 3 2)
= 30 − 3 − 2 30 + 10 + 30 − 6
= 2 30 − 9 − 2 30 + 10 = 1

3. If 2 = 1.414, 3 = 1.732, then find the value of

 4 3
+ .
3 3−2 2 3 3+2 2
4 3
Sol. We have + .
3 3−2 2 3 3+2 2
4 3 + 2 2 + 3(3 3 − 2 2)
=
(3 3 − 2 2)(3 3 + 2 2)
12 3 + 8 2 + 9 3 − 6 2 21 3 + 2 2
= =
(3 3) 2 − (2 2) 2 27 − 8
21 3 + 2 2 21(1.732) + 2(1.414)
= =
19 19
36.372 + 2.828
= = 2.063
19

3+ 5 1
4. If a = , then find the value of a 2 + 2 .
2 a
3+ 5
Sol. We have, a=
2
2
(3 + 5)
⇒ a2 =
4
9 + 5 + 6 5 14 + 6 5 7 + 3 5
= = =
4 4 2
1 2 2 7−3 5
Now, 2 = = ×
a 7+3 5 7+3 5 7−3 5
2(7 − 3 5)
=
(7) 2 − (3 5) 2
2(7 − 3 5) 2(7 − 3 5) 7 − 3 5
= = =
49 − 45 4 2
1 7+3 5 7−3 5
∴ a2 + 2 = +
a 2 2
7 + 3 5 + 7 − 3 5 14
= = =7
2 2

3+ 2 3− 2
5. If x = , and y = , then find the value of x 2 + y 2 .
3− 2 3− 2
3+ 2 3+ 2
Sol. x= ×
3− 2 3+ 2
 ( 3 + 2) 2 3 + 2 + 2 3× 2
= 2 2
=
( 3) − ( 2) 3−2
5+ 2 6
⇒ x= = 5+ 2 6
1
Similarly, y = 5 − 2 6
Now, x + y = 5 + 2 6 + 5 − 2 6 = 10
( 3 + 2) ( 3 − 2)
And, xy = × =1
( 3 − 2) ( 3 + 2)
∴ x 2 + y 2 = (10)2 − (1) 2 = 100 − 2 = 98

 3
− 4 
 2
6. Simplify: (256) .
 −3 
− 4 2   −3   2×− 3 
   2  2 − (2−3 )
8 − 4  8 − 2
Sol. (256)  
= (2  )  = (2 )


 = ( 28 )
1  1
−  8× −  1
= ( 28 ) 8 =2  8
= 2 −1 =
2

4 1 2
7. Find the value of 2
+ 3
+ 1
− − −
3 4 5
(216) (256) (243)
Sol. We have,
2 3 1
4 1 2 3 4 5
2
+ 3
+ 1
= 4(216) + (256) + 2(243)
− − −
(216) 3 (256) 4 (243) 5
2 3 1
= 4(63 ) 3 + (44 ) 4 + 2(35 ) 5
3 3 1
3× 4× 5×
2 4 5
= 4× 6 + 4 + 2×3
= 4 × 62 + 43 + 2 × 3
= 144 + 64 + 6 = 214