Relations
Relations
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
17. The relation 𝑅 defined in the set 𝐴 of all triangles 25. Let L denotes the set of all straight lines in a plane.
as 𝑅 = {(𝑇1 , 𝑇2 )| 𝑇1 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑇2 } is an Let a relation is defined by
equivalence relation. Consider three right angled 𝑅 = {(𝑙, 𝑚): 𝑙 ⊥ 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙, 𝑚 ∈ 𝐿} the R is
triangles 𝑇1 with sides 3,4,5 , 𝑇2 with sides 5,12,13 a) Reflexive b) transitive
and 𝑇3 with sides 6,8,10 which triangles among c) symmetric d) Equivalence
𝑇1 , 𝑇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇3 are related? 26. The relation “ two lines are parallel” is
a) 𝑇1 & 𝑇2 b) 𝑇2 & 𝑇3 a) Symmetric only b) Reflexive only
c) 𝑇1 & 𝑇3 d) None of these c) Transitive only d) Equivalence
18. Which one of the following relation is transitive 27. Let 𝑊 denote the words in the English dictionary.
only Define the relation 𝑅 by 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑊 × 𝑊 ∶ the
a) A relation less than or equal on the set 𝑁 words 𝑥 and 𝑦 have at least one letter in
b) A relation less than on the set 𝑁 common}. Then 𝑅 is
c) A relation greater than or equal to on the set 𝑁 a) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive
d) A relation less than or equal to on the set 𝑅 b) reflexive, symmetric and not transitive
19. Let R be the relation in the set N given by c) reflexive, symmetric and transitive
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 = 𝑏 − 2, 𝑏 > 6}, then choose the d) reflexive, not symmetric and transitive.
correct answer 28. If 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 4} is an
a)(2,4) ∈ 𝑅 b) (3,8) ∈ 𝑅 equivalence relation on 𝐴 = {1,2,3 … .9} then
c) (6,8) ∈ 𝑅 d) (8,7) ∈ 𝑅 equivalence class of 1 is
20. Let 𝑅 be the relation on the set 𝑁 of natural a) {1,3,5} b) {1,5,9}
numbers defined by 𝑛𝑅𝑚 if “𝑛 divides 𝑚 “ then c) {1,3,5,7,9} d) None of these
𝑅 is ANSWER KEY
a) reflexive and transitive only QN KEY QN KEY QN KEY QN KEY QN KEY
b) transitive and symmetric only 1 c 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 b
c) Equivalence relation. 6 a 7 c 8 a 9 d 10 d
d) neither transitive nor symmetric
11 d 12 b 13 d 14 d 15 a
21. Let A be the set of all students of a boys school.
16 a 17 c 18 b 19 c 20 a
Then the relation R in A given by
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏} is 21 b 22 b 23 a 24 b 25 c
If 𝑎 = 6 ⟹ 𝑏 = 6 + 1 = 7 ∉ 𝐴 ⟹ (𝑥, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅
Now , 𝑅 = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6), } ⟹ R is transitive
Reflexive : Here (1,1) ∉ 𝑅
⟹ R is not reflexive. 4. Check whether the relation 𝑹 defined in the
Symmetric : Here (1,2) ∈ 𝑅 but (2,1) ∉ 𝑅 set 𝑵 of natural number as
⟹ R is not symmetric. 𝑹 = {(𝒙, 𝒚): 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟓 , 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒} is reflexive,
Transitive : Here (1,2), (2,3) ∈ 𝑅 symmetric and transitive.
but (1,3) ∉ 𝑅 ⟹ R is not transitive. Solution: Given, R = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5 , 𝑥 ≤ 4}
Given: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5
2. Determine whether the relation R in the set If 𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝑦 = 1 + 5 = 6 ∈ 𝑁
𝐀 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 . . . . . . 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒} defined as If 𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 𝑦 = 2 + 5 = 7 ∈ 𝑁
𝐑 = {(𝐱, 𝐲): 𝟑𝐱 − 𝐲 = 𝟎} , is reflexive, If 𝑥 = 3 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3 + 5 = 8 ∈ 𝑁
symmetric and transitive If 𝑥 = 4 ⟹ 𝑦 = 4 + 5 = 9 ∈ 𝑁
Solution: Given , R = {(x, y)|3x − y = 0} Now , 𝑅 = {(1,6), (2,7), (3,8), (4,9)}
⟹ R = {(x, y)|𝑦 = 3𝑥} Reflexive : Here (1,1) ∉ 𝑅
Given: 𝑦 = 3𝑥 ⟹ R is not reflexive.
If 𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3(1) = 3 ∈ 𝐴 Symmetric : Here (1,6) ∈ 𝑅 but (6,1) ∉ 𝑅
If 𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3(2) = 6 ∈ 𝐴 ⟹ R is not symmetric.
If 𝑥 = 3 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3(3) = 9 ∈ 𝐴 Transitive: Here (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 but (𝑏, 𝑐) ∉ 𝑅
If 𝑥 = 4 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3(4) = 12 ∈ 𝐴 ⟹ R is transitive.
If 𝑥 = 5 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3(5) = 15 ∉ 𝐴 … … ..
5. Show that the relation 𝑹 in the set
Now , 𝑅 = {(1,3), (2,6), (3,9), (4,12)}
𝑨 = {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝒁, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟐} given by
Reflexive : Here (1,1) ∉ 𝑅
𝑹 = {(𝒂, 𝒃): |𝒂 − 𝒃| 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟒} is an
⟹ R is not reflexive.
equivalence relation.
Symmetric : Here (1,3) ∈ 𝑅 but (3,1) ∉ 𝑅
Solution:
⟹ R is not symmetric.
Given , R = {(a, b)| |a − b| is a multiple of 4}
Transitive : Here (1,3), (3,9) ∈ 𝑅
Reflexive: Let 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , we know that
but (1,9) ∉ 𝑅 ⟹ R is not transitive.
|𝑎 − 𝑎| = 0 is a multiple of 4
3. Determine whether the relation 𝑹 defined in ⟹ (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 ⟹ R is reflexive
the set 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔} as Symmetric: Let 𝑎 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 such that (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅
𝑹 = {(𝒙, 𝒚): 𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝒙} is reflexive, ⟹ |𝑎 − 𝑏| is a multiple of 4
symmetric and transitive. ⟹ |−(𝑎 − 𝑏)| is a multiple of 4
Solution: Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5,6} ⟹ |𝑏 − 𝑎| is a multiple of 4
Given , R = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑥} ⟹ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ R is symmetric
(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,2) Transitive: Let 𝑎 , 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴
⟹𝑅={ }
(2,4), (2,6), (3,3), (3,6), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6) such that (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅
Reflexive : Here 𝑎 is divisible by 𝑎
⟹ |𝑎 − 𝑏| and |𝑏 − 𝑐| is a multiple of 4
⟹ (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴
⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑏 and 𝑏 − 𝑐 is a multiple of 4
⟹ R is reflexive.
⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 is a multiple of 4
Symmetric : Here (1,2) ∈ 𝑅 but (2,1) ∉ 𝑅
⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑐 is a multiple of 4
⟹ R is not symmetric.
⟹ |𝑎 − 𝑐| is a multiple of 4
Transitive: Let (𝑥, 𝑦), (𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅
⟹ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ R is transitive
⟹ 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 and 𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑦
Since R is reflexive symmetric and transitive
⟹ 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦 and 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑧
⟹R is an equivalence relation.
⟹ 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑧 ⟹ 𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑥
6. Prove that the relation R in the set of integers 8. Show that the Relation R in the set Z of integers
Z defined by𝐑 = {(𝐱, 𝐲): 𝐱 − 𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫) given by 𝑹 = {(𝒙 𝒚): 𝟐 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 (𝒙 − 𝒚)} is an
is an equivalence relation. equivalence Relation.
Solution: Given: 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟} Solution: Now,𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦}
Reflexive: Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 ⟹ 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 2 | 𝑥 − 𝑦}
We know that 0 is an integer Reflexive: Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍
⟹ 𝑥 − 𝑥 is an integer We know that 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑥 − 𝑥)
⟹ (𝑥, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 ⟹ R is reflexive ⟹ (𝑥, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 ⟹ R is reflexive
Symmetric: Let 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∈ 𝑍 such that (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 Symmetric: Let 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∈ 𝑍
⟹ 𝑥 − 𝑦 is an integer such that (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦
⟹ −(𝑥 − 𝑦) is an integer ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 − (𝑥 − 𝑦) ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer ⟹ (𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ R is symmetric
⟹ (𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ R is symmetric Transitive: Let 𝑥 , 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑍
Transitive: Let 𝑥 , 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑍 such that (𝑥, 𝑦), (𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅
such that (𝑥, 𝑦), (𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦 and 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑧
⟹ 𝑥 − 𝑦 and 𝑦 − 𝑧 is an integer ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑧
⟹ 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 is an integer ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑧 ⟹ (𝑥, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅
⟹ 𝑥 − 𝑧 is an integer ⟹ (𝑥, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ R is transitive
⟹ R is transitive Since R is reflexive symmetric and transitive
Since R is reflexive symmetric and transitive ⟹ R is an equivalence relation.
⟹ R is an equivalence relation.
9. Show that the Relation R in the set Z of
7. Show that the relation R in the set integers given by
𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓} given by 𝑹 = {(𝒙 𝒚): 𝟓 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 (𝒙 − 𝒚)} is an
𝑹 = {(𝒂, 𝒃): |𝒂 − 𝒃|𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏}, is an Equivalence Relation.
equivalence relation. Solution: Now,𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦}
Solution: Now, 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)| |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛} ⟹ 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 5 | 𝑥 − 𝑦}
Reflexive: Let 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 Reflexive: Let 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍
We know that |0| is even ⟹ |𝑎 − 𝑎| is even We know that 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑥 − 𝑥)
⟹ (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 ⟹ R is reflexive ⟹ (𝑥, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 ⟹ R is reflexive
Symmetric: Let 𝑎 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 such that Symmetric: Let 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∈ 𝑍
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ |𝑎 − 𝑏| is even such that (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦
⟹ |−(𝑎 − 𝑏)| is even ⟹ |𝑏 − 𝑎| is even ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 − (𝑥 − 𝑦) ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑥
⟹ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ R is symmetric ⟹ (𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ R is symmetric
Transitive: Let 𝑎 , 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴 Transitive: Let 𝑥 , 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑍
such that (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 such that (𝑥, 𝑦), (𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅
⟹ |𝑎 − 𝑏| and |𝑏 − 𝑐| is even ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦 and 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑧
⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑏 and 𝑏 − 𝑐 is even ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑧
⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 is even ⟹ 5 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑧 ⟹ (𝑥, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅
⟹ 𝑎 − 𝑐 is even⟹ |𝑎 − 𝑐| is even ⟹ R is transitive
⟹ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ R is transitive Since R is reflexive symmetric and transitive
Since R is reflexive symmetric and transitive ⟹ R is an equivalence relation.
⟹ R is an equivalence relation.
10. Show that the relation R in R defined as Transitive : Now, 10 < 33 ⟹ (10,3) ∈ 𝑅
𝑹 = {(𝒂, 𝒃)|𝒂 ≤ 𝒃} , is reflexive and and 3 < 23 ⟹ (3,2) ∈ 𝑅
transitive but not symmetric. But 10 ≤ 23 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 ⟹ (10,2) ∉ 𝑅
Solution: Given , 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)/ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏} ⟹ R is not transitive
Reflexive: Let 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 ∴ R is neither reflexive nor symmetric
We know that 𝑎 = 𝑎 nor transitive
⟹ (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ R is reflexive
Symmetric: Let 1 , 2 ∈ 𝑅 13. Show that the relation 𝑹 defined in the set 𝑨 of
such that (1,2) ∈ 𝑅 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 1 < 2 all triangles as
Now, 2 > 1 ⟹ 2 ≰ 1 ⟹ (2,1) ∉ 𝑅 𝑹 = {(𝑻𝟏 , 𝑻𝟐 )| 𝑻𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝑻𝟐 } is an
⟹ R is not symmetric equivalence relation.
Transitive: Let 𝑎 , 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 Solution:
such that (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 Given , R = {(𝑇1 , 𝑇2 )| 𝑇1 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑇2 }
⟹𝑎 ≤𝑏&𝑏 ≤𝑐 ⟹𝑎 ≤ 𝑐 Reflexive: Let 𝑇1 ∈ 𝐴 ,
⟹ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ R is transitive we know that, 𝑇1 is similar to itself
∴ R is reflexive and transitive but not ⟹ (𝑇1 , 𝑇1 ) ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑇1 ∈ 𝐴 ⟹ R is reflexive
symmetric. Symmetric: Let 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ∈ 𝐴 such that
(𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ) ∈ 𝑅
⟹ 𝑇1 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑇2
11. Check whether the relation 𝐑 in 𝐑 defined by
⟹ 𝑇2 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑇1 ⟹ (𝑇2 , 𝑇1 ) ∈ 𝑅
𝐑 = {(𝐚, 𝐛)|𝐚 ≤ 𝐛𝟐 } is reflexive, symmetric or ⟹ R is symmetric
transitive. Transitive: Let 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 ∈ 𝐴
Solution: Given , 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)/ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 2 } such that (𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ), (𝑇2 , 𝑇3 ) ∈ 𝑅
1 1 1 2
Reflexive: Now ∈ 𝑅 and ≤ ( ) is not true ⟹ 𝑇1 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑇2 and 𝑇2 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑇3
2 2 2
1 1 ⟹ 𝑇1 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑇3 ⟹ (𝑇1 , 𝑇3 ) ∈ 𝑅
⟹ (2 , 2) ∉ 𝑅, ⟹ R is transitive
⟹ R is not reflexive Since R is reflexive symmetric and transitive
Symmetric: Now, 1 < 22 ⟹ (1,2) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹R is an equivalence relation.
but ⟹ 2 ≤ 12 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 ⟹ (2,1) ∉ 𝑅
⟹ R is not symmetric 14. Show that the relation 𝑹 defined in the set 𝑨 of all
Transitive : Now, 8 < 32 ⟹ (8,3) ∈ 𝑅 triangles as 𝑹 = {(𝑻𝟏 , 𝑻𝟐 )| 𝑻𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒓𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝑻𝟐 }
and 3 < 22 ⟹ (3,2) ∈ 𝑅 is an equivalence relation.
But 8 ≤ 22 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 ⟹ (8,2) ∉ 𝑅 Solution:
⟹ R is not transitive Given , R = {(𝑇1 , 𝑇2 )| 𝑇1 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑇2 }
∴ R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor Reflexive: Let 𝑇1 ∈ 𝐴 ,
transitive we know that, 𝑇1 is congruent to itself
⟹ (𝑇1 , 𝑇1 ) ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑇1 ∈ 𝐴 ⟹ R is reflexive
Symmetric: Let 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ∈ 𝐴 such that
12. Check whether the relation 𝐑 in 𝐑 defined by
(𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ) ∈ 𝑅
𝐑 = {(𝐚, 𝐛)|𝐚 ≤ 𝐛𝟑 } is reflexive, symmetric or
⟹ 𝑇1 𝑖𝑠 congruent 𝑡𝑜 𝑇2
transitive. ⟹ 𝑇2 𝑖𝑠 congruent 𝑡𝑜 𝑇1 ⟹ (𝑇2 , 𝑇1 ) ∈ 𝑅
Solution: Given , 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)/ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 3 } ⟹ R is symmetric
1
Reflexive: Now 2 ∈ 𝑅 Transitive: Let 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 ∈ 𝐴
1 1 3 1 1 such that (𝑇1 , 𝑇2 ), (𝑇2 , 𝑇3 ) ∈ 𝑅
⟹ ≤ ( ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 ⟹ ( , ) ∉ 𝑅,
2 2 2 2 ⟹ 𝑇1 𝑖𝑠 congruent 𝑡𝑜 𝑇2 and
⟹ R is not reflexive 𝑇2 𝑖𝑠 congruent 𝑡𝑜 𝑇3
Symmetric: Now, 1 < 23 ⟹ (1,2) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ 𝑇1 𝑖𝑠 congruent 𝑡𝑜 𝑇3 ⟹ (𝑇1 , 𝑇3 ) ∈ 𝑅
but 2 ≤ 13 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 ⟹ (2,1) ∉ 𝑅 ⟹ R is transitive
⟹ R is not symmetric Since R is reflexive symmetric and transitive
⟹R is an equivalence relation.