TABLE OF CONTENT

Tile
page……………………………………………………………………………………..............
...........1
Certificate of
approval……………………………………………………………………....................2
Recommendation
…………………………………………………………………………......................3
Declaration
………………………………………………………………………………….......................4
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………......
................5
Introduction:
………………………………………………………………………………........................6
Material required:
………………………………………………………………………………….........................6
Methodology :
………………………………………………………………………………………...........................6
 Preparation of soap:………………………………………………………..
………….............................7
 Observation ……………………………………...
………………………………………….........................8
 Result and discussion ………………...
…………………………………………………….....................8
 Conclusion :…………………………...
……………………………………………………..........................8
 Safety:…………………………………………………… ……………………….
…………...........................8
Comparison of soap prepared with commercially available soaps: PH test:……………………....9
 Foam test:
…………………………………………………………………………………….......................
...9
 Observation:
………………………………………………………………………………….........................9
 Conclusion :
…………………………………………………………………………………..........................
10
Comparison between commercially available
soapand soap prepared under the project:
…………………………………………………...................11
References:
…………………………………………………………………………………………............................
..12
 RECOMMENDATION LETTER

This project work entitled " Preparation of soap using coconut oil or any vegetable oil "
submitted by Rani Khanal of Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School has been prepared under
my supervision of the partial fulfillment of Chemistry grade 12 . Therefore, I recommend the
project work report for evaluation.

Supervisor

Name: Shraddha Patrabansh

Signature: ...................
Department of chemistry
Date:2081-11-26
 Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry teacher, Shraddha Patrabansh,
for their invaluable guidance and support throughout this project on “Preparation of soap
using coconut oil or any vegetable oil”. Their encouragement and insightful suggestions
have helped me gain a better understanding of the saponification process.
I am also thankful to my school/laboratory for providing the necessary resources and
materials required to carry out this experiment successfully.
Lastly, I extend my appreciation to my family and friends for their encouragement and
assistance in completing this project.

Rani Khanal
Class : 12 ‘G’
Date of submission:2081-11-26
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This project work entitled” Preparation of soap using coconut oil or any vegetable oil” by
Rani khanal , Roll no 56 of Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School, Butwal-
10,Kalikanagar prepared under the supervision of Shraddha Patrabansh submitted for the
partial fulfillment of prerequisite of chemistry of class 12 has been accepted.
Supervisor
……………………….
Department of Chemistry
Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School

Head of the Department

………………………….
HOD : Amrit Khanal
Department of Chemistry
Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School
 PREPARATION OF SOAP USING COCONUT OIL OR ANY
VEGETABLE OIL

A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTIN CHEMISTRY OF CLASS
12

Submitted By:Rani Khanal

Class 12 ‘G’

Roll no:56

Submitted to : Shraddha Patrabansh

Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School

Butwal-10, Kalikanagar

Rupandehi, Nepal

Date:2081-11-26
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled “Preparation of soap using coconut oil or
any vegetable oil” submitted to the Department of Chemistry Kalika Manavgyan
Secondary School, Butwal-10, Kalikanagar is an original piece of work carried out under
the supervision and guidance of Shraddha Patrabnash Kalika Manavgyan Secondary
School, Butwal-10, Kalikanagar and is submitted for the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for chemistry of grade 12. This project work report has not been submitted
elsewhere for the award of any degree.

Signature:
Name of student: Rani Khanal
Email: rani.khanal@icloud.com
Date: 2081-11-26

Introduction:
Soaps are carboxylate salts with very long hydrocarbon chains. Soap can be made from the base
hydrolysis of a fat or an oil. This hydrolysis is called saponification. Traditionally, soaps were
made from animal fat and lye (NaOH). (Lye was traditionally made by pouring water through
wood ashes.) An example of a saponification reaction is shown below.
Esters can be hydrolysed to their alcohol and carboxylic acid components in the presence of acid
or base. Fats, oils, and fatty acids are insoluble in water because their hydrophobic tails are so
long. If a base is used for hydrolysis, the fatty acids produced are deprotonated and are present as
the corresponding carboxylate salts.
Because these product carboxylate salts are charged, they are much more soluble in water than the
corresponding uncharged fatty acids.
The soap molecules surround an oil droplet so that their non-polar tails are embedded in the oil
and their charged “head” groups are on the exterior of the droplets, facing the water. If the oil
droplets are small enough and if there are enough soap molecules to surround them, the oil
droplets become dispersed in the water and can then easily be washed away.

Materials Required:
▪ Coconut oil-100ml
▪ Sodium Hydroxide (50gm)
▪ A large beaker
▪ Stirring rod
 ▪ Mantle with hot plate
▪ Mould
▪ Wrapper
▪ PH paper
▪ Water

Methodology:
Preparation of Soap 1:
 Weigh a 500-mL beaker and record the mass. Add about 50g of a fat or oil, reweigh, and
record the mass. Calculate the mass of fat or oil used by subtraction.
 Record the type of fat or oil you are using. 100 mL of 20 % NaOH to the beaker. (Be very
careful when pouring the NaOH solution, and don’t let it splatter.)
 Add a small magnetic stir bar to the beaker and heat and stir the mixture on a magnetic
stirrer- hotplate.
 Heat the mixture (with constant stirring) for 30 minutes or so, until the solution no longer
has two separate layers.
 The solution should be transparent at this point. Important: as it is heating, some of the
solution will evaporate.
 You must make sure that the volume does not decrease too much.
 When the saponification is complete, carefully remove the beaker from the heat, allow it to
cool and pour into the mould Allow it to settle overnight, then remove from the mould and
wrap it with foil.

OBSERVATIONS:
a) When 20% NaOH solution was added to the beaker containing coconut oil, it was observed
that the beaker was warmed slightly when touched from outside. It is because the process of
saponification is exothermic.
b) The red litmus paper changes colour to blue when dipped in suspension. Blue litmus paper
was not affected by the suspension.
c) Adding common salt, the salt in suspension precipitated out as solid.
d) The soap so formed was tested with water and it successfully formed later and also had
good cleansing property same as the soaps available in the market.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Pure coconut oil was used in this experiment to prepare soap. The soap so formed had
cleansing properties as the soap available in the market. It produced a generous amount of
lather with water.

CONCLUSION:
Different chemical reactions involving in the process of preparation of soap using coconut oil
were studied in this experiment. The results obtained from these experiments have been
shown in this process. The experiments have been performed by common laboratory methods
using different laboratory apparatus and chemicals. The quantity and quality of the soap
formed depended upon the quality of coconut oil used for the preparation of soap. This way,
soap can be prepared using coconut oil.

Safety Precautions during experiment:

• Wear your safety goggles, this is especially important in this experiment, since NaOH can
cause permanent eye damage.
•Wear gloves if they are available.
• Watch your reaction mixture at all times as it is heating

Comparison of soap prepared with commercially available soaps: P H

test: The PH of the prepared soap was compared with the commercially available soaps
and found that the soap prepared in the lab is with higher PH value like that of a
commercially available soap.
Procedure involves weighing soap sample of 150 mg and mixed in 15 ml Water without
producing much lather. It was kept undisturbed for 24 h for maximum dissolution of soap.
Then the pH of each sample was measured.

Observed PH :
 Soap from Lab Commercially available soap
9 to 10 9 to 10

Foam Test:
 Take two 100ml conical flasks and label them as A and B.
 Take 50ml of water in each conical flask and then add 2g of different samples of
soap to each flask. Warm to dissolve and get a clear solution.
 Arrange two test tubes on a test tube stand labeled as A and B.
 Take 1 ml of the soap solution from each conical flask ad to the corresponding
test tube and add 10 ml of Water.
 Shake the test tube for 1 minute by covering its mouth by the thumb.
 Foam will be formed in the test tube. Start the stop watch and note the time
taken for the disappearance of foam.

Observation:
Sr. No Test tube Volume of soap Volume of water Time taken for
solution taken added disappearing form
Saop prepared in lab 1.0 ml 10 ml 9.58 hrs
Commercially available
soap 10ml 9.8hrs
1.0 ml

Conclusion:
Foaming capacity of soap is maximum in Water as compared to that in tap water. The
soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of foam is high has maximum
foaming capacity and it is found that the foaming capacity of soap prepared in the lab is in
comparison with that of commercially prepared soap

Picture of soap :
 Comparison between commercially available soap and
soap prepared under the project:
The soap prepared under the project was found to be comparable with compared
to commercially available soap in the following ways
1. They are very easy to prepare (half a day)
2. Low cost of material (with just 100 NRP)
3. Soap prepared is with high PH value
4. Foam test shows that the prepared soap has a better foaming capacity
5. It makes students to learn about preparation of soap in a easy way.

References :

 Class 12 Chemistry Practical Book – Heritage Publications (NEB, Nepal)

 Class 12 Chemistry Textbook – Pioneer Publication(NEB)

 Online Resources:
1. Nepali Educate – (nepalieducate.com)
2. ResearchGate – (researchgate.net) –
3. Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) – (rsc.org)