EY4104 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

2 MARKS Q/A

1. How the energy is consumed for various sectors in India?

In the total consumption for 2021, 42% was used in transport, 30% in industry (including
non-energy uses), and 21% in the residential, services, and agriculture sector. The remainder is
consumed in power plants (1%) and in the hydrocarbon industry (6%).

2. What does energy scenario mean?

The reference energy scenario should describe the energy source serving the equal
function in the absence of bioenergy. Coal has a higher GHG intensity than natural gas, so
displacing coal achieves greater GHG savings than displacing the same energy content of natural
gas.

3. What is the future energy scenario in India?

The energy supply spectrum largely entails coal (about 50%) followed by oil and gas. It
is envisaged that in 2050, India will have an annual energy demand of about 14,500 TWh per
year (with a moderate CAGR of 6.7% till 2050). Largely the demand will be from industry sector
followed by transportation and buildings.

4. What are the 7 main energy types?

Forms of energy include mechanical, chemical, electrical, electromagnetic, thermal,

sound, and nuclear energy.

5. What are the different sectors in energy?

The energy sector comprises the major energy demand sectors (industry, residential and
commercial, transport, and agriculture) and the energy supply sector (resource extraction,
conversion, and delivery of energy products).

6. What are the conventional energy available in India?

 They are the most important conventional sources of energy. These include coal,
petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy.

7. What is the current status of India in renewable energy?

India stands 4th globally in Renewable Energy Installed Capacity (including Large
Hydro), 4th in Wind Power capacity & 4th in Solar Power capacity (as per REN21 Renewables
2022 Global Status Report).

8. What are the potential of renewable energy sources?

Cheap electricity from renewable sources could provide 65 percent of the world's total
electricity supply by 2030. It could decarbonize 90 percent of the power sector by 2050,
massively cutting carbon emissions and helping to mitigate climate change.

9. What is the global energy system?

The global energy system includes all uses of energy for power, transportation, heating,
cooling, and industrial processes. Today, around 80% of the world's consumption of energy is
based on fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), while the share of green energy.

10. What will be the energy source of the future?

New resources that are being researched or developed include hydrogen, nuclear fusion,
ocean thermal energy conversion, and tidal and wave energy. (Solar, wind, and geothermal
energy are dealt with in separate fact sheets). One fuel that has the potential of being widely used
in the future is hydrogen gas (H2).

11. What are the 3 types of solar radiation?

TYPES OF SOLAR RADIATION
 Direct solar radiation. This type of radiation penetrates the atmosphere and reaches the
Earth's surface without dispersing at all on the way.
 Diffuse solar radiation. ...
 Reflected solar radiation.
12. What are the 2 main types of solar energy?
There are two main types of solar power technology,

solar photovoltaic and

solar thermal.

13. How does solar radiation measured?

A solarimeter (or silicon cell pyranometer), is an instrument used for measuring the flow
of solar radiation. It uses the photovoltaic effect to measure the amount of solar radiation
reaching a given surface.

14. What is the relationship between sunshine and solar radiation?

Clouds strongly control the solar radiation received on the earth's surface and there is a
direct relationship between the duration of sunshine and irradiation. Knowledge of the
relationship between sunshine and radiation is important in areas such as agriculture, satellite
imagery, and solar energy systems.

15. What is solar spectrum and its range?

The meteorologically significant spectral range extends from 300nm to 3000nm (short-
wave radiation). Approximately 96% of the complete extra-terrestrial radiation is situated within
this spectral range. The maximum radiation intensity of the solar spectrum occurs at 500 nm,
towards the blue end of the visible range.

16. What are the Solar thermal energy applications?

Solar thermal systems are used as a heat source for small individual home applications to
large-scale applications such as space heating, cooling, water heating, heat for process industries
and power generation, etc.
17. What are the fundamentals of photovoltaic PV cells?

Solar Cell or Photovoltaic (PV) cell is a device that is made up of semiconductor

materials such as silicon, gallium arsenide and cadmium telluride, etc. that converts sunlight
directly into electricity. When solar cells absorb sunlight, free electrons and holes are created at
positive/negative junctions.

18. What is solar cell and how it works?

When the sun shines onto a solar panel, energy from the sunlight is absorbed by the PV
cells in the panel. This energy creates electrical charges that move in response to an internal
electrical field in the cell, causing electricity to flow.

19. What are the types of solar PV systems?

There are three main types of solar PV systems: grid-tied, hybrid and off-grid.
The Different Kinds Of Solar PV System
 On-Grid Solar System. ...
 Hybrid Solar System. ...
 Off-Grid Solar System.

20. What are the applications of solar PV system?

In urban or remote areas, PV can power stand-alone devices, tools, and meters. PV can
meet the need for electricity for parking meters, temporary traffic signs, emergency phones, radio
transmitters, water irrigation pumps, stream-flow gauges, remote guard posts, lighting for
roadways, and more.

21. What is wind energy?

The terms "wind energy" and "wind power" both describe the process by which the wind
is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. This mechanical power can be used for
specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this
mechanical power into electricity.

22. What are 3 sources of wind energy?

Wind Turbines
  Land-Based Wind Energy. Wind turbines can be used as stand-alone applications, or they
can be connected to a utility power grid or even combined with a photovoltaic (solar cell)
system. ...
 Distributed Wind Energy. Small wind systems also have potential as distributed energy
resources. ...
 Offshore Wind Energy.

23. What are 5 advantages of wind energy?

All the benefits of wind power
 Wind is almost everywhere. ...
 Wind power is excellent in remote areas, wherever they may be. ...
 Wind is consistent in the medium and long-term. ...
 Excellent conversion efficiency. ...
 Wind power occupies very little land. ...
 The environmental impact is minimal. ...
 A green source that is truly economical.

24. What is the wind data?

Wind Data means all meteorological data actually generated for the Project by
meteorological towers on the Project Site and all final third-party reports and studies regarding
such data that are relevant to the use of any of the WTGs, in each case as amended,
supplemented, or updated

25. What is the Betz limit?

The Betz limit is the theoretical maximum efficiency for a wind turbine, conjectured by
German physicist Albert Betz in 1919. Betz concluded that this value is 59.3%, meaning that at
most only 59.3% of the kinetic energy from wind can be used to spin the turbine and generate
electricity.

26. What should be the site selection consideration for wind energy?

The key technical requirements are: • Adequate wind speed; • sufficient area; •
appropriate ground conditions; • access to the electricity grid; • feasibility of access for abnormal
loads; • suitable terrain and topography; • agreements with site landowners.
27. How efficient is vertical axis wind turbine?

On the other hand, a Savonius vertical axis wind turbine has an average efficiency of 10
to 17 %, while the Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine reaches 30 to 40 %.

28. How do generators in wind turbines work?

In a turbine generator, a moving fluid—water, steam, combustion gases, or air—pushes a

series of blades mounted on a rotor shaft. The force of the fluid on the blades spins/rotates the
rotor shaft of a generator. The generator, in turn, converts the mechanical (kinetic) energy of the
rotor to electrical energy.

29. What is hybrid system and example?

A familiar simple example of a practical hybrid control system is the heating and cooling
system of a typical home. The furnace and air-conditioner, along with the heat flow
characteristics of the home, form a continuous-time system, which is to be controlled.

30. What are some problems with wind turbines?

The most common external wind turbine failure is typically damage to the blades caused
by bird strikes, lightning strikes, rainfall, blade furniture detachment, delamination, leading-edge
corrosion or blade cracks.

31. What is meant by bio energy?

When we use plants and other organic material to generate energy we call it bioenergy.
Bioenergy is a form of renewable energy generated when we burn biomass fuel. Biomass fuels
come from organic material such as harvest residues, purpose-grown crops and organic waste
from our homes, businesses and farms.
32. What is meant by bio resources?

Biological resources refer to the living landscape—the plants, animals, and other aspects
of nature—and are important to society for the various services they provide, as well as problems
they may create.
33. Can biomass be burned directly?

Biomass can be burned to create heat (direct), converted into electricity (direct), or
processed into biofuel (indirect). Biomass can be burned by thermal conversion and used for
energy

34. What is thermochemical conversion?

Thermochemical conversion. Controlled heating or oxidation of feedstocks to produce

energy products and/or heat, e.g., pyrolysis, gasification, combustion.

35.What is bio chemical conversion ?

Biochemical conversion involves the use of enzymes of bacteria or other microorganisms to
break down biomass through the processes of anaerobic digestion, fermentation, or composting.

36. What is gasifier in biomass?

Biomass gasification is a mature technology pathway that uses a controlled process

involving heat, steam, and oxygen to convert biomass to hydrogen and other products, without
combustion.

37. What do you mean by cogeneration?

Cogeneration is a technique for producing heat and electricity in one process that can
save considerable amounts of energy. Cogeneration is often associated with the combustion of
fossil fuels but can also be carried out using some renewable energy sources and by burning
wastes.

38. What do you mean by carbonisation of coal?

Carbonization of coal is its decomposition by heat, out of contact with air, into a solid
residue, coke, and liquid and gaseous distillation products. The main objective of the process of
carbonization is the production of either hard coke or gas, the liquor being a valuable product in
each case.
39. What is pyrolysis and examples?

Pyrolysis is a useful process for treating organic materials that “crack” or decompose
under the presence of heat; examples include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

40. How does a bio gas plant work?

Biogas a renewable fuel that's produced when organic matter, such as food or animal
waste, is broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. This process is called
anaerobic digestion. For this to take place, the waste material needs to be enclosed in an
environment where there is no oxygen.

41. What is geothermal energy and how does it work?

Geothermal energy is a type of renewable energy taken from the Earth's core. It comes
from heat generated during the original formation of the planet and the radioactive decay of
materials. This thermal energy is stored in rocks and fluids in the centre of the earth.

42. What are small hydro power plants? And How does a small hydro power plant work?

In India, hydro power plants with capacity of 25 MW or below are classified as small hydro.
At the plant level, water flows through a pipe—also known as a penstock—and then
spins the blades in a turbine, which, in turn, spins a generator that ultimately produces electricity.
Most conventional hydroelectric facilities operate this way, including run-of-the-river systems
and pumped storage systems.

43. What is tidal energy and how does it work?

Tidal energy is created using the movement of our tides and oceans, where the intensity
of the water from the rise and fall of tides is a form of kinetic energy. Tidal power surrounds
gravitational hydropower, which uses the movement of water to push a turbine to generate
electricity.
44. What is wave energy and examples?

Wave energy (or wave power) is the transport and capture of energy by ocean surface
waves. The energy captured is then used for all different kinds of useful work, including
electricity generation, water desalination, and pumping of water

45. What is OTEC Cycle?

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a renewable energy technology that uses the

natural temperature difference in oceans to produce clean, reliable electricity, day and night,

year-round. The heat from the warm ocean surface and cold from the deep ocean drives a

Rankine Cycle, which produces electricity.

46. What are the different types of OTEC cycles?

There are three types of OTEC systems:

closed-cycle,

open-cycle, and

hybrid.

47. What is OTEC principle?

OTEC uses the ocean's warm surface water with a temperature of around 25°C to
vaporize a working fluid, which has a low-boiling point, such as ammonia. The vapor expands
and spins a turbine coupled to a generator to produce electricity.

48. What are 5 advantages of geothermal energy?

 Always available. ...
 Doesn't require large spaces. ...
 Silent energy. ...
 It creates record numbers of jobs. ...
 Provides more energy for the same nominal power.
49. What are the 3 types of geothermal power plants?
Types of Geothermal Power Plants
 Direct Dry Steam. Steam plants use hydrothermal fluids that are primarily steam. ...
 Flash and Double Flash Cycle. Hydrothermal fluids above 360°F (182°C) can be used in
flash plants to make electricity. ...
 Binary Cycle. Most geothermal areas contain moderate-temperature water (below 400°F).

50. What are the negative impacts of geothermal energy?

Air pollution may be caused by the discharge of geothermal gases in the steam. The
major offenders are carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, although methane, mercury, radon,
ammonia and boron can also cause problems.