Acknowledgement

A project is an opportunity to demonstrate one’s capabilities, learning and self-

development. It shows our ability to apply desired skills such as doing research. We
are very lucky to have such an opportunity to complete the project. Therefore, first,
we would like to thank our honourable course teacher Dr. Md. Mahbubur Rahman,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, JKKNIU who is so dedicated to helping us in our
times of need. We are honored to make this project under his guidance which
provides us his valuable time and knowledge, motivating thought and
encouragement. Besides this many people deserve our cordial thanks for their help
completing this project. Finally, we express our gratitude to the Department of
Computer Science and Engineering for allowing us to study here and for supporting
us greatly.

AUTHORS
S.M RIDWAN AHMED MAHMODHA JANNAT
Roll: 19102905 Roll: 19102917
Session: 2018-19 Session: 2018-19
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I:
Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 03-04

Chapter II:
Theory • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 05-11
Experimental Setup • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12-12
Component and Working Procedure • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12-16

Chapter III:
Advantages & Applications • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16-17
Limitations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17-17

Discussion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17-17
 Chapter I
Introduction

This project on "Smart Speed breaker System" is intended to create an automated

solution that raises or drops speed breaker bump by detecting the speed of vehicle
using IR sensor.

We know that road communication is significant for all humanity in many aspects. As
they keep up the pace of development. To compete with competitive world, there’s no
other way to automate the systems we live in.

But there is a problem. Faster we become, more chances of accident increases.

Especially in densed city, speeding vehicles will cause more accident in places like
school & hospital. In highway, over speeding claims life. 519 people, including 69
children, were dead and 961 were injured in road accidents in August, said a report
today (September 3, 2022). This project is an excellent solution to such kinds of
problems.

If we brief the statements stated above, it’s clear that accidents happen due to
various causes such as over speeding, driver error, ill planed road system etc.
Moreover, man operated safety systems are also liable as they are error-pron. There
is a large deficiency in manpower. This makes automated systems necessary part of
the future. The benefit of employing these techniques is to decrease human
interference and still make certain appropriate application.

This system also will replace static roadbumps which causes both slowing down the
system & damaging the suspension system of vehicles using highway. Its user-friendly
simple circuitry will make the user feel comfortable in using this system. It only needs
to install the circuit and sensors and connect the motor to the circuit and it's
complete. The system will start functioning upon power-up and will need no trigger
to keep it running.

In its most basic form, this system will first capture the speed of vehicle using IR(Infra-
Red) sensor, then it’ll compare with the fixed speed saved in arduino. If the speed
measured by the sensor is more than the specified value of threshold which is
predefined according to the particular plant than the speed bump will rise & stay
rised till 3 seconds.Then the bump will be down & will be ready for next
measurement. The system involves a IR sensor that keeps tracking the speed of cars
and influences necessary actions. Using this response, the system determines
whether or not speed bump will rise.
This system is so effective that it has already seen it’s first application in Sweeden.
The main feature of the system is efficiency, ease to use, and low cost of production.

Aim of the project:

In the age of advanced technology and electronics, the lifestyle of humans should be
smart, simpler, easier, and much more convenient. So, therefore; there is a need for
many automated systems in humans' daily life routines to reduce their daily activities

and jobs. Here is an idea of one such system we call it ‘smart speed breaker’. As
communication system needs to be fast & safe at the same time, This project will
make system fast & safe.

In its most basic form, this system will first capture the speed of vehicle using IR(Infra-
Red) sensor, then it’ll compare with the fixed speed saved in arduino. If the speed is
higher, a speed bump will rise.
 Chapter II
Theory

The proposed model consists of three stages: Firstly, sensing the vehicles’ speed using
IR sensor. The second stage is the determination of its status: is it faster than
predetermined speed or not. The last and third stage is Motor control.

If the speed is greater than pre-determined speed, speed bump will rise.

In the circuit we have used: Real Outlook:

• 2 IR sensors
• Servo motor
• Arduino UNO
• Laptop
• Breadboard

Block Diagram of our experiment:

Servo Motor
A servo motor is a type of motor that can rotate with great precision. Normally this
type of motor consists of a control circuit that provides feedback on the current
position of the motor shaft, this feedback allows the servo motors to rotate with
great precision. Servo motor is controlled by PWM (Pulse with
Modulation) which is provided by the control wires. There is
a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse and a repetition rate.
Servo motor can turn 90 degree from either direction form
its neutral position. The servo motor expects to see a pulse
every 20 milliseconds (ms) and the length of the pulse will
determine how far the motor turns. For example, a 1.5ms
pulse will make the motor turn to the 90° position, such as if
pulse is shorter than 1.5ms shaft moves to 0° and if it is
longer than 1.5ms than it will turn the servo to 180°.
Basically servo motor is made up of DC motor which is controlled by a
variable resistor (potentiometer) and some gears. High speed force of DC motor is
converted into torque by Gears. We know that WORK= FORCE X DISTANCE, in DC
motor Force is less and distance (speed) is high and in Servo, force is High and
distance is less. The potentiometer is connected to the output shaft of the Servo, to
calculate the angle and stop the DC motor on the required angle.
Arduino UNO
An Arduino is actually a microcontroller based kit. Arduino’s processor basically uses the
Harvard architecture where the program code and program data have separate memory.
It consists of two memories- Program memory and the data memory. The code is stored in
the flash program memory, whereas the data is stored in the data memory.

Breadboard
A breadboard, solderless breadboard, or protoboard is a construction base used to build
semi-permanent prototypes of electronic circuits. Unlike a perfboard or stripboard,
breadboards do not require soldering or destruction of tracks and are hence reusable.
IR SENSOR
IR sensor is an electronic device, that emits the light in order to sense some object of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the
motion. Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal
radiation. These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, but infrared sensor can
detect these radiations.

The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR
photodiode . Photodiode is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength which is emitted
by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output
voltages will change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.
There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system: an infrared
source, a transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and
signal processing. Infrared lasers and Infrared LED’s of specific wavelength used as
infrared sources.

The three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere
and optical fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to limit
the spectral response.

Types of IR Sensor
There are two types of IR sensors are available and they are,

• Active Infrared Sensor

• Passive Infrared Sensor

Active Infrared Sensor

Active infrared sensors consist of two elements: infrared source and infrared detector.
Infrared sources include the LED or infrared laser diode. Infrared detectors include
photodiodes or phototransistors. The energy emitted by the infrared source is reflected by
an object and falls on the infrared detector.

Passive Infrared Sensor

Passive infrared sensors are basically Infrared detectors. Passive infrared sensors do not
use any infrared source and detector. They are of two types: quantum and thermal.
Thermal infrared sensors use infrared energy as the source of heat. Thermocouples,
pyroelectric detectors and bolometers are the common types of thermal infrared
detectors. Quantum type infrared sensors offer higher detection performance. It is faster
than thermal type infrared detectors. The photo sensitivity of quantum type detectors is
wavelength dependent.

IR Sensor Working Principle

There are different types of infrared transmitters depending on their wavelengths, output
power and response time. An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and an IR Photodiode,
together they are called as PhotoCoupler or OptoCoupler.
IR Transmitter or IR LED

Infrared Transmitter is a light emitting diode (LED) which emits infrared radiations called
as IR LED’s. Even though an IR LED looks like a normal LED, the radiation emitted by it is
invisible to the human eye.

The picture of an Infrared LED is shown below.

IR Receiver or Photodiode

Infrared receivers or infrared sensors detect the radiation from an IR transmitter. IR

receivers come in the form of photodiodes and phototransistors. Infrared Photodiodes are
different from normal photo diodes as they detect only infrared radiation. Below image
shows the picture of an IR receiver or a photodiode,
Different types of IR receivers exist based on the wavelength, voltage, package, etc. When
used in an infrared transmitter – receiver combination, the wavelength of the receiver
should match with that of the transmitter.

The emitter is an IR LED and the detector is an IR photodiode. The IR photodiode is

sensitive to the IR light emitted by an IR LED. The photo-diode’s resistance and output
voltage change in proportion to the IR light received. This is the underlying working
principle of the IR sensor.
When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the radiation
reflects back to the IR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by the IR receiver,
the output of the sensor defines.

Experimental Setup

Components List with Price:

Serial No: Component Name: QTY: Price: Total Price:
1 Arduino UNO 1 900 900
2 IR sensor 2 40 80
3 Servo motor 1 250 250
4 Breadboard 1 50 50
Total Cost: 1280 BDT

WORKING PROCEDURE
The proposed speed breaker will use Arduino uno instead of other microcontroller and
the sensing os vehicles will take place only with the help of the sensor.
The sensor used in the speed breaker is IF sensor which will be very affordable to use
instead to use RF sensor and it will receive the signal ie the vehicle which is going to come
• The received signal will pass through all the connections given and it will alert the servo
motor and which moves the speed breaker.
• According to the designed speed breaker, it only allows the one way.
The speed of the car is determined by the sensors attached in the model roads or the
vehicle can be designed in such a way that it has sensor incorporated which is further
connected indirectly to the speed breaker. The LCD which is fixed in the car senses the
speed and it is displayed on it and accordingly the speed breaker adjusts its size it the
speed is more which is harmful or is over the speed given by the traffic guidelines then the
speed breaker gradually increases its size and if the speed id normal then it flattens and
comes to the normal position.
WORKING MODEL

Code
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(2,3,4,5,6,7);

#include<Servo.h>
int timer1;
int timer2;
Servo s1;
float Time;

int flag1 = 0;
int flag2 = 0;

float distance = 5.0;

float speed;

int ir_s1 = A0;

int ir_s2 = A1;

void setup(){

Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ir_s1, INPUT);
pinMode(ir_s2, INPUT);
lcd.begin(16,2);
s1.attach(10);
s1.write(0);

void loop() {
if(digitalRead (ir_s1) == LOW && flag1==0){timer1 = millis(); flag1=1;}

if(digitalRead (ir_s2) == LOW && flag2==0){timer2 = millis(); flag2=1;}

if (flag1==1 && flag2==1){

if(timer1 > timer2){Time = timer1 - timer2;}
else if(timer2 > timer1){Time = timer2 - timer1;}
Time=Time/1000;//convert millisecond to second
speed=(distance/Time);//v=d/t
speed=speed*3600;//multiply by seconds per hr
speed=speed/1000;//division by meters per Km
}

if(speed==0){
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
if(flag1==0 && flag2==0){
Serial.println("No car detected");
lcd.print("No car detected");}
else{
Serial.println("Searching... ");
lcd.print("Searching... ");}
}
else{
Serial.println("Speed:");
Serial.print(speed);
Serial.print("Km/Hr");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Speed:");
lcd.print(speed,1);
lcd.print("Km/Hr ");
 lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
if(speed > 100){
s1.write(90);
delay(10);
delay(3000);
s1.write(0);
delay(10);
Serial.println(" Over Speeding ");
lcd.print(" Over Speeding ");}
else{
s1.write(0);
Serial.println(" Normal Speed ");
lcd.print(" Normal Speed "); }
delay(3000);

speed = 0;
flag1 = 0;
flag2 = 0;
}
}
 Chapter III

ADVANTAGES
• The main advantage of this project is that it has faster execution when compared to
the manual execution of the process.
• It is simple, portable, and provides high performance.
• It consumes less power
• Permits a non-expert to do the work of an expert.
• Saves time in accomplishing a specific objective.
• This system replaces static speed bump which causes slowing down the whole
communication system.

APPLICATIONS OF THIS PROJECT

• In smart speed breaker, the most significant advantage is vehicles can move
faster by abiding laws of highway for safety.
• This system can be used in highly populated areas like city hospital & school by
reducing threshold value and highways.
• The highways & city roads can be maintained by these systems, thereby reducing
the need for human monitoring.

• This system’s total control will be in highway or traffic police box.

• Detection in this manner is cheap, non-invasive.
• The presence of technology in all aspects of life has enabled solutions to real-life
problems that were either difficult or unfeasible.

Future Enhancement
• The application certainly is much more advantageous than the manual system.
There will be no bias in the regions being covered and the delay is kept as minimal
as it can be.
• The operator does not require any previous training because of its user-
friendliness.
• The operator is free from any technical issues. The extremely simple design makes
the circuit easy to implement and maintain.
 • Alterations in the system can be done easily if the process of working changes in
the future.
• In the future according to the user’s requirement, it can be updated to meet the
user requirements.
• Next iteration will be equipped with camera to detect every single car’s speed with
clear footage of cars. This will help police to detect cars running over speed.

Limitations
• The system is not 100% reliable. Unexpected factors can cause errors, and
they may in some cases cause loss. Despite being good, it needs to be
manually checked and maintained once every few weeks. It can also happen
that vehicles are moving while speed bump is going up-down
• It supports shorter range and hence it performance degrades with longer
distances.
• It supports lower data rate transmission compare to wired transmission.

PRODUCT GOAL
Our goal is to make different categories and multiple versions of this product.

Enterprise-level solution.

For an enterprise-level solution, we’ll provide a custom-made automation system.

DISCUSSION
In order to keep the road accidents in limit and to control them to some extent, the
proposed system in the speed breaker adjusts the size of the speed breaker as the vehicle
is going to be detected . So the speed breaker made by keeping the safety of the public
and in this way with the help of the components selected for the model makes the use of
the IR sensor for detecting and transmitting the information about the vehicle and the
servo motor used in the speed breaker makes it to adjust the size of the breaker. The
above proposed methodology only supports the one way. This contributes to make the
speed breaker in the protection of the people in the road accidents.