Elasticity, Heat &

Thermodynamics
Part-1
CALORIMETRY

▪ CALORIE
Heat
▪ METRY
Measurement
Heat

It is an amount of energy which flows from one body to another body

due to temperature differences.

80J 20J
80°C 20°C

(A) (B)

NOTE

For heat transfer, there must be temp. difference between bodies in contact.
SI Unit: J (joule)
Practical Unit: Calorie
 Temperature

▪ Temperature is a macroscopic physical quantity related to our sense of

hot and cold.

▪ It measures the vibrational KE of molecules at a microscopic level.

▪ There are different temperature scales, but the most used ones are the
Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit scales.
Thermal Equilibrium

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other, then the
temperature of the bodies will be the same.

B
A
𝐓𝐨𝐂
𝐓𝐨𝐂
Specific Heat (s)

Q
Q = msΔT s=
mΔT

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of a

substance by 1°C or 1K is called specific heat.

It is the property of material.

Heat Capacity

The heat capacity of a body is defined as the amount of heat required to

raise the temperature of a body by 1⁰C or 1K.

Q Heat capacity = ms
Heat capacity =
∆T

NOTE
The thermal capacity of a body depends upon the mass of the
substance, nature & geometry of the substance.
Principle of Calorimetry

T1 T1 > T2 T2

M1 T M2

Isolated system
Principle of Calorimetry

When two bodies at different temperatures are mixed, heat will be

transferred from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower
temperature till both acquire the same temperature.

The body at a higher temperature releases heat, while body

at a lower temperature absorbs it so that:

Heat Lost = Heat Gained (Principle of calorimetry)

Principle of calorimetry represents the law of conservation of

heat energy.
TL ≤ T ≤ TH
Latent Heat/Hidden Heat
Heat required to change the state of unit mass depends on the nature of the
substance and is called the latent heat of a substance.

Q
L=
m

Q = mL
Latent Heat of Fusion
Heat is absorbed by a substance of a unit mass to change its state from
solid to liquid.

For ice to water Lf = 80 cal/gm

Latent Heat of Vaporisation

Heat is absorbed by a substance of a unit mass to change its state from
liquid to gas.

For water to steam Lv = 540 cal/gm

Temperature vs Time Graph

T F
D θ3
T2
E
B θ2
T1
C
θ1
A
t
t BC t DE
Potential
energy

Intermolecular
distance(r)
Thermal Expansion

Types of
Thermal Expansion

Volume

Linear Area
 Thermal Expansion

Linear Expansion Δℓ = α ℓ0 ΔT

Aerial Expansion ΔA = β AO ΔT

V = V0 (1 + γ ΔT)
Volume Expansion
ΔV = γ V0 ΔT
Relation between 𝜶 & 𝜷

β = αx + αy

If expansion is isotropic (αx = αy = α),

β = 2α

AF = A0 1 + 2αΔT
Relation between 𝜶 & 𝛄

γ = αx + αy + αz

If expansion is isotropic (αx = αy = αz = α),

γ = 3α

α ∶ β ∶ γ = 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 3 (isotropic expansion)
Question
In a container of negligible heat capacity 100 gm of a liquid at 20°C is heated.
Specific heat of the liquid varies with temperature given as
s = (100T + 500) J/kg-°C, where T is in °C. Find the amount of heat required
to raise the temperature of the liquid to 40°C.
(A) 5000 J (B) 6000 J (C) 7000 J (D) 8000 J

Sol.

Ans. 𝟑
Question
Two rods one of aluminum of length ℓ1 having coefficient of linear expansion
αa , and other steel of length ℓ2 having coefficient of linear expansion αs are
joined end to end. The expansion in both the rods is same on variation of
ℓ1
temperature. Then the value of ℓ is
1 +ℓ2

αs αs αa +αs
(1) α (2) α (3) (4) None of these
a +αs a −αs αs

Sol.

Ans. 𝟏
ELASTICITY
Stress

It represents the molecular force between two molecules.

Internal restoring force

Stress =
Area

FInternal
Stress =
A
Types of Stress

Longitudinal Stress

Shear Stress

Volumetric Stress
Longitudinal Stress

When the stress is normal to the cross-sectional area, then it is known as

longitudinal stress.

𝐅
𝐅
F

F
Longitudinal Stress =
A
Shear Stress or Tangential Stress

When the direction of the deforming force or external force is parallel to

the cross-sectional area, the stress experienced by the object is called
shearing stress or tangential stress.

Ftangential
Shear Stress =
A
Volumetric Stress

If equal normal forces are applied over every unit surface of a body, then
it undergoes a certain change in volume. The force opposing this change
in volume per unit area is defined as volumetric stress.

F⊥
Volumetric Stress =
A
Strain (𝜺)

∆L
Strain =
L

It represents a change in molecular separation.

It is a unitless and dimensionless quantity.

It is a point function.
Longitudinal Strain

Change in length of the body ΔL

Longitudinal Strain = =
Initial length of the body L

ΔL

NOTE

If change is the same throughout, i.e., stress is constant throughout.

Shear Strain
Shear Strain

x
tan ϕ = L (Here ϕ is very small)

x displacement of upper face relative to the lower face

ϕ= =
L distance between two faces

ϕ = Shear strain or Angle of shear

Volumetric Strain

change in volume of the body ΔV

Volumetric Strain = =
original volume of the body V
Hooke’s Law

According to this law, for small deformations, the stress produced in a

body is directly proportional to the corresponding strain.

Stress α Strain, Stress = E × strain

Here, E = Coefficient of elasticity or modulus of elasticity

Stress
E=
Strain
 Young’s Modulus
Longitudinal stress
Young’s Modulus (Y) = Longitudinal strain

MODULUS Shear Modulus

Shear stress
Shear Modulus (η) = Shear strain

Bulk Modulus
Volumetric stress
Bulk Modulus (B) = Volumetric strain
Equivalent Spring Constant of Rod

σ = Yε ΔL

ΔL F F
=
L YA (M, L, A, Y)

FL AY
ΔL = ⇒ ΔL = F
AY L

AY
ΔL = KΔL F
L
AY
K= ΔL
L
Elastic Potential Energy

(A, Y, M, L)
STRESS-STRAIN
CURVE
Stress-Strain Curve
Stress
A: Proportional limit
D
B: Elastic limit σ
σy B E
E: Breaking point (Fracture point)
σu: Ultimate tensile strength A

(Breaking stress)
⇒ Property of material of body Elastic
Reason
O
Strain
OA: tanθ = Y (Young's modulus of elasticity)
OB: Elastic region
BE: Plastic region
1 u
⇒ Area under curve OA = σε =
2 V
Poisson’s Ratio

Lateral strain Δd/d

(ν) = =
Longitudinal strain ΔL/L

L ∆L
∆d

d d’ F
Question
A cube of side 10 cm having bulk modulus of 1.4 × 1011 Pa is placed in
atmosphere. Now it is subjected to extra pressure of 7 × 106 Pa then
magnitude of change in volume of cube is
(1) 0.03 mL (2) 0.3 mL (3) 0.05 mL (4) 0. 2 mL
Sol.

Ans. 𝟑
Question
For a material, bulk modulus is 25 × 1011 N/m2 . It undergoes volumetric strain
of 0.2%. Find excess pressure in N/m2 .
(1) 10 × 109 (2) 5 × 109 (3) 10 × 1012 (4) 5 × 107
Sol.

Ans. 𝟐
Question
An aluminium rod with Young’s modulus Y = 7.0 × 1010 N/m2 undergoes
elastic strain of 0.04%. The energy per unit volume stored in the rod in SI unit
is:
(1) 5600 (2) 8400 (3) 2800 (4) 11200

Sol.

Ans. 𝟏
Question
A cuboidal block of sides a, b and c is fixed on ground. The top is pushed by a
horizontal force F as shown. The angle ϕ by which the block deforms is:
(η is modulus of rigidity)

(1) abη
F c F

F
(2) acη
a b ϕ
F
(3) bcη
F
(4)
b2 +c2 η

Sol.

Ans. 𝟑
Question
A solid sphere of radius R made of material of bulk modulus K is surrounded
by a liquid in a cylindrical container. A massless piston of area A floats on the
surface of the liquid. When a mass m is placed on the piston to compress the
liquid, the fractional change in the radius of the sphere δR/R is:
(1) mg/AK (2) mg/3AK (3) mg/A (4) mg/3AR
Sol.

Ans. 𝟐
Question
A block of mass M, area of cross-section A and length ℓ is placed on smooth
horizontal floor. Two forces F1 = 5N and F2 = 3 N are applied on the block as
shown in the figure. If Y is Young's modulus of elasticity of material, then total
extension in the length of the block will be
8ℓ
(1) AY
A = Area A = Area
2ℓ
(2)
AY
4ℓ
F2 = 3N F1 = 5N
(3) AY
5ℓ
(4) 2AY ℓ
Sol.

Ans. 𝟑
Question
Density of substance at 0°C is 10 g/cc and at 100°C, its density is 9.7 g/cc. The
coefficient of linear expansion of the substance will be:
(1) 102 °C−1 (2) 10−2 K −1 (3) 10−3 K −1 (4)10−4 °C−1
Sol.

Ans. 𝟒
Question
If Y, K and η are the values of Young's modulus, bulk modulus and modulus of
rigidity of any material respectively. Choose the correct relation for these
parameters.
9Kη 3YK
(A) Y = 3K−η N/m2 (B) η = 9K+Y N/m2
9Kη Yη
(C) Y = 2η+3K N/m2 (D) K = 9η−3Y N/m2
Sol.

Ans. 𝟒
 ΔL
Thermal strain = = αΔT
L

stress
∆L Y=
strain

here, Y is Young′s modulus.

Thermal stress = YαΔT

F
= YαΔT
A

Force on the supports (F = YAαΔT)