NAME : SHUBHAM

ENR No 09u8o 3618Date

GDup 6 HS DELTA Pa No

ASS IaNHENT- 2

ataCommunic atoniand Ne-works

End TRYm EZamination (2ol)

Asa)
a A Numb es dleian s s u ezitt t6y
he Oy en h layen appgLDCh dta
Compter metworks Som e ay he meun
clesign issusEs a llouN:

Reliahiity Netwok Channels cuna cDMpo-

nents may he umeliable_tulin in
AotSc bik wile dota tran f
0 , mcke sLwn that the infosmaton_
rcnsfrcol S mot du's for fcd

Calabi l i t Netwoxkis me conihoou ly evoving

The Si2 e ane_cbnh0uaUy_inCXE AJ ing leaalinq.
o cbngcshon So y bedkey dustgn netwmks
aNe Scalable anel Cgm acComa clate Such
adldihors and olratiana

Addressing At_apaniculau-Hm nnumcrable

mess qge debeing ran-krre d between
1ahge no a computtr s Sothat each aye
cCun idenify the sendle receie
each e s agR

How Contro-LAHhe dat a is_po duee dby

enelerishtg.hen han the yate a t the data
 A Date
DELTA Pg No2

hance
L S eceive dby acceiven, h e e ane chancu
a Ovénfloing h e xec een, S o 0 p p e
implemenied
fow Conte mechanismto. be

Bouting Thuru may be muliple baths tom

Hhe Sawne dotn ah'on ousting involeI
an all paccible
Dp-himal path
pacthin enms cca9 aime here au
Sevena roting alGaahms-hat ake
se dio n huork sy lem

Lb)The toun fundame ntal chanac-fenirdhcs a

Dccta (omm unicaton Netcor k a u

DDelivexyThe syste muytdeliyen data h

he ortt_deshnahon Dat mutbe
oeie ol by deviCe or wenand omy

2)AccLun cLCy heSysem muldeliwen he

_data ÄLnately Dada hat hane been
altereol in_trannmisciah
let uncomecked
Ae unusable

3)TmelineE heSysen Must deliven dada in

ime ly mannenData C
elesA
deliveneaflate ae
IM Ca a deo a aualto
deliexy mean ime ly
delivein g data hey
a duce
e
cealin_Me_ame cxdey Hhat
hey
Cad cel
phoclucediAthaL delay This s
ealinatrans mission,
 Date
DELTA Pg No 3

4)Jit+ey Jtey l J he vaiaton

iothe packe+
aivalLime As
delay in the Qudio
unevenn
OX Vcleo packrs.
ADS C)Consd e a tw o wiay ruumsson bw hot A
anc host 6 when hot sen ods aclata
ramee 6, then B do e nor Send he
acknouwle dgcmen- a prame Sentimmedtately
The ccknowle dgem.co s delayed aunil h e
Mey + clata trame a hast 6isaxalable
Axan)
Aran)mission heLdelaye qatknouledge
ment s h he attached to he outooing
dectefame 6Thi pRLoCed_Odelaying
e ckm0wle dgRMNt s a h act it can e
attiche o dto outaoing framdn is Calle of
pi9ybacking.

Hest fA Host 6
Hos E A
Sen S data
Data
Hos+ A sendy
ACk dede Has+ B Sendy
only AcKVhJ u FFCR dari olong w-th
aekaotw ltctMmeN{
adada aecevd
bhn 2 : enutrom A
) T h e most mpartont oiterialam
penfoancexeli ablityi an d cecunt

Pen torm an ce Peromancee he n tuok

Cepenc upsn tum be Luserá pey
 Date
DELTA P No

tranmistionmedium, and he capabliie

the connected h/w _andhe eiie
the S/w

Keliabi ty Reliabiutyis meaune d by

requen y- ay faluu , th hme ttahg
a Ain a-fo e Coven o m h e f a l u r and
the he -tworks 0 busth els in a catautropht

Secuity Secunity 1s uSinclude protect

ing data fnm' unau-th.oze al acces k

Ans fe) Da ink laye isapannih le to3CAnvert-

ihgdccta s tre qm s signa bit by bit an e
nSend o that
oen heundexlyjnqi handuwane
A the Yeceiving ehd data ink lcayen
1p icksup dad fom hCun dw ane uhich
Ane in he toma electical signals
aKem b e _ h em a Eogni2 able ramt
fommot and hands On upp Aye1
A Pot Address Logical Addsik Physital Addxu
yot Acldyre is usewo addres is wed 1his addred
o identify he hy nehuoak laye selby data
b anhiculan appli- id endi ty_a in k layen
Caut on unnli9-o pan tcuan network
the dein.aton amongthe
allmlG netuoR
 Date
DELTA No 5.

DEach_application Tun
An 1P acldcs ay
headdyck a
wim apot no. th
system is
theCom puteYcalleq logical Adhr NIC is called
onn h e
o
tphysical Adde
3)This pozt : fox ihis addacy Is
pplicattbn is dvided|-he combinaton a Ihs is specitie d
by rthe_manufac
hy thekeonel a | Net 1P Cost Lptu tompany
he as
he Cad,

Bit intenval_is the Hmzt Guie d to SCno

ene SIJn bit clota Whexeas Braud
ete is #he umben C signle unit hamited
pen Second 1t i s always l e han or equal

Bit>ate is he num btn bits ansmitted

pn secsnol, depenolS 0 he heauency
h e_matenia wh1ch is_Lle doransmt
his lada. Bit length 1s the idilance
One bit occypief on heransmiction meclum

Bit length = penpagatton Speedx Lit duratin

Py(h)The oS mocdel e seves hebandwidth along

C Spe cific jpadh i on h e nehuork The applied
on ak the ntuorks ejaLwnce tLenvatitoh}
for hcm se lyes a d ponalelyhe nchork
dtvitcj n/cor he flo Lu a2acket To
mak e Sue netuOYK t Sorunc e can accCpt
la1pcLe.kets. 2h
 Date
DELTA Pg No6

PS )_Class lesA Acddreding xam impavea P

adcdacs ing sys t e Emakez he alocation
spe me Hialent1H
Laddr.
aplacey he oled eg clas fu l addres sing
y sdembaye d on claye s alsd
hmawn es clauleu mtervdomain 0cting (CIa
nown

a A_check
check sum is small sl2e bloch dat
aeoived om anodhear block y digrfal
ote fox he_pupaIe c detecin9
eno had may hae been infro duced
euning 4s renl mikion StDag
checkumsane teaL4se d fe enify data
inteqity but ane not zelie cl upbp o
dota cuthenH cit

n it2
12
s a)TCPP and OstUze the tuo mot widely
e o_netvorkng Mocle Is f Commwnicahionn
hone qn Soni Similanitie A discimlanihe
be tue dhem Ohe adhe maiun ditkL
isdhat OSL a coñceprtua moclel whth
s ptodically L eod for lanmun'cat
enecal TCPIPSLAe d fhxestablirhing
connecer oy and Com mun/c ahng hro
tw nertuk ugh
ThOSL mocdel_mainly euphay
Senvieelin terface
on he
s anok Poehocolsm amak
ke
lean dis fiACaY_2etuceenhese
Conuensey
 Date
DELTA PONo

The 1CP modelis

not able to ditin.ctly
detib es h eu Con ceptS.
heTC PLP_enable3 only furthrmor e
(o nhe ie'onles
Cbm muntceton mocde in he nehuok layel
but both modej n he
ranspsxt laye1
h i t Come to dhe OS
en
mudel,it
SuppoAS Conne cchisnleg anc Conpecdrs
Oenrd omnunicattonoven he ntuozk
ayenbut in -the pransport lay Cannecdio
OenR d communiCadton fs meyely cla w ea

OSL Mo de T PIP Mode

Applicat1ton
Paesetation hp plication
Sessi0n

Network -ntynet
Dat Link NetwrK mterface
PhyStcal

b euta Terminal24uipnen4 lpTe) tincludes

any unt thathEn ction etheyac

Sown ce o cox c c deg p a t a n f a y

binany digital data Ht physlcallay1
hinany
1tcon be a fe xmigolamtmcoam putt
 Date
DELTA Pg No

Om puter psin tea tan 1 cc hin e Cxi am y

oher_decethact neaates 0 ConSume
digi-taldata DTEsdo nu n commun-
Cat eintomchen but ne e d amhnfemedian
to e able fo Conmun/cate

Data ircuit Eguipmit(DGE) include my

Aunction al cunt+ hed n gmitios eceives
data nform o manalog or eltgl
Signalthasugh a nestuok, t physical
y a9cetabek place data cnerattd
by aDTE con.uen hcm h am appaopxcat
Signal and hen naduLes sigaol into
elecaommuni codton tnk Commanly used_2cE's
at this_laya incluole pmadama,2 Cny netwonh
a AE gennade p

dg dadta pa e

Q5
Unit2
nso) ALotA S q meol iu m aCcek
Cont po-oocol
tex anmi Srion dacte Vta a çhanes
inedok channe Using
data strcomg
orgn Cting
this_ootocolsewcxal
nac e3 aieTr
nocl eS om mul hp e
painti a u miccio chann hsuaMult
feríed hLA U9h a ml
types a HLOHH p
eLThecaru two
Poe ALO HAal
Slotte dALo HL

Slotte d ALoH isctten

om klene
iue AlOHA
AloHAS
ah
 Date
DELTA Po No 9

pune HLoHA
neve q Staton
sensen it_aanS.pm.its hag datq
LwhenCa in t
whouc waii ng
wifhouct wa-ti
d sloLe ng
h l he ne+ Hme bLoHAlo sen ua
ensm it he data slot begin

2 2) slotcd ALOHA he
hme is
diadro into slotswhexal discaete and
in puwic AL aHA
}hetime is CoAHnuoc
3 h e hme
a Seneler _ncl ec eivo izm pune HLOHE
5 not glo bally Synch>nn zeduherea he
ae Senod and rece iven in slotfe d
ALoHA i s obally synchtanl'zeod

uThemaim umhto u gh pu occlung a 6 (2

uhich s 8 whereq he maim u ny

5b) HighLeve l Data Link Com tol CHDL

4eneraly usy m fant " inadicate
and e pzesent m en bty dataia a
protoCo o datauni a eh branmitted
O rans fc c e h n 0ne -ctim o ano-the
onlneach and C
Station y fram e dnAnb
shsdd d beginand cnd w-th flagseg4ence
ield fach cu ames in HD1 C nclude
mainly
m oinly Sin fie lds. be gy wth akcy
flag fiel d a n adcdores e l d o a cantao
elod an intomsction e lela teme heck
 Date
DELTA No1 O

eunce tiele and an thding flag fie l

ag Lielel h flag ielcl generally

eXponuible fo inth'ation ano kYMination
eor che cking m Hpi bto Cu
heciS n Sta and stop bits, So the
tlas fie ld is baicalLy ing delimeei
o Xeto sim ply in clicake beginin g und
enol o tame.

Hddxess field he aldacul Aeld gntally

inclu cles HDL C ad dud e c co ndey
S-tah'on helps jdcnhty rcndaxy
Stection wilI s e n 6 e cevedafa foamt
Control Held HDLC en trally_ug ej -his
ield to de tenmine howo
unic
conbrnl boCest
comm at'on h bied is a-2 byle
gent m 9enU1ally
uCnd emoy con toL

mtrmactim held The ie ld wsvelly

Conta'ng dataar informadhon
Send e uRCn
Tan mdting o re ceven n
am e (
0na nctuorh layn 0
mandgemeAt 0tm ation jo chrame,
H also anSSRA
t_data aul
filyTn paneni
Prane Cheh Sequen.ce..Ch ks is. gnerall
Rnexaly
 Date
DELTA PNo

e od fo
HDLG exo
clentificaton c e yxoa Se.
egxoS e
de tech'oh
Th's ie lcd can eih em
yby feg Thi Aield S coN-tajn 2byk 0z
h at
to tal 1g bi+
xe-Gufded oo er 0yldad-e.dion
Unit-3
la Distanc e vectr Routing #lge1thm
Distace veCtor algorith m mealLUr he
disan ce by t h e humes yso.uttnsiaapaket
has t paß on Dutt (ountsa he ho p
I also take Metwor k laten cy and_adthe
facto S hect intlu e nce aTG _ a
gien YDu te To cde tkmine he het otde
a0SS qnekuarh ters on uhiéh a
distance vectar fpato Co i impleprcnte 4
ex change linfor aton Lwih one ano-h er
uLuclky, mding 4able plw hob Couunte foz
dasHoti on netios ks_cund po scibly oth er
thalsic informcutian.Distanc Yecp Odting
algori-thm usAJPh ebellma foxd algamhi
to clulate h e be) ute.The krm
distance e toi xekrs ch he -tact hat
he metoco manlp ulaty vesoys a
distances toothernode n 7he eTuOTR
b
Lin.k state Rouding Plao1hm The ink sate
algonthm ispenfermeal a eveu Stuitching
scdelinche ertw oy Thebasicconcepst
 Date
DELTA PNo2

'nkstate oUting hat e w Y n o d e

Con_STYuCHS_ a ma ConhecAvLt To
the nethuo rk i n he fom aglaph
ghowin a which nudy aHe Con necfe d
w h t h oh ea nocles Each nsde 4h en
Catulat thenext be logical path from
L t o eeny__possible euinaian in fhe
ne twok.Each collectisn a bet peths
wi l t h en toam each mocle otag able

AM7b) clauful Addresing Lin JPy4

claytul addeAing slAhe aa lable
dddrSSSpace int hn e cla es BB,CDE
P y4 addresres Ue oe psesche a Uh g
22 bi addyesseA he32bit lP y 4 aold yest
is alssesfcred o _a he bye asldzes
or o c t et
adgre ssSo WeCCn clude ha
h e addacK spqce Py4 is232 Whish_
iS cual n ,2q4,4 G9296
en raUy he PyL addekA L3 qhe
Ling hebina y
cxperd
nO-fatia ar do tHed delma
natah'on
hezadecimalne-tachta2 hc fRu
bits
bits ay binay a0-tafon
a /Py4 aaldseRd e
zecogni2e theclai a
he acldress e)
ohen ca m dotted deci a
P 4 ad dresS the yalue notation a
a the fixt byte
e cogáiz e the clas the add aSS he
claskt ad
crddae Spacea1dekingCoya.c.epts_elividey
nd
the
mun hen o hlo chs
hlechs
 Date
DELTA P No3

each blac haj

n Pv 4
a
indLnumbe o hos5
addcyel a clay A, B C he
tixst pauet o headdt (S Conctdexed
Cu he ne-tE j d anmd
he second patst a
theaddre s_called host14
a
The si2e
the Se_pan ts vanie wh he clasAed

Onit-4

Ar 2 Domaiun Namt Sys em C DNS

Pnapplicat'on layenpeotocol depinel ha Lw
heappltcaftion pso eisin 2unniha ún
oiften+ s y ema pas he muitages
e a c h other IH s a olirectory
SenwicE -had ples Vidleja mappina_bertuc
he name a har on -the hetuork
andits num e1'Col addacsM
ach yyocle n a e e has a domain
ame anda iul domaio name is
s e q uence a Symba ls_Spccted biy dots
DNS is acenvii e thadt toanr lat es he
olomain name wircto P addye es Thi
elousthe senb aAtuDrKS h i liz.e
sUrticnd ly mCumiS uhen Loahing
odhey hal nikao a membening
the 1P add ACA,
oy Ed SLzporetheETP sit at Edusott
had am I2 laddsesd ef132 JY7-LGS.S0,
mast peodecas aeech.#hit SHcky dixcet
t p . Edu So Jt co m.
 Date
DELTA Pg No1

file trans fen Psuatocol ETP)

Rlel rany fey atoco s qCet a ruo
hat comput follo fu dhe ronten
lee fom on urtCM To auoher
GVenthointnne 14 may beueal
be by
ueo b,
aaayines o t n fex l e omOne
Comptfo sysm 70 qhth tg website
O webt
may e FTP_to uplda d o cdown laa
TL Tom a webcie<s SenIeN Z 1S qa
CUa a_down laaalupa ad an ansky
iles em one /oc atlan h ano-her o
he in knete & ee tiueeh Compatt sytemy
Mamyhle tan f7 photo.co clienk ane
avatllablc fox tree to doon leq dallhruzh|
Paar website het alle down loads adead
have the_fTPbuilt
Ônce ysL/ have aCCeLNe o he FTPsezua
thouqh TP dlen y6u Can now t a k
es plotall puubli o fTP seeS rtguid

1ahleyut
Enable
hem amoymous ly.
NCaxld wid web Www)
It 5 eLo koun a web is q Collec
websites _or ale b pags Sn-e d hlon
Scnien8
in web
Hhsaugh
andconneckdo
ntenn ct Local ComputnS
Thes ebsites contaln
te pagej argital lmages
ettc
Osencan_acceKIHhe aucliosvideay
Content
k6ittshe nypaNt thehe a ADO
wbzld.ave
Luld.avet
 Date
DELTA PO No 15

heinkrn e tF using thir device

Sch ag
Computrs laptups cell phon etc The
www clong wth bmternct enabley
he
ieval nd cisplay x t medta
y 0undeuce
The building blockS a
he_web ane web
pagiswhich ane tormatte d 'n_HTML nd
Connectedd_ by links Calle d hypen e
0
hypenlinks and acceue d by HTTP..
Thu e inks ane electnic Copneciah
h a t elattd pieces 7 erman'o 2
EO hat uUns can Acces he cleired
informaion quic kly.
A web
p agiSaien
en cm ohlineaddres
Calle q a
Onitorm Resou e Locato URL
_panhulan co.lle ch on a web hag3
fhatbelong a Spe i i c URL iscalled
websLR e 9 w WWtgcebaok.co
o0gdeCo m etc