Und-

An
Owpul Network

Netuaoalk Commpuutu nehuosk d aO dael

sdolparAte081n 1Ddes hat anentescoun
lie punppe dolo
eted
ComunLtalu0w

Matuwork uene
Evey elword consb
ollDuns

Host a uy Melus0sk hene ane

machine Jlendedfoa unn
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anst Pnd dYAle nA

aubnete 1he hosl ae CALecied Lythe

ConahuhicalLovw dbnot Cubnet
caAiLs the UOG hott to hos
o Jlepdh.one dyslena coseiea
peakes Ut uateehe

rAnnis nes o u in mee ht

aLePU machtiata

hino elemect h e o kaounaa4

TM Snteilachae a e
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 tuued Cone o olanoRe19ans unavaulable eaheAcpiea h Could
naision u i e avolable

Hug perpomane hepesoaance

oalA 0 elwok de Twoak dependo 0 0
usess 6 trons mêaaion
Kesowrce haninb b to mal all meduum Dhe capabithes a4 he
COnCeled hasduwase ud he fe
pasams eudeapipnet loe me alU
aNailable to anyolae On he meoak can
wthout pefald to thephyaieat MAany wneludns anzt
LocaluonD he eSousieL he ules me reApOnse Üme

x hesoux.ce e pxntes can he 9andit me he am.aunt of Lin

Aom ahe compeuten LeGured meas
to tranel Dm demee oauothds
L Jaki
a a t a shasinss khaala adala filu atoua Kesjponeme he elapscd tin
lncal dis o loeler
Compute is data Con lae coctsses2
othe vdecwndt inehudeo pnoleaung data he
he Sanne nauhotued

Metwogk

3KJady letunaknelabilu mnsumd pplicnA oMeluorks

Phe une ink Manketun (ele tele.coaaenrin
Finannal ALIMiCe4 e-moid
EDILelechonid
2 A ALe tnd Le Aeplecated 0n 2 3 elluls pnou Lntanch
hem cable tilesuo
 Aetwk ehtectune
eaesI o a c k moil seen
On metu20a oAtdatectw da
pAOmale an pen mple t 2 alble fo Csuhechng
ando det Tele co mmuuc 10 Lore COpules
ouhon
Advonlages
lypea b Netuwau abittcturK- io hetwoals coulaLns tu
cetralired_ptemHhesPo uo ca
man we woa al clulleatuye. backupahe doilo 02il
lest /Sees AenJO
hisnetwo»l uos a dedicalid
sAVeL hat mpOves he ouesall
ClLeutSue henzor=- pAtormance he ukole &yptem
a network
dekeAo e euo s s called sieuti Sec y is loeter e
etwoak
ttsal Amplel_
Seve aSinsle ad niniAteu tle
A seueA poAfory h e ed_ LLOiACe
pe ratiD 2uol as
deecuk ehurk-
eapassa be nr mauaAng epus ceL

diaectoAie painless etc

AL lieska do ad vanla 2e
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Aeve

An mad pho24 0. maple

hEwoyk admunstaety N
a l h e e Saucek
hetwok Called peo
A SeeA, laas ekwnak
paowde e 9eSouYCeg ue Ne
cuentout he Lost o NoS
vey Peer
Ph
uet -2 Per

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A le cost4 o t
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seAeA one Couputes stnp Laarl
hen otuer Chmpulr

Yee to feen P2p) Netwosi i204 etuo maikaus

al arh onapuke manase hel
P2P hetusad i a neso
nked
tafeHa PPa lefe DAadvonaee
dpes hot cOnlau e
pancenn e ceAltoised
data CaMno0t
backup e data as dala
dteea Aloast Jocah ons
ba
has a ecuhi Ly S$ue

Juilate oa mall eluea lea ta

deuie manaeel 1ts
 Fage

elunrkopslegy Bus topolobyuses a comomon backbohe To

connect all the hetoork deices in anetulotk
t defines tbe phySital in a Cnear shape
Lebical arrangement o f devicesin the
nelwork ALL the devices alached ath this coble ith
an interface Conneclor
NeTworks bave both physical logical
topolegy instalalionis
is used uwhen a netaock
amatl Simple
Phusical topoto6- mecns lasout_ot the
deuices& media
* *e*****raatse snassttnsnn
peed of bus topolosu is slo becouse onl
ohe CDmpuler can send a message aL a
Logical topalagu-he poths that Sipnalfrave
point In Jbe Lume
from bne
another in he neluor k
a multi-poiat Contir-uáion
Tupes ot topalof O properterminaton ad botb
equires
the ends of the coble withoutE
Bus
stor
topology Tecmncalonohen the sinal neaches the
end oi the cable t pelurns back
tree
2 breakup the ccbe
mesh
hubrid
Star topelohui

Bus topaloáu
orop rop
lines

Tep Top alole

Top op
Cable end
end
 hah cert
aclue rol hus

i n Sar Tepzloá au Ihe

devices ore Tree topelehy integrales mulliple dar t
to acen+al peini called a bubcconec Logether _ontoa bus pol
reqsires te cable Iban bus topalngu- Asin Sor Toprioóu nodesLn ree
he hub provides on excellent point
thnked1o ceelrol hub1hotconlca
for centali The Traffic To the nlw
-Zed odminstoton
Not every computer plug into The cen
Descures 2 files can be manahecd irom
ore
hub Majority of them cCe ccnnecked
Iocatinn_makiná i nuch easien to a secondary hub
te perfor m odminisrati ve tosk
n this fnpoloé the cenfral hub is an adive hub which
f one compiiler oes dnuan coilains repealer
he est nfthe
colinu o funchion But if hub fails Secondary
the enlite hubs mas be acliue or_passi
nefioork tláo doon Passive- hubs ad as a Connection
p2unt
in Tree topology
iRing Topologq

Nodes

his everu deyice has exadu 2 neighbours

ne
adbone
ALL me ssage di
Cabe
1cavel fhraugh a pin in the san
=L0nelher clockwige or anticlokise
 Dat Pag? Date

A failure inany deuice can break 1he Loop Hubrid lopolos

and can Takedoun the enlre nelwork
is mixtute of bu stactcee
is a millipont dalo Communicaliom nelwork Mn and mesb topolodie

Mesh iopolog T is extrermelu flexible very reliable

Dsadvantase it is Veruepensive

ransmisson-
ransmssion

inolues the concepl of roules Pacalle Series

Messoge sernt on a mesh nelwork con bke any Asupchoienotas

o f S e y e r a l Paths rom SOurcefo destination
Iransm1ssion of a diálal dila thraugh o
A mesh nlw in which eyery device Connecds mediumcan be perfocmed either n
Serial orn parallel mode.
every olher 1S called afull mesh.
has a dediz arallel Transmission Multipe bits are send pen
n this Topolog eveny- deVice
desie clock tick t involves.
-cated point-To- pant link In eveny other
roupun seyeral buts say m toSether Cnd send
Dedicaled hneans 1hat the link carries tratn
all the mbtc at a time
only betwee.n 2 devices t connects
 AnVolves eendino one dala. 0ST OPEN SOURCEINTERCONECTION
bit at a Lume
Appliecilion
Sende r
Receee Fresentalion
Seseion
Transport
ireclion of dataflow Netoork
m
Thiee mode sS tn Datta Lin
Serial Lomunicalon are- physical
simplex
half dupex
0sI model is aslandard mode developed hu IS
Lfull duplex
describe the flous f data on a Conpuilernefu
i s a layered architecture t consist of seye
Simplex Communc eni-direchonal so ch
-ale bul relailed loers eadh of ahich dei
as rom Compuler To pr r e r 2 pant of [he phoce Ss of movinb imo, acro
Lelevision sustem neloork

u2as es ta klished ia 118+ he pucp.ose o

0SI modelis Toshouo how tofacilitate
Half duplex Each stalion Can both_send and LCombmunic belaleen difterent Sustems
heceive dala but when one tea,un1ng chonses.
s sending the other Can only receve vice -Versa
E alku-tal It isdivided n t o 2 parts e host 4
taLues
khe SIdes
Host 4er lhe upper ers
our lauers are
Full dupley Both Can Commonica
Sble tor
accurcle dala delv
Simuraneously. Sx Telephone Sysem
betiveen Compulers
a l e rep
Tfetr ledia layenThe looer 3 layers
 Date
Connect ni
couned ass Lale
Peadb ak

tor Conirollung phusical deliuerq ot messae

Over the dala translaion Canverts he dalofro
Marious tor mab
Funclions of the OsL layer dat Compression -tcompresSes the dala tor
TransmissionA uncompresses on receivers
Applicalon lauex As the hushest Lajer in Uhe side
DSI mode, t provid es
services to lhe user of the 0S I enronment H data enuruLion it ollos dato To be conve
-rTed To a form uhich hides s meanun
Seryesas he intertate blw the usen the
n by prroviding services lhot dire1uuser_appli-
salion: 1lhe funclions ot theapplicaluon Lauer A pplicaluon ager
incude
S ie trarcfer Preser layer
ueb surfin H
en electPoic moil
abiliy to print on a network Presentation lay er daa

Examples applicatton fcyer protocols are

SMTP,FTP HTTP, Tele net and SMe Session Layer

acteiaiGy péroe ot ths Layer

it
3Session layer- lhis layer is tesponsible for establishu
2 Kresenlalian Layer- his layer 1 hesponsible ton
dala Teanslalion
maunlaininá and Terminaling a
Compre ssion Connedton Colled Session A se ssIDn IS an ex
2 encupuon lhe purpose of presentation lauer - chante o f messages bual Computers
is To pnesentthe nfo fo the_commuicsl- a NES RPC2IP SQL
=n pplic.cti.onentitie in Loa hat presec

re pyes the meaning Lahiepesolvino the ranspont laye

ve tis respansalble tor praress fa process
deliven of tte entine messade
 PR[aulomclc repeat tequet)
process is a n ap.plic pronaumruDninG On
a
hos t ConlrasThe neliablituoi messate
Ahroshsegmenlalum flau conlrol ecror conral
sender Peceiver
i)Seanenlalton
isCpCoceSs in Ohi ch we lhe main pcolocols of transport layer- uu data
divide the dala inlo sepmens Eochsepmet ceritaios TCP 2UDP2 Connection less Lransmission is not
Sequence PonE no- Cnnnelon ociented transmissinan exvides
son
au dala deliery mut s-J), mail
sessidn tayer
Netuark louer-
DATA
is_cesponsible for SouNce To desim
delivery of a packel accoss multiple nel wark
Segment ensures that each packel delsfrom it paint af th
to lsinal deslunalion-
flow control:
tconlrols the amnonl of daala iwo Suslems
Care COnneded lo the same nele
pein transmitted
ihere is no need or a
nelork auer
server) Mobile) Howee f 2 Suslems are conne.ded n d
toHbs nwa there is need of nlLa
louer
10Mbps
TO Mps
fundion of oLo touer
s bical addressing ro
Error cortrol Logca addressing
ensures that the enlire Segmert
messade
arives_af the receiving Transport layen oithout N
damahe less on duplicälion
IL
Packet
 Mehobrk touer Cule Pege:
Source
destinaton Packek
Rouling TPV4 +TPV

Mas MAGMACz IPP2 se

Sen ver
TP Frome TP2

NI MALI MAL2
Media
NICI
TP 2 Main funclionsof data link layer indude tramins
The pralo ols d ned layer
phusical addressing and access cnfrol
into TX
Relerfuncdion at he n lauer Physical layer
Doto link layer his Layer co-ordinales the fundion
reauired to caru oa be bit stream over a physical
Ihe datc link layerdefiness mediumn
ho the inal wll be placed on or taken ot
trom on NIC also defines the praredure A tundion Thal physical
i irdividuo
here thot data drames are broken doun devices 6 ideriaces have To pecform nc transmi
-SSIon To nccur
intobits thot can be translaled unto
ele dironic sinal 2 Scnd for the nlo trom data tnk
Lauer to data tink
louyer
i s a very Complex layer brid6e function data
Louer
Hott+etoootO lio l ollo1)olo
Transnmisslen

meum
 Physitallauer is contecned uth the followund TCP/IP Model
uncluons Phpplicaron

husical charadlecislice of inlerfaces X nedums

Applicalion
represenlalion ot bits
dalo rate Dr transmission rate- the noof bits SCTP
TP
Transporl UD P
Sent each second
Sunchronzalmof bis
Lune contiróuaion
phusical 1opalnu Tnternet
lehd

transmission mode

inler mediole tnlermediate

nDde de
Plost Paa Pouslocds defined bs-
Application Appli calion
Na
HestPhysica underluing tam nelock
esenlalion 6
tresentalion
-th
stands for Transmission Control prõlocol r
secsion protorol t has 4 lauensie hnst
Session Tb hehanrk
4t inlernet Transport applicalion layer 1his
Frarspet rd romsport us In delermine
rmde
hn aspecihc Compuler Sh
Net ucork be conneded fn the inlerne
>Networ ad hao dala shaul
tiransmited loetueen them:t helps u fn c
Dato Cink a vinfual
dala link Dalalnk Doda unl neltorlk Lwhen multiple Cempuler
Conneded Together
phusiet physical --Iphysical Physicat
tlbst to nlw ayer At this daes nt
lauer ce ato
dehne any specificpros
tGupporlt alL the standard and protocols. N
 Date: FLce

a TCP/IP can be a LAN or WAN RARp Revers.e ARP) allouws a host to discovers
inlernet oddress uhen it
he phusicaladdress is dehined in this laye KnoLs only is phusicaladdress 1 is used ohen a
Compuler is conneded tn anelaarkfor the in.st
Anter ne lauec his lauer isieahvaleni to nw me or when a diskless like Lonpuler is boated
lauer A this lauec TePe
Supports the 1nler-nehuorking profocol 1P uses 4 ICMPInte.cnetconlrol messabe prolocol Tt is a mechar
Supporling proloeols ism used by
ICMP hrst saleny to send notificalion of dala gramg
PIGMP
RARP problembatk fo he sender. JcMP sepds Queries
ARP e.eror repocling messaes
|Lodicaloddress dehined in this layer: Leáical aodrs C
IGMP; (Inlernet ámup messade protocol): Tt is wed to fadlitat
re necess.ary tor uniuers.al Communi
that are independent to physical blu the Simuntoneous
trars misson o message to o ácoup _ot receiver
is 32 bit address that can dehne a host Iranspor Lauer i i s reprsented by 3 prolocokTCP
Connecfedto the inlerngl UDP, SCTP
Pot address is detined in the fronsporet louer T
Ar ine P is a transmis sin mechanism used lau fhe is al6- bil address Lo aprocessin a nelwonk
TCP1ppratoro t isan unreliable prolocnl
wdele IP Tronsports dala in packets called data áramo ICP (Tronsmission Contral Protocol F is a hnst-to-hos
should each ot 1phich is fransporfed Separalel
Dala áromns con Irauelalong difierent roufes
protocol reliable
shaud can stream teansportprotot The laOrdsteeam dehnes
CCeale
rnive Out df seaLence or be duplicaled Conneclion ottenial.ot- orieniledA connecion must
be estoblished ble
ARP Addre ss reselalicn protsco)*is used to assouale both ends of a trans.mission At
the sendin end TCP diudes a stream ofdata
O logeol address iilo Smallenuniscalled se ámenlsEach seáment ind
oes n
lwih phusica address ind the phu sical address of the deC SequenCeho fono
nbde when tsidernet s KnoLon
rotocol

N
 Cete:.
Datar

At the teceiuers ead CP colleck each datagrom Delay design

as d mes in and remderthe transmission n a packet sitche.d N/W the
based on the SeqLence no: packet undergo diiferent upes ofdelays such as-
2proceSSing
ODP (dser Dalaram Prolool) Ct is responsible for Conoectio- ajueudung Jela
nless ransmission tis transmission
aproLess o process prolocolthat adds only pont propagation
oddress checksome enror control lenbh
nfo o the dala from the uppen tayer Yrocessing delau A packet Consist oi a header-
a dala field he timereaired to examine
SCTP(Stre.am Cmlrol Transmi.ssibn Prolxol: It combines the
features of packet header 4 delerm1ne ohere fo dired
TCp UDP L provi des for neuoer applucati vn Such as the packel is a part of processino delau
VDCe over The internet
Queuging delau At the Queue packeds are wait
pplicaion layer defines specikic addre ss such cas
eURL inbuild address to transmit on the links his is caled queuing d
Uifhrm Resaurce
Localor
Lith no ucufing packetsi the queue the
uail be enual fo Aero.
Process Spei fic Addnes
Application H
JransmssioD_delauo
SeTe_ac UBePont addness he pockeis are transmlled on ihe
Transport
finst cone dins served Hence aparticaular packer
e transmifed only affer all the eaclier packe
1P other ProtocoELogical addresc are Imnsmilled
Internet
4Yropaaluon dela4
Underlyin physical
-Phusical he ume requured fac the packel
Host to
N/w N/w CLdd.ress bitt to reach tnorm the beining the link to the ds
dela he sidnd
routeris called ptopagalion
Iravels at a speet uhich is slightlu less than that lo obtain ahighen dedree of nehork flexibil
of light Hence, propaation dela is the ralio to sement a lasge corparate LAN into a no f
to be Travelled by signal to the speed of propa independ.ent but intercconeded LAN his Tupe ot inlercen
aTton nedinánelu is knoun as backloone LAN
he backbone nli allows seyeral LAML to be intercom
Nodal delay -edted n this nl no stalion is directy conne
he sum o atl the aboue delaus -cted to the kacklboneHence each connedion to the
called the total nodal delay hackoone is itself another LAN o 2 very
COmmonu used architecturein baskboneare
Bodkhone LAN bus 2 star backbone

Backbone bus backbone n this the 1opaloó used for the

LAN- backbone is b u s Topolo hs
eridse LANN 3 strucdure is usedas a distrinili backbone for
Connedun different huildinás in an oráanization
LAN 2
Bcide Bridhe is sed to Conned the diftre-rt LAN
ridáe t isa repealor uwhich add on the
Struclure of hus backnne functionalih of
filterins content u ceading
he MAC addressof Source á destinatian. tridde ope
ralesat datalink lauen
AN-T

LAN-2 LAN-5
tisused tor inter tannecing Tuo
LANs Loorkiná on a prdocol t has a
same
Swtich angle LP Qlp_port1hus, makin it a 2 prt devi

LAN- 4
tarbackhone; he topoloot this baokbone is star
LAN-3 topolnguAn ths confirguntiorn, the
back bone i simpl a SNLh tohich is sed To connec
2Stuhureot stor bacebone YaLiOus LANls
 Satelte

Ssotdh-t isa multiport þridgethad canboost

its efhuenu Xpe.rfor mante
can openate at data ink lauer

Newrkis calegecinlo Tw0 part based on trorsmis

-sion technolodu save scale (Transmiffer
Gasedan transmission Technolo4Compuler N/w can Point to point No A us based on pont
be catesonized
--O- pountCommwicat 2ans
inoTuo paris of stalon2 bodes he encd devire thal
brend e cast nw commiunicaleis called station fhe devire
to point nl called nodeS Same node cesist Cennect t
-er_node_ Same
attached station Here
Bread cast No-t_has nble comnunc channe multiple pathblw sources destinálion fr be
thot is shared lat all sngle reliability The purpase ot betler nlw is fo p
the machine on the nl. AU the machine hecei- belernu Suwitchin focilituuntil theu reach1
ye short messabe called packets Send byany -unation
mochine oddrss field ithin the pacdkel is
intentied for itsef , t proceses theparkets Based on scale-lhey are divided into L
lotheruise, tis simplsisnoted
hAN MAN-
When Such apacke is tmnsmi tied 2 received by inked
atl the machine on the nlw this node of LANLacal area nlus)-t is sed to ins
operalim is called oroad cast N devices inlo Sindla otn
modde building canmpus 9 t fea km inside 1a
Qre used to_ share resourte
info LAN runs tSpeed a bps

mest common LAN topoloku areD

 DElt

AAN(Melropalilan area nlw)8- MAN is designed

Tn exiend over the entitied cits it nmay be Classificalion of transm media
nlesdenl as a cable n/ ar nay be cn
necin no of LAN iito a ocder nlw Iransmission Medin

Company can use MAN to iconnec the LAN

in ollits ofhices in the city Guided Unguided
(airea uiceless)
WAN Wide orea nls)8- wNAN provides lon distan-
Ce iransmissionof dala
voice imageinio oNer lairdegengraphical area that wided fibre
optic reespare
manu be Pair code
Colole
co-axicol
cabe

ronsmission Media -Iransmissm media are localed

belo thephysicalnuer A are ditedilu controlled by a
phusicallauer. can be defined as anulhn Guided Media t is defined ns the phusicalmedium theough vehidh th
hat con carru info frm aScurce fo a destiition Sudnas are Transmlted t is also called oounded
media
Sender Cu uire, fihce.cplic uwires
Phusical Phusical
loyer
Receiver
layer
upes of ouuded media
Code Ifree space
lisdedpair cable-t is a phssital medin made up of a
pair ai cables twisled ithach sthert censists of
Iransmision
Media
2condacloes (Cu)ach uith laoun plaa insulalicm One oi
he taue is ued to areu Anals to the neceivee
other is ued mu asa Ceunelre.terence

Anataltali.on of usted pair cable ischeap 2 a

i s a iht i_ht tabtehe frenuenta nce for TPC
from t 3:5.kHz kile Heatz).
 pmducliors
lllnshiclded 1PC-lnshielded1e iateidely sed
munic 11is used toc hidh
LAN 3 it is cheap tis denoled by
catecat
rsulaTes

Sender on cne of the ure inerference

Caleboru 1 Used in Telephones lines.
Sional send b the
noice) & ceoss may oaffect both uures
Catesory i u s e d inT-lines
Crenteunuanied sisals

ff ues Cote6ory 38 CAT 2 used n LAN

are parallel the affect d these unuanled signal
isnod he same in hoth sires because they areal a
dtierert Incalion ey uising fhe pair a bblance ls CoTegory 4 CAT-3 used in token ring n
nminlained
lhe conneddon us.ed foc unshielded tuisled paic is
lgpe a TPc (registered jack)
suieded
lashielded
hielded IpC_1 Contains the mesh Surroundinh [he Plaslic
Cover
wire thol allous thehighen transmission
role tprovidesthe hipner data TeansmissIDn natall-_
shielded TPC (s easy aCo-axial Cable Co-oxial calbe carries sinal o
treauenu ranse Speed di tun
Co-axial caldle hag a centralcore conducior of sal
DLonductmn standacd uire enclased in an insulcdiD
Shealh
ncased i n an DLderconductor in aa matlec
oler metatlic fappin Serves beth as
Metal shield againstnoise 2ac a Secend con dctor
Plastic Shield
coVer es the circut
 Date Pagc

insulalor bre oplic cable conpedor-here are 3 lupes of

interconduucta Connedor for tibre
oplic Cable-
Outer Sc connecior (uscriber channel)
Pla sic Cmduco
Cover t is used
for cable TV: Jt usesa
Co-osial cabe standarda push-or- pall
locking sustem
Co- axiol cable are caleorized
by their RGRadio Gnvernment ratuns fach RG no ST coone.clor(slaihttip
denoles a uniquesel of phssical specificalon
t is used for
Conneding cable to petuoorkingdevices
Caleor mpedance lse
RG-59 150 Cable T.V. Emply RT conneclor
RG-5 50N hin ethernet
RG-1 50 St is similar as
hick etherne RI-45 cnnecor
onnectoro cennect CO-Ciad cade adeyiceLoe Unsuided Media
-
Deed CNC ayone -Neil-Concelman t
Transport EM aves
ithout using a phy.sical concducTor thistype of comm
3ibreopic Coble refferred to os wineless commu C

A ilore opliccable is made d Sronals are normally bread cast in free space thus
lass or plaslic 2 Iransmds ignal in the form of
ghtlo undersiond oplical tibre we _pe ed To makin uuho has
a device capableot receivin them
explore Severalaspect d alure cd light Optical fibra
use reflecum ouide ight thcoush a channel Unguided Sanals
dlass or plastic core is sur.oundd by a claddi can travel from the _souree
t o destinclton in
less dense Severcl ways raund propaa
loss or plastic. -tion, sky propaation 2 ine of site
6ddin propa
Sender RELeec

rlodd nh
 Smud licn `ade nEs ravel through
he louest poflion of the
oimosrhereihese lae irequency signals Ira.vel in
Iransmilling anennd
oll dred.onsftom the
follo the Curvalure of planet

propafaluon Hger frequenc iirared unve

Sky to the ionosphere
Cadialeupuard
oace reflected back to the AtoJ Stactions I to Vàs
wbere theu
Earth
methods
ine o sile pcopogYery highfrequencu signals Tpes of suaiiching
are Iransmilled in straight
to anlenna Antenna
lines dicectly rom anfenna
must be directional 2 taciná each other Circuit Message Packet
Soitch Suoitch Suoitch
kadiomauA o Sntrared Lightoae
MicxouoaEA 3oo4H 400TH2 q00 THz Yirts
3kH datagram Circ
Suitching Methods

nsatch nelwork melhndolog4 n_exis set of

the Cincu soitchiD0
inlercennecded nodes called sualches Qmon uhich
info is fronsmilled from Sourceo destin bi Via a ConedlLon Called c ciccust is setup Deru
dificentcotes ohith is Conlralle.d bs the devices cubich is used for the u h o l e
Suai.ching mechanistm Ab/o _suitch is a small M Communic The CIcul mau- be a fixed one
deNice ahith4ns mul fiplecompulers within alauus present or it
mc be crealed

one LAN as heeded oasis

CircetSwitthin re Called_Connechon
naahis techniqut usedn telephonic Cirut Sait ching.uses
ubere the coaller sends a Special messoe the fetlnuintechndingies
uoth ths dioess fits catlee aaspae disision Technnlogu
btime
a Spac dotiaion echiodg1n
inealve.s the follouain 3 steps paths
thislechnnlogu the
olu the ciccaits ace separaied taith
each otherie
3Setup phase diffecentongning onnechon at the
Same point uces ditfecerntpaths
h)data tmnajer
tard.nuan his was ginalla developai
for theanaledue nuicon.ment 2has besn carcied aver
selup phas.e To_establish
an eod to to digital domain
end conntch.on befere anytransfer of data
Someseimen of the cincut may he
a dedicated nks hile Same sements ma be Ccoss-bar
shared.
satch àmulth- stale sitch [omega sitch)
b lime civisi.on techno. n this techoo both
)data Transfer phase his phase is respon- dala vaice
can be Transmilled usin digtalsihnal thrau
sible te Transfer the dala from thesource to the the Same Switch: ALmodern ict
destinebon Dala ma be analeduear disital s.utich use
digital time division nuLtiplesin technique for
theenned is full duplex establi
shin & mainninos ciecaits
mteardoon phase hisphaseisrespens ide
lto Terminale the cmnec1 at he end of dola
alos maltiple Ipu speed
oLt scceen toshare a highspesd une
fransfer
tAIT reAes ime

Ackngstedg M
sioat
Ca areep
atnol
 in shori packets bich coolains
MessadeSuoti.ch Nuln message o ne phusiel sorme
header which1seAHCed forc couhnd
pathis established in ther purpose
adance
sender eceiver hemessageis
SentTO he nearest directuy_coonecteolSfc
Messo[e
celedts the be s available aoule 2 forwwa.d Header packet

A_ nlw usin this techniq ue is called stpred 2 Heade fraume

ore ward nlw lemparoo saraeof message
reducesIaffhc Caniectuon Hioher priori hu can be ven t ireases the banduoidth of the nly h
to urdent mes.sabe foru2a.rded faster -n mans devices To comnmunicate
same nlw chonnel Becose ot small siz
he faneard suitching used mes.soe trasmission delay is reduced here a
Suitchin oc telegrom
Das approacb used for packet sath
Mode
Nnde2 Messafe Datagram poacket suoitching nlua in th
N Messade messae is divided into a sream
packes: Packets áre referred t cs a dong
N Messae
packeis Ireated as an individual re
Messegin Messase Suoitching 1Sapie petce of tongen transmission
header Conlauns
techniqAse the info aboul the d
packets Theinlemediale nodes examine
3)Facket swtching he basic appraach c packet headerof packet 4 decide tn hich
to seng the packet so thot it ull re
suat.chin is based on the
sore 2forcord appoarch Some Os measage ewatchi
desinoton
overconme the limitati oo d messade Suaitcbins.-
message are diided inlo subsel oequol lenghs n this o , the packets donl
calted packets in hich dala afe Iransmled pre-ectabli.she c
Coute the intecme.din
don't have predetined knowled of the
 Date: Pge

Datagram suotchin is deneo the nlw layer t isused by a ame bl Switches

So themain inple.mentalon of thics na tOhena ttanne arcives at a switch,
uGes the TPprotocol t has a Vc henit leaves, t has a difie-
-rent CI £achintecmediate hode passes
The packet.s accordung fo the info that uas
stored in it
ncorming Cotgih Inahs0ugong

atay

Virtual cincut packet switching n this 24

it establishes a losicalcomechion
betuween the cendinp pete|vins devicescalled uirtual
eircuit he sendin desie stanta the convers-
alton bs comnunicatinp iththe Ceceiung devize
Once this vnlualcineut is establisbed,
A
the Tuo devices use it tor the pest of the
conersaton n each intermediale note
An eñl is rebister.ed in a table to indicole to
indicate the Coule for he connechlon TRcamng
that has bRen seup utgoia
| ostVCT Pes VeI
Packes have short headers ntaining onluy 66 22
ahec VCIVictual chrcaitidentifien) bot tbein
destinction A C s a small nn that
has onls suoitch scope
FOTS Ptane da teiepone sAie

DEAC

pxouiclea 24 channes 3 8 t1 )
LSDN (1itehraled Aenices Diglnl ) PRI
i sed for lar e onLZalimaAuth a
LSDN providos
tall centre
abulfy to dekver o aimuatoneeatmneltana in
combinalien o uite dala DVe cAinsle ine
Dgital ia sDN refera to purely diáial trnanamiMon
Ao poed To the amlog tranamiinn
pe
ot PoTSL iaan
infasiuare toauppoita hubb vasieliy oi_ices
uch a emeil, Telecommunicalioocmtrening ete 1ShA
_prnvidea fu upea of channel
R ehannel ascnex
eas
D dhanne (delta)

6-chanoelo - channel carnes VolLeor dala af: 6tkbps.

n either diredlion t_can car J tul duple c

FrnnamimLcoit J 1aed foreAtohlishing a cmnectio0

D-chonne . channel uaed fo corblledl hmla

t hoA a dala ale. of 16 khpA

SDNoerivecesg o f Servicea
LSDN proides Typea
Ar [baaic rale interfaue
PRI priniary
RL BRI the_moal common aervite o
inlended_ to be the moA uidelyAuoilable
channela-20+1D
for 2Aedenlol ustmer 1t ho 3
providea Jiuo aundle 6t Kbpa thannel
pxAine
n a Ainhle tennedli.on
Lhen he uo chonnelh Oxt hounded
e e k a Apetd of 122khpa.