OVERVIEW OF GIS

 In the same way that we use a word processor,

such as Microsoft Word to deal with word-based
documents, we can use GIS software's or
applications in order to deal with spatial data.
 Geographic Information System(s), GIS (noun), a
technology that is used to create, manage,
analyze, and map all types of data.
KEY COMPONENTS OF GIS

DATA HARDWARE
Geospatial data, including maps, imagery, and tabular Computers, servers, and other hardware components
information, forms the foundation of any GIS provide the infrastructure for data processing and
application. visualization.

SOFTWARE PEOPLE
Specialized GIS software packages enable data GIS professionals are responsible for designing,
management, analysis, and map creation with implementing, and maintaining GIS systems and
advanced tools and functionalities. applications across various sectors.

METHODS
The techniques and processes used to collect, analyze,
and interpret geographic data.
SPATIAL DATA:

GEODATABASES VECTOR DATA RASTER DATA

Storing and managing Represents geographic Represents data as a grid
geographic data in a features as points, lines, of cells, each with a
structured format. and polygons. specific value.
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
MINIMUM RECOMMENDED
Intel Core i5 (10th Gen or later) / AMD Intel Core i9 (12th Gen or later) / AMD Ryzen 9 (5000
PROCESSOR (CPU)
Ryzen 5 (3000 series or later) series or later) / AMD Threadripper for workstation use
8GB (may cause slow performance with
RAM 64GB or more (32GB is a minimum for large datasets)
large datasets)
1TB NVMe SSD (Primary, for OS & software)
256GB SSD (HDD will be slow, SSD is 2TB+ NVMe SSD (Secondary, for GIS datasets)
STORAGE
highly recommended) 8TB+ HDD (For archived data and backups, optional
NAS for scalability)
For 2D GIS: NVIDIA RTX 3060 or AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT
Integrated GPU (Intel UHD 620 or AMD For 3D GIS & Rendering: NVIDIA RTX 4070/4080 or AMD
GRAPHICS (GPU)
Vega 8) RX 7900 XTX (CUDA support is essential for some GIS
software)
DISPLAY 1920x1080 resolution Dual 4K monitors (for improved workflow)
Windows 10/11 (64-bit) or Linux (Ubuntu Windows 11 Pro (for best software compatibility) or
OPERATING SYSTEM
recommended) Linux (for open-source GIS)
Broadband for online GIS services and High-speed broadband (for cloud GIS services and
NETWORK
cloud-based storage data sync)
Large spatial databases, advanced geoprocessing,
Small projects, light GIS editing, and
USE CASE real-time GIS, 3D mapping, and long-term
basic spatial analysis.
professional GIS work.
SOFTWARES:

ArcGIS (by Esri) – The most widely used QGIS (Quantum GIS) – User-friendly,
GIS software with advanced mapping, widely used for mapping, analysis, and
analytics, and cloud support. geoprocessing.
SPACIAL DATA ACQUISITIONS:

REMOTE SENSING GLOBAL POSITIONING

SYSTEM (GPS)
Acquiring data from
satellites and aerial Using satellite signals to
platforms for large-scale determine precise location
mapping and environmental coordinates for accurate
monitoring. mapping and navigation.

SCANNING AND DIGITIZING

Converting existing maps,
documents, and images into
digital formats for use in GIS.
WHAT CAN GIS BE USED FOR?
MAPPING

1 aids in creating digital and interactive maps for navigation,

planning, and analysis.

URBAN PLANNING
2 aids in creating sustainable urban environments, analyzing population growth, transportation
needs, and land use patterns.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
3 GIS helps monitor and analyze environmental conditions, track deforestation, manage protected
areas, and assess pollution.

TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS

4 GIS enables efficient route optimization, traffic management, and logistics planning for
businesses and transportation systems.

AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

5 GIS assists in optimizing crop yields, managing forest resources, and monitoring soil conditions
for sustainable agriculture.
WHY IS GIS IMPORTANT?

DECISION MAKING PROBLEM SOLVING

GIS empowers informed decision- GIS helps identify patterns, analyze
making by providing spatial context and relationships, and solve complex
insights for urban planning, resource problems by integrating various data
management, disaster response, and sources and visualizing spatial data.
more.
IMPORTANCE OF GIS IN MILITARY?
GIS plays a vital role in military strategic planning and intelligence gathering
by providing real-time spatial data, enhancing situational awareness, and
improving decision-making.

 BATTLEFIELD ANALYSIS & MISSION PLANNING - plays a vital role in military

strategic planning and intelligence gathering by providing real-time
 INTELLIGENCE & SURVEILLANCE - integrates satellite imagery, drone feeds,
and real-time intelligence to monitor enemy activities.
 TARGET ACQUISITION & PRECISION STRIKES - improves the accuracy of
missile and artillery targeting by providing precise geospatial data.
 THREAT ASSESSMENT & RISK ANALYSIS - evaluates potential threats by
analyzing past conflict zones, enemy troop movements, and geographic
vulnerabilities.
 LOGISTICS & RESOURCE ALLOCATION - helps plan the most efficient routes for
troop deployment, equipment transport, and supply chain management.
 CYBER & ELECTRONIC WARFARE - is used to map and analyze communication
networks, detect cyber threats, and ensure secure data transmission.
LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES OF GIS?

GIS (Geographic Information Systems) is a powerful tool for spatial data analysis
and decision-making. However, it has certain limitations and challenges that users
must be aware of.

Data-Related Challenges
 Data Availability & Accessibility
 Data Accuracy & Quality
 Data Collection Challenges

Technical Limitations
 High Computing Requirements
 Software & Hardware Compatibility
 Steep Learning Curve
LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES OF GIS?

Organizational & Implementation Challenges

 High Initial Costs

 Resistance to Adoption
 Legal & Ethical Issues

Technical Limitations
 High Computing Requirements
 Software & Hardware Compatibility
 Steep Learning Curve
INTRODUCTION TO QGIS
DOWNLOADING AND INSTALLING QGIS

PLATFORMS:
WINDOWS (64 BIT)
LINUX
MACOS

FREEBSD
MOBILE & TABLET

SOURCE (GITHUB)

LINK: https://qgis.org/download/
DOWNLOADING AND INSTALLING QGIS

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

LINK: https://qgis.org/download/
QGIS INTERFACE (TOOLBARS & PANELS)
A
A. MENU
B B. TOOLBAR
C. BROWSER PANEL
D. LAYERS PANEL
C E. CANVASS
E. STATUS BAR

F
MAKING OUR FIRST MAP:

OBJECTIVES:
 Download available spatial
data online;
 Learn how to add basemap
using XYZ Tiles or with plugins;
 Learn how to load and create
vector and raster data;
 Understand attribute table and
its features.
 Data Editing and Digitization
 Use geoprocessing tools
 Create Map Layout
 Create 3D View Map
DOWNLOAD ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES:
NEEDED:
 GitHub Account;
 Git (https://git-scm.com/);
 Git Large File Storage
(https://git-lfs.com/);

LINK: https://github.com/altcoder/philippines-psgc-shapefiles
ADDING BASEMAPS (XYZ TILES & PLUGINS) :
XYZ Tiles allow you to add basemaps from sources like Google Maps, OpenStreetMap,
Bing Maps, and others to your QGIS project.
Step 1: Open QGIS
 Launch QGIS on your computer.
 Ensure you have an internet connection (required for XYZ tiles).

Step 2: Open the XYZ Tiles Panel

 Go to Browser Panel on the left side of QGIS.
(If you don't see it, enable it from View > Panels > Browser Panel.)
 Scroll down to find XYZ Tiles (under Browser Panel).

Step 3: Add Built-in OpenStreetMap Basemap

 In the Browser Panel, expand the XYZ Tiles section.
 You will see a preloaded tile service, OpenStreetMap.
 Drag and drop "OpenStreetMap" onto the Map Canvas.
 The OSM basemap will load in the background.
ADDING BASEMAPS (XYZ TILES & PLUGINS) :
XYZ Tiles allow you to add basemaps from sources like Google Maps, OpenStreetMap,
Bing Maps, and others to your QGIS project.
Step 4: Add a Custom XYZ Tile Layer (Google, Bing, etc.)
 Open the XYZ Tile Connection Manager
 Go to XYZ Tiles in the Browser Panel.
 Right-click and select New Connection.

 Enter Tile Service Information

 In the "New XYZ Connection" window, enter:
 Name: (e.g., Google Satellite)
 URL: Copy and paste the appropriate tile URL:

 Adjust Settings (Optional)

 Min Zoom: 1
 Max Zoom: 19 (or adjust as needed)
 Click OK to save the new XYZ tile connection.
ADDING BASEMAPS WITH XYZ TILES:

NAME URL
Google Hybrid(Satellite + Labels) http://mt0.google.com/vt/lyrs=y&hl=en&x={x}&y={y}&z={z}
Google Roadmap http://mt0.google.com/vt/lyrs=m&hl=en&x={x}&y={y}&z={z}
Google Satellite https://mt1.google.com/vt/lyrs=s&x={x}&y={y}&z={z}
Google Terrain http://mt0.google.com/vt/lyrs=p&hl=en&x={x}&y={y}&z={z}
Google Terrain Only http://mt0.google.com/vt/lyrs=t&hl=en&x={x}&y={y}&z={z}
Google Topographical https://tile.opentopomap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png
https://services.arcgisonline.com/arcgis/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapSe
ArcGIS World Imagery
rver/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}
http://services.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/Elevation/World_Hillsha
Esri Topography Map
de/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}
OpenTopoMap https://tile.opentopomap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png
OpenStreetMap https://tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png
Bing Aerial https://ecn.t3.tiles.virtualearth.net/tiles/a{q}.jpeg?g=1
ADDING BASEMAPS (XYZ TILES & PLUGINS) :
XYZ Tiles allow you to add basemaps from sources like Google Maps, OpenStreetMap,
Bing Maps, and others to your QGIS project.
Step 5: Load the XYZ Tile Layer
 Drag and drop your newly added tile layer onto the Map Canvas.
 It will load as a basemap.
 Zoom in and out to check the tile loading.

 BONUS: Using Plugins for More Basemaps. You can also use the QuickMapServices
plugin to add multiple basemaps easily.
 Go to Plugins > Manage and Install Plugins.
 Search for QuickMapServices and install it.
 Once installed, go to Web > QuickMapServices to access different basemaps.

https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/quick_map_services/
https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/HCMGIS/
https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/openlayers_plugin/
WORKING WITH SPATIAL
DATA
WORKING WITH SPATIAL DATA:

THE WORLD CAN REPRESENTAED IN TWO WAYS

RASTER VECTOR
WORKING WITH SPATIAL DATA:

VECTOR DATA:
Vector data is a type of spatial data used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to
represent real-world features using geometric shapes. It consists of three primary types:

 Points – Represent discrete locations, such as cities, trees, or GPS coordinates.

 Lines – Represent linear features, such as roads, rivers, or pipelines.
 Polygons – Represent areas with defined boundaries, such as lakes, land parcels, or
administrative regions.

Each vector feature is associated with attributes, which store additional information
about the feature (e.g., a road might have attributes for name, type, and speed limit).

Vector data is often stored in formats like Shapefiles (.shp), GeoJSON, and KML and is
widely used for mapping, spatial analysis, and geographic modeling.
LOADING VECTOR DATA:
USING THE "DATA SOURCE MANAGER“
Open QGIS
 Launch QGIS on your computer.
Open the Data Source Manager
 Click on "Layer" in the menu bar.
 Select "Data Source Manager" (or press Ctrl + L).
Select the Vector Data Option
 In the Data Source Manager window, click "Vector" in the left panel.
Browse for the Vector File
 Click "..." (the Browse button) next to "Source".
 Locate your vector file (e.g., .shp, .geojson, .kml, etc.).
 Click "Open".
Set Coordinate Reference System (CRS) (Optional)
 If prompted, select the appropriate Coordinate Reference System (CRS) for the data.
 Click OK to confirm.
Add the Layer
 Click "Add", then "Close" the Data Source Manager window.
 Your vector data should now appear in the Layers Panel and on the map canvas.
RASTER DATA:

Raster data is a type of spatial data used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that
represents the Earth's surface as a grid of cells (pixels). Each pixel stores a value
representing a feature, such as elevation, temperature, or land cover.

Key Characteristics of Raster Data

 Grid-Based Structure: Data is stored as a matrix of rows and columns.
 Pixel Values: Each cell has a value representing an attribute (e.g., elevation in
meters, temperature in degrees).
 Resolution: The size of each pixel determines the resolution (higher resolution
means smaller pixels and more detail).
 File Size: Large datasets, especially high-resolution ones, can require significant
storage.
LOADING RASTER DATA:
USING THE "DATA SOURCE MANAGER“
Open QGIS
 Launch QGIS on your computer.
Open the Data Source Manager
 Click on "Layer" in the menu bar.
 Select "Data Source Manager" (or press Ctrl + L).
Select the Vector Data Option
 In the Data Source Manager window, click “Raster" in the left panel.
Browse for the Vector File
 Under the "Source" section, click the "..." (Browse) button.
 Navigate to the folder where your raster file is stored. Select the file type (e.g., .tif, .jp2, .asc).
 Click "Open".
Set Coordinate Reference System (CRS) (Optional)
 If prompted, select the appropriate Coordinate Reference System (CRS) for the data.
 Click OK to confirm.
Add the Layer
 Click the "Add" button.
 Click "Close" to exit the Data Source Manager.
WORKING WITH ATTRIBUTE TABLES:

An Attribute Table in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a tabular database that

stores non-spatial information (attributes) about spatial features in a vector dataset.

Each row in the table corresponds to a feature (point, line, or polygon), and each column
represents an attribute (descriptive information).

Key Components of an Attribute Table

 Feature ID (FID/OID) – A unique identifier for each feature.

 Geometry Type – Specifies whether the feature is a point, line, or polygon.
 Attribute Fields – Columns storing descriptive data (e.g., name, population,
elevation).
 Records (Rows) – Each row represents an individual geographic feature.
WORKING WITH ATTRIBUTE TABLES:

Functions of an Attribute Table in GIS

 Query & Filtering – Search for specific features using expressions (e.g., cities with
population > 1 million).
 Editing & Updating – Modify attribute values or add new fields.
 Symbolization – Use attributes to style layers (e.g., color cities by population size).
 Spatial Analysis – Perform operations like buffering, joining, and intersecting based
on attributes.
 Exporting & Sharing – Save as CSV, Excel, or database for further analysis.
WORKING WITH ATTRIBUTE TABLES:

How to Open the Attribute Table in QGIS

 Open QGIS and load a vector layer (e.g., Shapefile, GeoJSON).
 In the Layers Panel (left side of QGIS), locate your vector layer.
 Right-click the layer name.
 Select "Open Attribute Table" from the menu.
 The Attribute Table window will open, displaying the feature data.
SYMBOLOGY AND
VISUALIZATION
SYMBOLOGY AND VISUALIZATION

Symbology, in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to the way spatial data (vector and raster) is
represented visually on a map. It helps in distinguishing different features, making data easier to interpret
and analyze and;

Visualization, in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is the process of designing maps to effectively
communicate spatial patterns, relationships, and trends using colors, symbols, and styles.

Different ways to style and visualize data in QGIS:

 Single Symbol (Basic Symbology)

Example: Displaying roads as black lines or water bodies as blue polygons.
Use Case: Simple maps where all features in a layer look the same.
 Categorized Symbology (Unique Values)
Example: Coloring different land use types (forest = green, urban = red, water = blue).
Use Case: Differentiating categories based on an attribute.
SYMBOLOGY AND VISUALIZATION

 Graduated Symbology (Classified Ranges)

Example: Displaying population density with colors from light yellow (low) to dark red (high).
Use Case: Representing numerical values in ranges (e.g., elevation, income levels).
 Proportional Symbol (Size-Based)
Example: Using circles of different sizes to represent cities with varying populations.
Use Case: Showing intensity or magnitude of a variable.
 Heatmap (Density Visualization)
Example: Highlighting areas with high crime rates or disease outbreaks.
Use Case: Identifying concentration zones of point data.
 Raster Symbology (Color Ramp for Elevation or Temperature)
Example: Displaying elevation as dark green (low) to white (high).
Use Case: Styling raster layers like DEM (Digital Elevation Models).
 3D Visualization (Hillshade for Elevation Maps)
Example: Creating a shaded relief map to show mountains and valleys.
Use Case: Adding realism to topographic and terrain maps.
DATA EDITING &
DIGITIZATION
DATA EDITING AND DIGITIZATION

Data editing involves modifying existing spatial features and attribute values in a GIS
dataset.

Common Editing Tasks in QGIS:

 Adding new features (points, lines, polygons)
 Modifying feature geometry (move, reshape, split, merge)
 Editing attribute table values (updating names, adding new fields)
 Deleting unwanted features

Digitization is the process of creating vector data (points, lines, polygons) from satellite
images, scanned maps, or other raster sources.

Types of Digitization:
 Manual Digitization – Drawing features manually using a mouse.
 Automatic Digitization – Using plugins/tools to extract features from raster data.
HOW TO EDIT VECTOR DATA IN QGIS:

1. Open a Layer:
 Load a shapefile or any vector layer into QGIS.

2. Enable Editing Mode:

 Right-click the layer in the Layers Panel → Select "Toggle Editing" (or click the
pencil icon in the toolbar).

3. Modify Features:
 Use tools like Move, Split, Merge, Delete, Reshape to edit geometries.
 To edit attributes, open the Attribute Table (F6), modify values, and click Save.

4. Save Changes & Exit:

 Click "Save Layer Edits" or disable "Toggle Editing" mode.
HOW TO DIGITIZE IN QGIS:

1. Add a Raster Image or Base Map

 Load a satellite image, scanned map, or OpenStreetMap as a reference.
2. Create a New Vector Layer
 Go to Layer → Create Layer → New Shapefile Layer
 Choose Point, Line, or Polygon
 Define a Coordinate Reference System (CRS)
 Add attribute fields (e.g., Name, ID, Type).
3. Start Digitizing Features
 Click Toggle Editing mode.
 Select the Add Feature tool (point, line, or polygon).
 Click on the map to draw the shape.
 Enter attributes (e.g., road name, building type).
 Click OK to save the feature.
4. Save and Finish
 Click Save Layer Edits.
 Toggle Editing Off to stop digitizing.
GEOPROCESSING TOOLS
GEOPROCESSING AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Geoprocessing Tools and Spatial Analysis are essential functions in QGIS used to
manipulate, analyze, and extract meaningful insights from spatial data.

What are Geoprocessing Tools?

- Geoprocessing tools allow users to perform spatial operations on vector and raster
data to create new datasets.

Common Geoprocessing Tools in QGIS

Buffer – Creates a surrounding area around features (e.g., finding areas within 500m of
a road).
Clip – Extracts features from one layer based on the boundaries of another layer.
Dissolve – Merges multiple features with the same attribute into one.
Intersect – Finds overlapping areas between two layers.
Union – Combines two layers, keeping all features.
Difference – Removes overlapping areas from one layer.

Example: Finding protected zones around rivers by applying a buffer of 100 meters.
 MAP LAYOUT &
EXPORTING MAPS
MAP LAYOUT AND EXPORTING MAPS
QGIS allows you to create professional maps using the Print Layout tool. You can
customize your map with elements like titles, legends, scale bars, and grids before
exporting it as an image, PDF, or SVG.
MAP LAYOUT AND EXPORTING MAPS
Open the Map Layout in QGIS
 Go to Project → New Print Layout.
 Give it a name (or leave it blank) and click OK.
 A blank layout window opens.

Add the Main Map to the Layout

 Click "Add Map" tool ( icon) in the Toolbar.
 Click and drag on the blank page to define the map area.
 The current QGIS map view will appear in the layout.
 Use the Move Content tool ( ) to adjust the map position.

Add Map Elements

 Add a Title
 Click "Add Label" ( icon).
 Click on the layout and type the map title.
 Customize font, size, and color in the Item Properties panel.
MAP LAYOUT AND EXPORTING MAPS
Add a Legend
 Click "Add Legend" ( icon).
 Click on the layout to place the legend.
 In Item Properties, customize the layer names and styles.

Add a Scale Bar

 Click "Add Scale Bar" ( icon).
 Click on the layout where you want to place it.
 Adjust units (meters, kilometers, miles) in Item Properties.

Add a North Arrow

 Click "Add North Arrow" ( icon).
 Click on the layout to place it.
 Choose a different style in Item Properties.
MAP LAYOUT AND EXPORTING MAPS
Add a Grid (Coordinate Grid)
 Click on the Map Item in the Items Panel.
 In Item Properties, expand Grid → Click "Add Grid".
 Choose CRS (e.g., Lat/Long or UTM) and adjust spacing.

Export the Map

Once the layout is ready, export it:
 Export as Image (PNG, JPEG, TIFF) → For presentations/web.
 Export as PDF → Best for printing and sharing.
 Export as SVG → For vector editing in software like Adobe Illustrator.

Steps to Export:

Click "Layout" (top menu).

Choose Export as Image, PDF, or SVG.
Select file format and save the map.
-END-