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Matter in Our Surroundings - Imp. Points-Notes

Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, consisting of tiny particles in continuous motion with forces of attraction. It is classified into solids, liquids, and gases based on particle arrangement, energy, and distance, each having distinct properties such as shape, volume, and compressibility. Matter can change states through processes like melting, evaporation, and sublimation, influenced by temperature and pressure, with latent heat playing a key role in these transformations.

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40 views4 pages

Matter in Our Surroundings - Imp. Points-Notes

Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, consisting of tiny particles in continuous motion with forces of attraction. It is classified into solids, liquids, and gases based on particle arrangement, energy, and distance, each having distinct properties such as shape, volume, and compressibility. Matter can change states through processes like melting, evaporation, and sublimation, influenced by temperature and pressure, with latent heat playing a key role in these transformations.

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shehnaz ali
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Anything that occupies space and has mass and is felt by senses is called matter.

Characteristics of particles of matte


•Made of tiny particles.
•Vacant spaces exist in particles.
•Particles are in continuous motion.
•Particles are held together by forces of attraction.

Basis of Classification of Types


• Based upon particle arrangement
• Based upon energy of particles
• Based upon distance between particles

SOLID

Fixed shape and definite volume .


Inter particle distances are smallest.
Incompressible.
High density and do not diffuse.
Inter particle forces of attraction are strongest.
Constituent particles are very closely packed.
LIQUID

Not fixed shape but fixed volume.


Inter particle distances are larger.
Almost incompressible.
Density is lower than solids and diffuse.
Inter particle forces of attraction are weaker than solids .
Constituent particles are less closely packed.
GAS

Neither fixed shape nor fixed volume.


Inter particle distances are largest.
Highly compressible.
Density is least and diffuse.
Inter particle forces ofattraction are weakest
Constituent particles are free to move about.

POINTS TO NOTE:
1. Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume because the particles are locked into place.
2. Solids do not flow easily because the particles cannot move/slide past one another.
3. Solids are not easily compressiblebecause there is little free space between particles.
4. Liquids are not easily compressible and have a definite volume because there is little free space between
particles.
5. Liquids have an indefinite shape because the particles can lide past one another.
6. Liquids flow easily because the particles can move/slide past one another.
7. Gases are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles
8. Gases flow very easily because the particles randomly move past one another.
9. Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another.
Interchange in states of matter
Matter Can Change its State
Water can exist in three states of matter –
• Solid, as ice ,
• Liquid, as the familiar water, and
• Gas, as water vapour.

Sublimation :
The changing of solid directly into vapours on heating & vapours into solid on cooling. Ex. Ammonium chloride ,
camphor & iodine.
a) Effect of change in temperature
The temperature effect on heating a solid varies depending on the nature of the solid & the conditions required in
bringing the change .
• On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases which overcomes the forces
of attraction between the particles thereby solid melts and is converted to a liquid.
• The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
• The melting point of ice is 273.16 K.
• The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion.
b) Effect of Change of Pressure
• Increasing or decreasing the pressure can change the state of matter. Applying pressure and reducing
temperature can liquefy gases.
• Solid carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is stored under high pressure. Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on
decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming into liquid state. This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is
also known as dry ice.

Latent Heat :
The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules during change of state.
Fusion Vaporisation

Heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at


Heat energy required to change 1kg of solid into liquid.
atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

Evaporation & Boiling


• Particles of matter are always moving and are never at rest. • At a given temperature in any gas, liquid or solid,
there are particles with different amounts of kinetic energy.
• In the case of liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher kinetic energy, is able to break
away from the forces of attraction of other particles and gets converted into vapour .
• This phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called
evaporation.

Factors Affecting Evaporation

• The rate of evaporation increases with an increase of surface area.


• With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state.
• Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around us cannot hold more than a definite amount
of water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation
decreases.
• Wind speed : the higher the wind speed , the more evaporation.

Evaporation cause cooling.


The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation,
Evaporation Vs Boiling (difference)
• Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk (whole) of the liquid change into vapour state.
• Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the forces of
attraction present in the liquid and change into the vapour state.

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