”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

SIMULATION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS

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CONTENTS
1. MATLAB FOR BEGINNERS
1.1 Getting Started
1.2 Addition operation in MATLAB
1.3 Subtraction Operation
1.4 Multiplication Operation
1.5 Writing a program in MATLAB
1.6 General programming Commands in MATLAB

2. MATLAB COMMANDS
2.1 quiver3
2.2 vectarrow
2.3 hold
2.4 num2str
2.5 sqrt
2.6 text
2.7.1 xlabel
2.7.2 ylabel
2.7.3 zlabel
2.7.4 title
2.8 patch
2.9 surf

3. Co-Ordinate Systems
3.1 Addition of two vectors using Parallelogram rule
3.2 Addition of two vectors using head to tail rule
3.3 Plotting of unit vectors
3.4 Calculation and representation of unit vector
3.5 Illustration of position vector
3.6 Plotting of position vectors
3.7 Calculation of angle between vectors
3.8 Representation of two planes with ‘x’ constant
3.9 Representation of planes in X-Y and Z co-ordinates
3.10 Representation of differential element in Cartesian co-ordinates
3.11 Representation of surface with φ constant
3.12 Representation of surface with z constant
3.13 Representation of surface with ρ constant
3.14 Representation of surfaces in cylindrical co-ordinates
3.15 Representation of differential elements in cylindrical co-ordinates
3.16 Representation of surface with θ constant
3.17 Representation of surface with r constant
3.18 Representation of surfaces with r, θ and φ constant
3.19 Evaluation of surface and volume integrals of a cylinder

4. MATLAB COMMANDS FOR VISUALIZATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

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4.1 Use of meshgrid command

4.2 Use of Peaks Command
4.4 Divergnce
4.5 Contour
4.6 Evaluation of divergence of a vector
4.7 Calculate and plot the divergence of a vector field
4.8 Calculate and plot the gradient of a function
4.9 Plot the gradient of a function
4.10 Plot the curl of a function

5. EXERCISE PROBLEMS

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1. MATLAB FOR BEGINNERS

1.1 Getting Started

a. Identify the MATLAB Icon on the Desktop and double click it.

Fig. 1.1 MATLAB shortcut on desktop

b. When MATLAB® is initialized; the desktop appears in its default layout.

The desktop includes these panels:

Current Folder — Access your files.
Command Window — Enter commands at the command line, indicated
By prompt (>>).
Workspace — Explore data that you create or import from files.

Current Editor Window

Folder

Workspace
Command Window

Fig. 1.2 MATLAB Working Environment

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c. Every variable is saved as a matrix and if a variable ‘a’ is entered it is saved in

work space as matrix .Its size can be found by using the command size(a).

Fig. 1.3 MATLAB Workspace

d. Columns are separated by commas or by space.

Fig. 1.4 Determining size of a variable in MATLAB

e. Rows are separated by semicolon.

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Fig. 1.5 Creating variables in MATLAB

1.2 Addition operation in MATLAB

Example 1:

Fig. 1.6 Addition of variables in MATLAB

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Example 2:

Fig. 1.7 Addition of matrices in MATLAB

1.3 Subtraction Operation

Fig. 1.8 Subtraction of matrices in MATLAB

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Example 1

Fig. 1.9 Subtraction of matrices in MATLAB

1.4 Multiplication Operation

Fig. 1.10 Multiplication of matrices in MATLAB

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Fig. 1.11 Multiplication of matrices in MATLAB

1.5 Writing a program in MATLAB

a) Click the New Script in the home tab

Fig. 1.12 MATLAB Home Tab View

b) Editor window opens as below

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Fig. 1.12 MATLAB Editor Window

c) Write the program in this window

Example:
Program to find the sum of 1 to n numbers

Fig. 1.13 MATLAB program for addition of first ‘n’ numbers

clc :clc clears the command window and homes the cursor.

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clear : Clear variables and functions from memory. Clear removes all variables
from the workspace.
input :input Prompt for user input.
Disp : Display array. disp(X) displays the array, without printing the array
name

Save and Run:

Fig. 1.14 MATLAB Editor Tab

Saving the file:

Fig. 1.15 Saving a MATLAB Script

For Executing the program click on the run command and a dialogue box
will appear. Change Folder or Add to path option can be chosen.

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Fig. 1.16 Executing a MATLAB Script

If there are no errors in the program MATLAB waits for the input

Fig. 1.17 Giving input to MATLAB Script

After entering input output of the program will be displayed

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Fig. 1.18 Output of MATLAB Script

1.6 General programming Commands in MATLAB

MATLAB has built-in statements that allow for conditional behavior

For
For : Repeat statements a specific number of times.

for K = 1:M
for D = 1:M
B(K,D) = 1/(K+D);
end
end

Fig. 1.19 Execution of for loop in command window

Output of the above instruction:

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Fig. 1.19 Execution of for loop in command window

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IF:

if Conditionally execute statements.

The general form of the if statement is

if expression
statements
ELSEIF expression
statements
ELSE
statements
END

Fig. 1.19 Execution of if statement in command window

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WHILE

The while loop repeatedly executes program statement(s) as long as the expression
remains true.

The general form of a while statement is:

while expression
statements
end

a=10;
while (a<20)
a=a+1
end

Output:

a=11

a=12

a=13

a=14

a=15

a=16

a=17

a=18

a=19

a=20

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2. MATLAB COMMANDS
2.1 quiver3
quiver3(X,Y,Z,U,V,W,S) plots velocity vectors as arrows with components (u,v,w) at
the points (x,y,z). The matrices X,Y,Z,U,V,W must all be the same size and contain the
corresponding position and velocity components. It automatically scales the arrows to
fit and then stretches them by S. Use S=0 to plot the arrows without the automatic
scaling. [Mathworks Documentation]

Example 2.1:
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[15 0 0],[0 15 0],[0 0 15],0);
It plots vectors of length equal to 15 in x,y,z planes from origin.

Fig 2.1 Plot indicating the function of command ‘quiver3’ in a 3d view

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2.2 vectarrow
vectarrow(p0,p1) plots a line vector with arrow pointing from point p0 to point p1.
The function can plot both 2D and 3D vector with arrow depending on the dimension
of the input. [Mathworks Documentation]

Example 2.2
p0 = [1 2 5]; % Coordinate of the first point p0
p1 = [2 5 6]; % Coordinate of the second point p1
vectarrow(p0,p1);

Fig 2.2 Plot indicating arrow connecting points p0 and p1

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2.3 hold
hold ON holds the current plot and all axis properties, including the current color and
linestyle, so that subsequent graphing commands add to the existing graph without
resetting the color and linestyle.
hold OFF returns to the default mode whereby PLOT commands erase the previous
plots and reset all axis properties before drawing new plots.
hold, by itself, toggles the hold state.
[Mathworks Documentation]

Example 2.3
p0 = [1 2 5]; % Coordinate of the first point p0
p1 = [2 5 6]; % Coordinate of the second point p1
p2 = [3 6 7]; % Coordinate of the second point p2
vectarrow(p0,p1);
hold on;
vectarrow(p0,p2);

Fig 2.3 Plot indicating arrows connecting points p0 and p1 & p0 and p2, obtained
using hold command

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2.4 num2str
num2str Convert numbers to character representation
T = num2str(X) converts the matrix X into its character representation T with about 4
digits and an exponent if required. This is useful for labeling plots with the TITLE,
XLABEL, YLABEL, and TEXT commands. [Mathworks Documentation]

Example 2.4
p0 = [1 2 5];
p1 = [2 5 6];
p2 = [3 6 7];
A=num2str(p0)
B=num2str(p1)
C=num2str(p2)

Output
A = '1 2 5'
B = '2 5 6'
C = '3 6 7'

2.5. sqrt
sqrt(X) is the square root of the elements of X. Complex results are produced if X is
not positive. [Mathworks Documentation]

Example 2.5.1
A=sqrt(30)

Output
A = 5.4772

Example 2.5.2
B=sqrt(-1)

Output
B= 0.0000 + 1.0000i

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2.6. text
text(x,y,z,str) positions the text in 3-D coordinates. [Mathworks Documentation]

Example 2.6
p0 = [1 2 5]; % Coordinate of the first point p0
p1 = [2 5 6]; % Coordinate of the second point p1
p2 = [3 6 7]; % Coordinate of the second point p2
vectarrow(p0,p1)
hold on
vectarrow(p0,p2)
A=['p0 (',num2str(p0),')']
B=['p1 (',num2str(p1),')']
C=['p2 (',num2str(p2),')']
text(p0(1),p0(2),p0(3),A)
text(p1(1),p1(2),p1(3),B)
text(p1(1),p1(2),p2(3),C)

Fig 2.4 Plot indicating arrows and labels of p0 and p1 & p2

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2.7.1 xlabel
xlabel('text') adds text beside the X-axis on the current axis.

2.7.2 ylabel
ylabel('text') adds text beside the Y-axis on the current axis.

2.7.3 zlabel
zlabel('text') adds text beside the Z-axis on the current axis.

2.7.4 title
title('text') adds text at the top of the current axis.

Example 2.7
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[15 0 0],[0 15 0],[0 0 15],0);
xlabel('x-axis');
ylabel('y-axis');
zlabel('z-axis')
title('Axes representation')

Fig 2.5 Adding labels to axes and title to the plot

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2.8 patch
patch(X,Y,Z,C) creates the polygons in 3-D coordinates using X, Y, and Z. To view the
polygons in a 3-D view, use the view(3) command. C determines the polygon colors.

Example 2.8
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[25 0 0],[0 25 0],[0 0 25]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-25 0 0],[0 -25 0],[0 0 -25]);
hold on;
x=6;
y1=-15;y2=15;y3=15;y4=-15;
z1=-15;z2=-15;z3=15;z4=15;
patch([x x x x x], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green');
A=[x y1 z1];B=[x y2 z2];C=[x y3 z3];D=[x y4 z4];
Astr=['A (',num2str(A),')'];Bstr=['B (',num2str(B),')'];
Cstr=['C (',num2str(C),')'];Dstr=['D (',num2str(D),')'];
text(A(1),A(2),A(3),Astr);text(B(1),B(2),B(3),Bstr);
text(C(1),C(2),C(3),Cstr);text(D(1),D(2),D(3),Dstr);
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Patch command-polygon');

Fig 2.6 Plotting a rectangle using patch command

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2.9 surf
surf(X,Y,Z,C) plots the colored parametric surface defined by four matrix arguments.
The view point is specified by VIEW. The axis labels are determined by the range of X,
Y and Z, or by the current setting of AXIS. The color scaling is determined by the
range of C, or by the current setting of CAXIS. The scaled color values are used as
indices into the current COLORMAP.
surf(x,y,Z) and surf(x,y,Z,C), with two vector arguments replacing the first two matrix
arguments, must have length(x) = n and length(y) = m where [m,n] = size(Z). In this
case, the vertices of the surface patches are the triples (x(j), y(i), Z(i,j)). Note that x
corresponds to the columns of Z and y corresponds to the rows.

Example 2.9
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[25 0 0],[0 25 0],[0 0 25])
hold on
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-25 0 0],[0 -25 0],[0 0 -25])
hold on
theta=0:pi/10:2*pi;
r=10;
x1=r*cos(theta);
y1=r*sin(theta);
for k=1:length(x1)
z1(k)=-5;
z2(k)=5;
end
x=[x1;x1];
y=[y1;y1];
z=[z1;z2];
surf(x,y,z);
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');

Fig 2.7 Plotting a cylinder using surf command

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3.MATLAB PROGRAMS
3.1 Addition of two vectors using Parallelogram rule
Ex 3.1 Add two vectors A and B to obtain vector C. A=ax-4ay-6az and B=2ax+ay using
Parallelogram rule.
Program 3.1
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[10 0 0],[0 10 0],[0 0 10]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-10 0 0],[0 -10 0],[0 0 -10]);
hold on;
O=[0 0 0];A=[1 -4 -6];B=[2 1 0];
C=A+B;
vectarrow(O,A);hold on;
vectarrow(O,B);hold on;
vectarrow(O,C);hold on;
vectarrow(A,C);hold on;
vectarrow(B,C);
Astr=['A (',num2str(A),')'];
Bstr=['B (',num2str(B),')'];
Cstr=['C (',num2str(C),')'];
text(A(1),A(2),A(3),Astr);
text(B(1),B(2),B(3),Bstr);
text(C(1),C(2),C(3),Cstr);
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.1 Addition of two vectors');

Fig 3.1 Addition of two vectors using Parallelogram rule

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3.2 Addition of two vectors using head to tail rule

Ex 3.2 Add two vectors A and B to obtain vector C. A=ax-4ay-6az and B=2ax+ay using
head to tail rule.
Program 3.2
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[10 0 0],[0 10 0],[0 0 10]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-10 0 0],[0 -10 0],[0 0 -10]);
hold on;
O=[0 0 0];A=[1 -4 -6];B=[2 1 0];
C=A+B;
hold on;vectarrow(O,A);
hold on;vectarrow(O,B);
hold on;vectarrow(A,C);
hold on;vectarrow(O,C);
Astr=['A (',num2str(A),')'];
Bstr=['B (',num2str(B),')'];
Cstr=['C (',num2str(C),')'];
text(A(1),A(2),A(3),Astr);
text(B(1),B(2),B(3),Bstr);
text(C(1),C(2),C(3),Cstr);
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.2 Addition of two vectors-head to tail rule');

Fig 3.2 Addition of two vectors using head to tail rule

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3.3 Plotting of unit vectors

Ex 3.3 Plot unit vectors ax, ay and az.
Program 3.3
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[3 0 0],[0 3 0],[0 0 3]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-3 0 0],[0 -3 0],[0 0 -3]);
hold on;
O=[0 0 0];
ax=[1 0 0];ay=[0 1 0];az=[0 0 1];
vectarrow(O,ax);hold on;
vectarrow(O,ay);hold on;
vectarrow(O,az);hold on;
Astr=['ax (',num2str(ax),')'];
Bstr=['ay (',num2str(ay),')'];
Cstr=['az (',num2str(az),')'];
text(ax(1),ax(2),ax(3),Astr);
text(ay(1),ay(2),ay(3),Bstr);
text(az(1),az(2),az(3),Cstr);
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.3 Representation of unit vectors');

Fig 3.3 Plotting of unit vectors

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3.4 Calculation and representation of unit vector

Ex 3.4 Represent vector A and obtain its magnitude. Obtain the unit vector along A.
A=3ax+4ay+5az
Program 3.4
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[8 0 0],[0 8 0],[0 0 8]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-8 0 0],[0 -8 0],[0 0 -8]);
hold on;
O=[0 0 0];A=[3 4 5];
Ax=[3 0 0];
Ay=[0 4 0];
Axy=[3 4 0]
Az=[0 0 5];
vectarrow(O,Ax);hold on;vectarrow(Ax,Axy);hold on;
vectarrow(Axy,A);hold on;vectarrow(O,A);hold on;
Axstr=[num2str(Ax(1)),'ax'];Aystr=[num2str(Ay(2)),'ay'];
Azstr=[num2str(Az(3)),'az'];
text(Ax(1),Ax(2),Ax(3),Axstr);text(Ax(1),Ay(2),Ay(3),Aystr);
text(Ax(1),Ay(2),Az(3),Azstr);
magA=sqrt((A(1))^2+(A(2))^2+(A(3))^2)
unitvectorA=[Ax(1) Ay(2) Az(3)]/magA
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.4 Components of vector A');

Output
magA = 7.0711
unitvectorA = 0.4243 0.5657 0.7071

Fig 3.4 Representation of components of vector A along ax, ay and az

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3.5 Illustration of position vector

Ex 3.5 Illustration of position vector A (3,4,5)
Program 3.5
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[8 0 0],[0 8 0],[0 0 8]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-8 0 0],[0 -8 0],[0 0 -8]);
hold on;
O=[0 0 0];A=[3 4 5];
Ax=[3 0 0];
Ay=[0 4 0];
Az=[0 0 5];
Axy=[3 4 0];
vectarrow(O,Ax);hold on;vectarrow(O,Ay);hold on;
vectarrow(O,Az);hold on;vectarrow(Ax,Axy);hold on;
vectarrow(Ay,Axy);hold on;vectarrow(Axy,A);hold on;
vectarrow(Az,A);hold on;vectarrow(O,A);hold on;
Axstr=['Ax (',num2str(Ax),')'];Aystr=['Ay (',num2str(Ay),')'];
Azstr=['Az (',num2str(Az),')'];Axystr=['(',num2str(Axy),')'];
Astr=['A (',num2str(A),')'];
text(Ax(1),Ax(2),Ax(3),Axstr);text(Ay(1),Ay(2),Ay(3),Aystr);
text(Az(1),Az(2),Az(3),Azstr);text(Axy(1),Axy(2),Axy(3),Axystr);
text(A(1),A(2),A(3),Astr);
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.4 Position vector A');

Fig 3.5 Illustration of Position vector A

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3.6 Plotting of position vectors

Ex 3.6 Plot the position vectors rP, rQ and the distance vector rPQ. P=3ax+4ay+ 5az
and Q=2ax-ay+az. Calculate a vector parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10.
Program 3.6
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[8 0 0],[0 8 0],[0 0 8]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-8 0 0],[0 -8 0],[0 0 -8]);
hold on;
O=[0 0 0];P=[3 4 5];Q=[2 -1 1];
vectarrow(O,P);hold on;
vectarrow(O,Q);hold on;
vectarrow(P,Q);hold on;
Pstr=['rP (',num2str(P),')'];
Qstr=['rQ (',num2str(Q),')'];
rPQ=Q-P
d=sqrt((rPQ(1)^2)+(rPQ(2)^2)+(rPQ(3)^2))
unitvector=rPQ/d
A=unitvector*10
text(P(1),P(2),P(3),Pstr)
text(Q(1),Q(2),Q(3),Qstr)
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.6 Distance vector rPQ');
Output
rPQ = -1 -5 -4
d = 6.4807
unitvector = -0.1543 -0.7715 -0.6172
A = -1.5430 -7.7152 -6.1721

Fig 3.6 Distance vector/Separation vector

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3.7 Calculation of angle between vectors

Ex 3.7 Given vectors A=3ax+4ay+az and B=2ay-5az, find the angle between A and B
Program 3.7
A=[3 4 1];
B=[0 2 -5];
crossAB=cross(A,B)
magcrossAB=sqrt((crossAB(1))^2+(crossAB(2))^2+(crossAB(3))^2)
dotAB=dot(A,B)
magA=sqrt((A(1))^2+(A(2))^2+(A(3))^2)
magB=sqrt((B(1))^2+(B(2))^2+(B(3))^2)
costhetaAB=dotAB/(magA*magB)
thetaAB1=(acos(costhetaAB))*180/pi
sinthetaAB=magcrossAB/(magA*magB)
thetaAB2=(asin(sinthetaAB))*180/pi

Output
crossAB = -22 15 6
magcrossAB = 27.2947
dotAB = 3
magA = 5.0990
magB = 5.3852
costhetaAB = 0.1093
thetaAB1 = 83.7277
sinthetaAB = 0.9940
thetaAB2 = 83.7277

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3.8 Representation of two planes with ‘x’ constant

Ex 3.8 Draw two planes with x=constant
Program 3.8
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[25 0 0],[0 25 0],[0 0 25])
hold on
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-25 0 0],[0 -25 0],[0 0 -25])
hold on
x=10;
y1=-15;y2=15;y3=15;y4=-15;
z1=-15;z2=-15;z3=15;z4=15;
patch([x x x x x], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green');
G1=[x y1 z1];G2=[x y2 z2];G3=[x y3 z3];G4=[x y4 z4];
g1=['g1 (',num2str(G1),')'];g2=['g2 (',num2str(G2),')'];
g3=['g3 (',num2str(G3),')'];g4=['g4 (',num2str(G4),')'];
text(x,y1,z1,g1);text(x,y2,z2,g2);text(x,y3,z3,g3);text(x,y4,z4,g4);
hold on
x=-10;
patch([x x x x x], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'red');
R1=[x y1 z1];R2=[x y2 z2];R3=[x y3 z3];R4=[x y4 z4];
r1=['r1 (',num2str(R1),')'];r2=['r2 (',num2str(R2),')'];
r3=['r3 (',num2str(R3),')'];r4=['r4 (',num2str(R4),')'];
text(x,y1,z1,r1);text(x,y2,z2,r2);text(x,y3,z3,r3);text(x,y4,z4,r4);
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.8 x-constant planes');

Fig 3.8 Two planes with x=constant

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3.9 Representation of planes in X-Y and Z co-ordinates

Ex 3.9 Draw planes in X-Y and Z axes
Program 3.9
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[25 0 0],[0 25 0],[0 0 25])
hold on
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-25 0 0],[0 -25 0],[0 0 -25])
hold on
x=6;
y1=-13;y2=13;y3=13;y4=-13;
z1=-13;z2=-13;z3=13;z4=13;
patch([x x x x x], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'blue')
hold on
y=8;
x1=-13;x2=13;x3=13;x4=-13;
z1=-15;z2=-15;z3=15;z4=15;
hold on
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y y y y y], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green')
z=3;
x1=-13;x2=13;x3=13;x4=-13;
y1=-15;y2=-15;y3=15;y4=15;
hold on
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z z z z z],'red')
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.9-X,Y and Z planes ');

Fig 3.9 X-Y and Z planes

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3.10 Representation of differential element in Cartesian co-ordinates

Ex 3.10 Draw a differential element in Cartesian co-ordinates
Program 3.10
clear all
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[10 0 0],[0 10 0],[0 0 10]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-10 0 0],[0 -10 0],[0 0 -10]);
hold on;
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.10 Differential cartesian co-ordinates');
x=6;
y1=-1;y2=1;y3=1;y4=-1
z1=-1;z2=-1;z3=1;z4=1
patch([x x x x x], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green');
hold on;
x=-6;
patch([x x x x x], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green');
y=6;
x1=-1;x2=1;x3=1;x4=-1;
z1=-1;z2=-1;z3=1;z4=1;
hold on;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y y y y y], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'blue');
hold on;
y=-6;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y y y y y], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'blue');
z=6;
x1=-1;x2=1;x3=1;x4=-1;
y1=-1;y2=-1;y3=1;y4=1;
hold on;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z z z z z],'red');
hold on;
z=-6;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z z z z z],'red');

x=1;
y1=-1;y2=1;y3=1;y4=-1;
z1=-1;z2=-1;z3=1;
z4=1;
patch([x x x x x], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green');
hold on;
x=-1;
patch([x x x x x], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green');
y=1;
x1=-1;x2=1;x3=1;x4=-1;
z1=-1;z2=-1;z3=1;z4=1;
hold on;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y y y y y], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'blue');
hold on;
y=-1;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y y y y y], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'blue');
z=1;
x1=-1;x2=1;x3=1;x4=-1;
y1=-1;y2=-1;y3=1;y4=1;
hold on;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z z z z z],'red');
hold on;

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

z=-1;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z z z z z],'red');

Fig 3.10 Differential Cartesian co-ordinates

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

3.11 Representation of surface with φ constant

Ex 3.11 Draw a surface with φ constant
Program 3.11
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[25 0 0],[0 25 0],[0 0 25])
hold on
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-25 0 0],[0 -25 0],[0 0 -25])
hold on
phi=pi/3;
x1=0;x2=15*cos(phi);x3=15*cos(phi);x4=0;
y1=0;y2=15*sin(phi);y3=15*sin(phi);y4=0;
z1=-15;z2=-15;z3=15;z4=15;
hold on
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green')
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.11 Phi constant-Rectangle ');

Fig 3.11 Surface with φ constant-cylinder

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

3.12 Representation of surface with z constant

Ex 3.12 Draw a surface with z constant
Program 3.12
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[25 0 0],[0 25 0],[0 0 25])
hold on
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-25 0 0],[0 -25 0],[0 0 -25])
hold on
x1=-13;x2=13;x3=13;x4=-13
y1=-15;y2=-15;y3=15;y4=15
z=10;
hold on
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z z z z z],'red')
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.12 Z constant plane ');

Fig 3.12 surface with z constant

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

3.13 Representation of surface with ρ constant

Ex 3.13 Draw a surface with ρ constant
Program 3.13
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[25 0 0],[0 25 0],[0 0 25])
hold on
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-25 0 0],[0 -25 0],[0 0 -25])
hold on
theta=0:pi/40:2*pi;
r=10;
x1=r*cos(theta);
y1=r*sin(theta);
for k=1:length(x1)
z1(k)=-15;
z2(k)=15;
end
x=[x1;x1];
y=[y1;y1];
z=[z1;z2];
surf(x,y,z);
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.13 Rho constant-Cylinder ');

Fig 3.13 Surface with ρ constant-cylinder

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

3.14 Representation of surfaces in cylindrical co-ordinates

Ex 3.14 Draw cylindrical co-ordinates surfaces
Program 3.14
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[25 0 0],[0 25 0],[0 0 25]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-25 0 0],[0 -25 0],[0 0 -25]);
hold on;
theta=0:pi/40:2*pi;
r=10;
x1=r*cos(theta);
y1=r*sin(theta);
for k=1:length(x1)
z1(k)=-10;
z2(k)=10;
end
x=[x1;x1];
y=[y1;y1];
z=[z1;z2];
surf(x,y,z);
x1=-13;x2=13;x3=13;x4=-13;
y1=-15;y2=-15;y3=15;y4=15;
z=1;
hold on;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z z z z z],'red');
phi=pi/3;
x1=0;x2=15*cos(phi);x3=15*cos(phi);x4=0;
y1=0;y2=15*sin(phi);y3=15*sin(phi);y4=0;
z1=-15;z2=-15;z3=15;z4=15;
hold on;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green');
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.14 Cylindrical co-ordinates');

Fig 3.14 Cylindrical Co-ordinates (ρ, φ and z constants)

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

3.15 Representation of differential elements in cylindrical co-ordinates

Ex 3.15 Draw the differential elements in cylindrical co-ordinates
Program 3.15
clear all
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[5 0 0],[0 5 0],[0 0 5]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-5 0 0],[0 -5 0],[0 0 -5]);
hold on;
theta=pi/6:0.01:pi/3;
r1=10;
x1=r1*cos(theta);
y1=r1*sin(theta);
for k=1:length(x1)
z1(k)=1;
z2(k)=-1;
end
x=[x1;x1];
y=[y1;y1];
z=[z1;z2];
surf(x,y,z);
hold on;
r=9
x1=r*cos(theta)
y1=r*sin(theta)
for k=1:length(x1)
z1(k)=1
z2(k)=-1
end
x=[x1;x1]
y=[y1;y1]
z=[z1;z2]
surf(x,y,z)
hold on
vectarrow([0 0 0],[12*cos(pi/4) 12*sin(pi/4) 0])
hold on
vectarrow([9*cos(pi/4) 9*sin(pi/4) 0],[9*cos(pi/4) 9*sin(pi/4) 8])
phi=pi/3;
x1=r*cos(phi);x2=r1*cos(phi);x3=r1*cos(phi);x4=r*cos(phi);
y1=r*sin(phi);y2=r1*sin(phi);y3=r1*sin(phi);y4=r*sin(phi);
z1=-1;z2=-1;z3=1;z4=1;
hold on;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green');
phi=pi/6;
x1=r*cos(phi);x2=r1*cos(phi);x3=r1*cos(phi);x4=r*cos(phi);
y1=r*sin(phi);y2=r1*sin(phi);y3=r1*sin(phi);y4=r*sin(phi);
hold on;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green');
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.15 Differential element-cylindrical co-ordinates ');

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

Fig 3.15 Differential element-Cylindrical co-ordinates

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3.16 Representation of surface with θ constant

Ex 3.16 Draw the surface with θ constant
Program 3.16
clear all
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[2 0 0],[0 2 0],[0 0 2]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-2 0 0],[0 -2 0],[0 0 -2]);
hold on;
theta=0:pi/40:2*pi;
r=1;
x1=r*cos(theta);
y1=r*sin(theta);
for k=1:length(x1)
z1(k)=0;
z2(k)=1;
x2(k)=0;
y2(k)=0;
end
x=[x2;x1];
y=[y2;y1];
z=[z1;z2];
surf(x,y,z);
hold on
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.16 Cone-theta constant ');

Fig 3.16 Surface with θ constant-Cone

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

3.17 Representation of surface with r constant

Ex 3.17 Draw the surface with r constant
Program 3.17
sphere(100)
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.17 Sphere-r constant ');

Fig 3.17 Surface with r constant-Sphere

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3.18 Representation of surfaces with r, θ and φ constant

Ex 3.18 Draw the surface with r, θ and φ constant
Program 3.18
clear all
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[2 0 0],[0 2 0],[0 0 2]);
hold on;
quiver3([0 0 0],[0 0 0],[0 0 0],[-2 0 0],[0 -2 0],[0 0 -2]);
hold on;
theta=0:pi/40:2*pi;
r=1;
x1=r*cos(theta);
y1=r*sin(theta);
for k=1:length(x1)
z1(k)=0;z2(k)=1;x2(k)=0;y2(k)=0;
end
x=[x2;x1];y=[y2;y1];z=[z1;z2];
surf(x,y,z);
hold on;
phi=pi/3;
x1=0;x2=1.5*cos(phi);x3=1.5*cos(phi);x4=0;
y1=0;y2=1.5*sin(phi);y3=1.5*sin(phi);y4=0;
z1=-1.5;z2=-1.5;z3=1.5;z4=1.5;
hold on;
patch([x1 x2 x3 x4 x1], [y1 y2 y3 y4 y1], [z1 z2 z3 z4 z1],'green');
sphere(100);
xlabel('x-axis');ylabel('y-axis');zlabel('z-axis');
title('Ex-3.18 r, theta and phi constant ');

Fig 3.18 Surface with r, θ and φ constant

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3.19 Evaluation of surface and volume integrals of a cylinder

Ex 3.19 Evaluation of surface and volume integrals of a cylinder with given ,φ and z

Program 3.19
clc; %clear the command line
clear; %removole all prevolious volariables
VOLol=0; %initialize vololume of the closed surface to 0
% initialize the area of A1-A6 to 0
A1=0;
A2=0;
A3=0;
A4=0;
A5=0;
A6=0;
ro=4; %initialize ro to the its lower boundary
z=8; %initialize z to the its lower boundary
ang=pi/6;%initialize ang to the its lower boundary
No_ro_values=100; %initialize the ro discretization
No_ang_values=100;%initialize the ang discretization
No_z_values=100;%initialize the z discretization
dro=(4-2)/No_ro_values;%The ro increment
dang=(pi/3-pi/9)/No_ang_values;%The ang increment
dz=(5-3)/No_z_values;%The z increment
%%the following routine calculates the vololume of the enclosed surface
for k=1:No_z_values
for j=1:No_ro_values
for i=1:No_ang_values
VOL=VOL+ro*dang*dro*dz;%add contribution to the vololume
end
ro=ro+dro;%p increases each time when z has been travoleled from its lower
boundary to its upper boundary
end
ro=2;%reset ro to its lower boundary
end
%%the following routine calculates the area of A1 and A2
ro1=2;%radius of A1
ro2=4;%radius of a2
for k=1:No_z_values
for i=1:No_ang_values
A1=A1+ro1*dang*dz;%get contribution to the the area of A1
A2=A2+ro2*dang*dz;%get contribution to the the area of A2
end
end
%%the following routing calculate the area of A3 and A4
ro=2;%reset ro to it's lower boundaty
for j=1:No_ro_values
for i=1:No_ang_values
A3=A3+ro*dang*dro;%get contribution to the the area of A3
end
ro=ro+dro;%p increases each time when ang has been travoleled from it's lower
boundary to it's upper boundary
end
A4=A3;%the area of A4 is equal to the area of A3
%%the following routing calculate the area of A5 and A6
for k=1:No_z_values

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

for j=1:No_ro_values
A5=A5+dz*dro;%get contribution to the the area of A3
end
end
A6=A5;%the area of A6 is equal to the area of A6
Surface_area=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6;%the area of the enclosed surface
VOL
Surface_area

Output

VOL = 8.3497
Surface_area = 24.7272

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

4. MATLAB Commands for Visualization of

Electromagnetic Fields

4.1 Use of meshgrid command

meshgrid Cartesian grid in 2-D/3-D space

[X,Y] = meshgrid(xgv,ygv) replicates the grid vectors xgv and ygv to produce the
coordinates of a rectangular grid (X, Y). The grid vector xgv is replicated
numel(ygv) times to form the columns of X. The grid vector ygv is replicated
numel(xgv) times to form the rows of Y.

[X,Y,Z] = meshgrid(xgv,ygv,zgv) replicates the grid vectors xgv, ygv, zgv to

produce the coordinates of a 3D rectangular grid (X, Y, Z). The grid vectors
xgv,ygv,zgv form the columns of X, rows of Y, and pages of Z respectively.

[x,y]=meshgrid(2,3)

x=

y=

>> [x,y]=meshgrid(2:4,3:5)

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x=

2 3 4

2 3 4

2 3 4

y=

3 3 3

4 4 4

5 5 5

>> [x,y]=meshgrid(3:4,4:5)

x=

3 4

3 4

y=

4 4

5 5

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

>> [x,y]=meshgrid(3:4,3:5)

x=

3 4

3 4

3 4

y=

3 3

4 4

5 5

>> [x,y]=meshgrid(3:4,3:6)

x=

3 4

3 4

3 4

3 4

y=

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

4.2 Use of Peaks Command

>> peaks

z = 3*(1-x).^2.*exp(-(x.^2) - (y+1).^2) ...

- 10*(x/5 - x.^3 - y.^5).*exp(-x.^2-y.^2) ...

- 1/3*exp(-(x+1).^2 - y.^2)

Fig. 3.1 Peaks in MATLAB

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

4.3 Divergnce:

Divergence: Divergence of a vector field.

DIV = divergence(X,Y,Z,U,V,W) computes the divergence of a 3-D vector field
U,V,W. The arrays X,Y,Z define the coordinates for U,V,W and must be
monotonic and 3-D plaid.

4.4 Contour:
Contour: Contour plot.
contour(Z) draws a contour plot of matrix Z in the x-y plane, with the x-
coordinates of the vertices corresponding to column indices of Z and the y-
coordinates corresponding to row indices of Z. The contour levels are chosen
automatically.

4.5 Evaluation of divergence of a vector K=10xax+6yay+10zaz

[X,Y,Z]= meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.25:2, -2:.16:2);

U = 10*X;
V = 6*Y ;
W = 10*Z ;
div=divergence(X,Y,Z,U,V,W);
disp(div(1))
Output
26.0000

( ⁄ )
4.6 Calculate and plot the divergence of a vector field where
r=xax+yay

v=[-2:0.1:2];
[x,y]=meshgrid(v);
z=x;
r=sqrt(x.^2 + y.^2);

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

a=r.*exp(-(r./2).^2);
div = divergence(r,a);
contour(v,v,div);
hold on;
quiver(div,r);

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Fig. 3.2 Divergence of a vector field

4.7 Calculate and plot the gradient of a function

[x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.2:2);

z = x .* exp(-x.^2 - y.^2);
[px,py] = gradient(z,.2,.2);
contour(z), hold on,
quiver(px,py),
hold off

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

20

18

16

14

12

10

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Fig. 3.3 gradient of a function

4.8 Plot the gradient of a function
4.8.1 Plot the gradient of a function
[x,y,z] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.2:2, -2:.2:2);
f =-4*x.^2 -5* y.^4-z.^3;
[px,py,pz] = gradient(f,.2,.2,.2);
quiver3(x,y,z,px,py,pz)

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

-1

-2

-3
2
1 4
0 2
0
-1 -2
-2 -4

Fig. 3.4 Gradient of a function

4.9 Plot the curl of a function
4.9.1 Plot the curl of a function
[X,Y,Z]= meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.25:2, -2:.16:2);
U = 10*X.^2 ;
V = 6*Y ;
W = 10*Z.^3 ;
[cx,cy,cz]=curl(X,Y,Z,U,V,W);
quiver3(X,Y,Z,cx,cy,cz)

4.9.2 Plot the curl of a function ( )

[X,Y,Z]= meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.25:2, -2:.16:2);

U = 3*X+2*Z.^2 ;
V = (X.^3).*(Y.^2)./Z ;
W = (Z-7*X);

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

[cx,cy,cz]=curl(X,Y,Z,U,V,W);
quiver3(X,Y,Z,cx,cy,cz)

-1

-2

-3
4
2 4
0 2
0
-2 -2
-4 -4

Fig. 3.5 Curl of a function

4.9.3 Plot the curl of a function ( )

[X,Y,Z]= meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.25:2, -2:.16:2);

U = 4*Y.^2+(3*(X.^2).*Y)./(Z.^2) ;
V = 8.*X.*Y+((X.^3)./(Z.^2));
W = 11-(2*(X.^3).*Y./Z.^3);
[cx,cy,cz]=curl(X,Y,Z,U,V,W);
quiver3(X,Y,Z,cx,cy,cz)

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

-1

-2

-3
4
2 4
0 2
0
-2 -2
-4 -4

Fig. 3.6 Curl of a function

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 ”Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields”

5. Exercise Problems
1. Find the angle between the vectors A=10 ax+5ay ,B=12ax-2ay+3az using dot
product and cross product.
2. Given A=-4 ax+2ay+3az and B=3ax+4ay-az. Find the vector component of A
parallel to B.
3. Find the sum of P=3 ax+4ay+5az and T=-5ax+4ay-3az using parallelogram law of
addition.
4. Find the sum of Q=10 ax-6ay+8az and R=-ax+12ay-7az using triangular law of
addition.
5. Draw the position vector of points D(3,0,-5) and F(-9,2,-1).
6. Let A=-2ax+3ay+4az;B=7ax+ay+2az and C=-ax+2ay+4az.Find
i) AXB ii) (AXB).C iii) A.(BXC)
7. Given vectors A=ax+2ay+5az and B=5ax-ay+3az. Find the vector component of A
along B.
8. Show that vectors a = (4, 0,- 1) , b = (1,3, 4), and c = (-5,- 3,- 3) form the sides of
a triangle.
9. If the position vectors of points T and S are 3ax-2ay+az and 4ax+6ay+2az find: (a)
the coordinates of T and S, (b) the distance vector from T to S, (c) the distance
between T and S.
10. Calculate the angles that vector H = 3ax + 5ay - 8az makes with the x-,y-, and z-
axes.

For any queries please Contact:

Dr.G.Pranava
Assistant Professor
EEE Department,VCE(A)
pranava.gopu@staff.vce.ac.in
9966744474

Dr.Ch.Ch.V.S.S.Sailaja
Associate Professor
EEE Department,VCE(A)
ch.sailaja@staff.vce.ac.in
8121981253

Dr.M.Chakravarthy
Professor,HoD EEE
hodeee@staff.vce.ac.in
9849979136

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