Guru Nanak Dev University

Regional Campus Jalandhar

B.TECH(Computer
Science and
Engineering)
PRACTICAL FILE
Submitted by : Manan Lamba
Submitted to : Dr . Neetika Soni
Roll no. : 17032249075
Subject Code : CSL-241
 Practical-1

Aim: Introduction to Cisco Packet Tracer.

Objectives:- 1. To install Cisco packet tracer.

2. To get familiar with various components and functions of Cisco Packet Tracer.
3. To navigate the main user interface.

Theory: Cisco Packet Tracer is a visual simulation tool developed by Cisco that
provides users with the opportunity to create network topologies and imitates modern
computer networks. It allows you to simulate the configurations of Cisco routers and
switches using the help of a simulated line interface.
It allows us to develop our skill set in networking, cyber security, and the Internet of
Things (IoT). It allows us to model complex systems without the need for dedicated
equipment.
This free software helps us to practice our network configuration and troubleshooting
skills our desktop computer or an Android or IOS based mobile device. Packet Tracer
is available for both the Linux and Windows desktop environments. Also Cisco Packet
Tracer can be installed and run on Windows 7. Windows 8, Windows 10 32-bit and 64-
bit, Linux for 64-bit, MacOSX.

Procedure :- 1. Log into your Cisco Networking Academy "I'm Learning" page.
2. Select Resources from the menu in the upper right portion of your screen.
3. Select Download Packet Tracer.
4. Select the version of Packet Tracer you require.
5. Save the to your computer.
6. Launch the Packet Tracer install program.
7. After installation, close and restart your web browser.
8. Launch Cisco Packet Tracer by selecting the appropriate icon.
9. When prompted, use your Netacad login information to authenticate.
10. Packet Tracer will launch and you are ready to explore its features.
11. Some of the icons are as follows:-

New:- This option will create a blank and new workspace.

Open:- This option allows users to open an existing file etc. that is already present in
our computer.
Save:- This option will allow users to save file to the PC.

Network Description:- In this option we can create a short note or write a small
description of the network.

Undo:- option will allow user to handle the accidently made changes in our network. By
this option, we can get the previous stage of our network.

Viewport:- This option will show the current network structure in real time that we have
made in the workspace.

Delete:- This will delete the selected item or network from the workspace.
Notes:- This option allows user to write notes in the workspace that helps to describe
the network.

Physical:- The physical icon in Cisco Packet Tracer represents the physical components of a
network, such as routers, switches, cables, and other hardware devices. It allows users to
visually create and configure network topologies, simulating real-world network setups.

Networking Devices: The Device-Specific Selection Box will change depending Upon
which type of device you choose. The top row of icons represents the category list
consisting of: Networking Devices, End Devices, Component: connections,
Miscellaneous, and Multiuser. Each category contains at least or ab-category group.
Connection Devices:- This box you to choose specifically the devices that you want to
put in your network. In this box, you'll find devices that may have already been
obsolete.

Connections:- This is the connection wires for connecting our devices with in a
Network. Some main connecting wires are as follows :-

12. Make LAN in order to get familiar with the GUI of Packet Tracer.
a.) Drag and drop connection devices in the workspace.
b.) Connect the devices with the help of connections i.e. cables.

c.) Give the IP address to each pc and ping in order to check whether the network is
working.
Conclusion: We learnt how to install Cisco packet tracer, get familiar with various
components and functions of Cisco Packet Tracer and concluded that Cisco Packet
Tracer has many benefits such as economy, flexibility that enhance student's skills.
 Practical – 2

Aim:- Hands on practice for preparing straight cable and cross over cable.

Components Required:- RJ45 connector, crimping tool ,cable cutter, line

tester , cable.

Theory:- An RJ45 connector is the most common type of twisted-pair network

connector that generally has an 8-position, 8-contact modular plug and jack
(8P8C). It’s used to connect computers with Ethernet-based LAN or Local Area
Networks and can be commonly found on Ethernet cables.

T568A and T568B are two wiring schemes that are used to connect the cable to the
connector interface. The commonly used network cables: Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat
6a, Cat7.

Straight cable: Straight-through cable is a type of CAT5 with RJ-45 connectors at

each end, and each has the same pin out. It is in accordance with either the T568A
or T568B standards. It uses the same color code throughout the LAN for
consistency. This type of twisted-pair cable is used in LAN to connect a computer
or a network hub such as a router. It is one of the most common types of network
cable.

Crossover Cable :A Crossover cable is a type of CAT 5 where one end isT568A
configuration and the other end as T568BConfiguration. In this type of cable
connection, Pin 1 is crossed with Pin 3, and Pin 2 is crossed with Pin 6. Crossover
cable is used to connect two or more computing devices. It is widely used to
connect two devices of the same type: e.g., two computers or two switches to each
other.
Objectives:- To understand the process of preparation of straight cable and
crossover cable and its working.
Procedure:-
1. Cut out the outer shield of wire with the help of cable cutter and separate all
the cables.
2. Cut all the wires by leaving a margin of an inch.

3. Insert wires in RJ45 connector by placing the correct combinations of colors

on both side. (Straight through or cross over).

4. Press RJ45 connector using crimping tool. After connecting the wire with
connector check the wire if it is working by connecting it with line tester.

Conclusion:- Cross cable and the straight cable have many applications and are
prepared by taking some necessary precautions and after proper understanding of
the coloring scheme of the wires. The different colored wires are connected in a certain
way to prepare the required cables.
 Practical -3

Aim: To study basic network commands and Cisco IOS show commands.

Objective:
1. To implement ping , tracert , nslookup and pathping commands in Cisco Packet
Tracer.
2. Some other commands are : show arp , show flash , show IP route , show
interfaces , show protocols , show users , show version.

Theory:

1. Ping:- Ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test

the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It is available for
virtually all operating systems that have networking capability, including most
embedded network administration software. It uses a series of Internet Control
Message Protocol(ICMP) Echo messages to determine:
. Whether a remote host is active or not.
. The round-trip delay in communicating with the host
. Packet loss

2. Traceroute:- The traceroute command is used to discover the routes that

packets actually take when travelling to their destination. It will list all the routers
it passes through until it reaches it’s destination, or fails to and is discarded. In
addition to this, it will tell you how long each ‘hop’ from router to router takes.

3. Nslookup:- Nslookup is a network administration command-line tool available

in many computer operating systems for querying the Domain Name System
(DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping, or other DNS records. The
name "nslookup" means "name server lookup". Nslookup is an MS-DOS utility
that enables a user to look up the IP address of a domain or host on a network. The
nslookup command can also perform a reverse lookup using an IP address to find
the domain or host associated with that IP address.

4. Pathing:- Pathping is a TCP/IP based utility (command line tool) that provides
useful information about network latency and network loss at intermediate hops
between a source address and a destination address. It does this by sending echo
requests via ICMP and analyzing the results. The PathPing command is a
command-line network utility supplied in Windows 2000 and beyond that
combines the functionality of ping with that of tracert. It is used to locate spots that
have network latency and network loss.

5. show arp:- It displays the ARP table of the router address to MAC address
mappings.

6. show flash:- It displays information about Flash memory.

7. show ip route:- It displays the IPv4 routing table of the router.

8. show users:- It displays all users connected to the router.

9. show protocols:- It displays status of configured Layer 3 protocols; both

parameters are optional.

10. show version:- It displays information about loaded Cisco IOS software.

11. show interfaces:- It displays information of all interfaces in the chassis or one
specified interface.

Procedure:

To implement PING and TRACERT commands:

1. In CPT, build a basic network using routers, switches and PCs.
2. Open Command Prompt on one of the PCs in the network.
3. To ping other PCs, type ping ip address and press Enter.
4. To use tracert, type tracert ip address and press Enter.
To implement NSLOOKUP and PATHPING commands
1. Press Windows Key + R, type cmd.exe and hit Enter.
2. Type nslookup in Command Prompt and press Enter. Type the address of
website to get its IP address. Abort the command after the result is displayed.
3. Type pathping ip address and press Enter.

For the show arp command

1. First of all create the topology by connecting with specified cables and give the
IP address to all the devices.
2. Then click on router and then click on CLI window and type command show
arp.

For the show flash command

1. This command will display the content of flash memory, used space and
available space.
2. Write show flash command and the press enter key.

For the show IP route command

1. Use the show IP route EXEC command to display the current state of routing
table.
2. Write show IP route command and then press enter key.
For the show interface command
1. This command shows the status and configuration of interfaces.
For the show protocol command
1. To display the configured protocol, use the show protocols command in user
EXEC or privileged EXEC mode.
2. Write show protocols command and then press enter key and check the result.

For the show user command

1. This command displays users currently connected to the router.
2. Write show user command and then press enter key.
For the show version command
1. This command will display about software version of running IOS. It also
provides information about configuration setting. It shows current configuration
register setting that is used to reset the password of route.
2. Write show version command and then press enter key.

Conclusion:-Able to know about what are the basic commands and how it is
used and its functionality.
 Practical – 4

Aim:- To study the following Network Devices in detail i.e. Hub ,Switch ,Router.

Objective:- To study the functionality of Hubs ,Switches ,Routers.

Theory:-

Hub :- When referring to a network, a hub is the most basic

networking device that connects multiple computers or other network devices
together. Unlike a network switch or router, a network hub has no routing tables or
intelligence on where to send information and broadcasts all network data across
each connection. Most hubs can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but
having all information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause
bottlenecks.

1. Active Hub :- They are smarter than the passive hubs. They not only provide the
path for the data signals in fact they regenerate, concentrate and strengthen the
signals before sending them to their destinations. Active hubs are also termed as
repeaters.

2. Passive Hub :- They are more like point contact for the wires to built in the
physical network. They have nothing to do with modifying the signals.

Switches :- Switches are the linkage points of an Ethernet network. Just as in hub,
devices in switches are connected to them through twisted pair cabling. But the
difference shows up in the manner both the devices; hub and a switch treat the data
they receive. Hub works by sending the data to all the ports on the device whereas
a switch transfers it only to that port which is connected to the destination device.
A switch does so by having an in-built learning of the MAC address of the devices
connected to it. Since the transmission of data signals are well defined in a switch
hence the network performance is consequently enhanced. Switches operate in full-
duplex mode where devices can send and receive data from the switch at the
simultaneously unlike in half-duplex mode. The transmission speed in switches is
double than in Ethernet hub transferring a 20Mbps connection into 30Mbps and a
200Mbps connection to become 300Mbps. Performance improvements are
observed in networking with the extensive usage of switches in the modern days.
Whereas switches work in more efficient way, switches control the flow of data
traffic in an organized way. A switch is an intelligent device. Switches can identify
easily to which it has to send data. Transfer of appropriate data packets to
appropriate units thus help to increase network bandwidth. Hence, we can say that
the use of switches instead of hubs lower the load of unnecessary data being sent to
the network.

Routers :- Router is a network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI reference model device
that means it can connect multiple computer networks via wired or wireless
connections. Network router can receive, analyze, perform the traffic directing
functions and forwards data packet from one network to its destination node. A
router is a device that forwards packets between networks by processing the
routing information included in the packet. Routers use logical and physical
addressing to connect two or more logically separate networks. They accomplish
this connection by organizing the large network into logical network segments or
sub-networks. Each of these sub networks is given a logical address. This allows
the networks to be separate but still access each other and exchange data when
necessary. Data is grouped into packets, or blocks of data. Each packet, in addition
to having a physical device address, has a logical network address. Network Router
containing a software that help in determining the best path out of the available
paths, for a particular transmission. They consist of a combination of hardware and
software. The hardware includes the physical interfaces to the various networks in
the internet work. The two main pieces of software in a router are the operating
system and the routing protocol. Routers are frequently used to interconnect
identical networks as well as to interconnect networks with different types of hardware.

Procedure:-

Hub :- 1. First select a Hub from section below and place it in the
middle of the logical work space.
2. Click on the PC icon, click Generic, and then click in the logical view area to
add a Generic PC.
3. Repeat the same step to add three more Generic PCs in the logical view area.
4. Now connect the hub with the following Pc’s with the help of straight cables.

Switches :- 1. Firstly select the switch section from the network devices and select
any switch (eg. 2960) from the given list.
2. Click on the PC icon, click Generic, and then click in the logical view area to
add a Generic PC.
3. Repeat the same step to add two more Generic PCs in the logical view area.
4. Now the switches (if more than one) are connected to one another with the help
of cross-over cables and the Pc’s are connected to their respective switches with
the help of the straight cable.

Router :- 1. First of all the click on the router section in the network devices and a
router is selected from the list of given routers.
2. After placing the router in the workspace the switches are to be selected to be
connected to the router, further where the Pc’s will get connected.
3. Click on the PC icon, click Generic, and then click in the logical view area to
add a Generic PC.
4. Now first connect the switches with their respective Pc’s with help of straight
cables.
5. Next before connecting the switch with the router, click the router to open the
Physical device view of the Router.
6. Now connect the Router with the switches with the help of the straight cables.
Conclusion :- Hubs and switches are used to connect networks. Switches use the
MAC (media access control) address to do the switching. A router, on the other
hand, uses the IP address to create the switched path from one computer to another.
 Practical-5

Aim: To study various network topologies.

Objective:
1. To understand bus, star networks with ethernet hubs.
2. To understand bus, star, ring, mesh networks with switches.

Theory:
1.) In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the
network through a dedicated point-to-point link. When we say dedicated it means
that the link only carries data for the two connected devices only. Lets say we have
n devices in the network then each device must be connected with (n-1) devices of
the network. Number of links in a mesh topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2.

Advantages of Mesh topology

1. No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which
means is only available for those two devices.
2. Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link doesn’t affect other
links and the communication between other devices on the network.
3. Fault detection is easy.

Disadvantages of Mesh topology

1. Amount of wires required to connected each system is tedious and headache.
2. Since each device needs to be connected with other devices, number of I/O ports
required must be huge.
3. Scalability issues because a device cannot be connected with large number of
devices with a dedicated point to point link.
2.) In star topology each device in the network is connected to a central device
called hub. Unlike Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct
communication between devices, a device must have to communicate through hub.
If one device wants to send data to other device, it has to first send the data to hub
and then the hub transmit that data to the designated device.

Advantages of Star topology

1. Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and needs to be
connected with hub with one link.
2. Easier to install
3. Less amount of cables required because each device needs to be connected with
the hub only.
4. Robust, if one link fails, other links will work just fine.
5. Easy fault detection because the link can be easily identified.

Disadvantages of Star topology

1. If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without
hub.
2. Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it is the central
system of star topology.
3.) In bus topology there is a main cable and all the devices are connected to this
main cable through drop lines. There is a device called tap that connects the drop
line to the main cable. Since all the data is transmitted over the main cable, there is
a limit of drop lines and the distance a main cable can have.

Advantages of bus topology

1. Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with backbone cable.
2. Less cables required than Mesh and star topology

Disadvantages of bus topology

1. Difficultly in fault detection.
2. Not scalable as there is a limit of how many nodes you can connect with
backbone cable.

4.) In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side
of it. There are two dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on
the either side of it. This structure forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology. If
a device wants to send data to another device then it sends the data in one
direction, each device in ring topology has a repeater, if the received data is
intended for other device then repeater forwards this data until the intended device
receives it.

Advantages of Ring Topology

1. Easy to install.
2. Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the topology only two
links are required to be changed.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1. A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will not travel forward due
to failure.
2. Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring.
5.) A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid topology. For
example a combination of star and mesh topology is known as hybrid topology.

Advantages of Hybrid topology

1. We can choose the topology based on the requirement for example, scalability is
our concern then we can use star topology instead of bus technology.
2. Scalable as we can further connect other computer networks with the existing
networks with different topologies.

Disadvantages of Hybrid topology

1. Fault detection is difficult.
2. Installation is difficult.
3. Design is complex so maintenance is high thus expensive.

Procedure:- Bus, Star networks with hubs:-

Bus Topology

1. In Cisco Packet Tracer, select Hubs under Network Devices from the
Device-Type Selection Box and drag three Hub-PT(s) from Device-Specific
Selection Box onto the workspace. Align these horizontally.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag four
PC-PT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace. Align
these vertically with respect to one of the hubs.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the
hub (chosen in step 2) and then on one of the PCs, connect these via Fast
Ethernet ports. Repeat for the other PC.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the other.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for the remaining hubs.
6. Connect the hubs linearly using Copper Cross over cables from Connections.
7. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
ping ip address of the receiver PC
8. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which
is intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand
the data flow in a bus network using hubs.

Star Topology

1. Select Hubs under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box
and drag a HubPT from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag five
PC-PT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the
hub and then on one of the PCs, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for remaining PCs.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
ping ip address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which
is intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand
the data flow in a star network using a hub.

Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh,Hybrid networks with switches:-

Bus Topology

1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection

Box and drag four 2960-24TT switches from Device-Specific Selection Box
onto the workspace. Align these horizontally.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag two
PC-PT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace. Align
these vertically with respect to one of the switches.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the
switch (chosen in step 2) and then on PC, connect these via Fast Ethernet
ports. Repeat for the other PC.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the other.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for the remaining switches.
6. Connect the switches linearly using Copper Cross over cables from
Connections via Fast Ethernet ports.
7. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
ping ip address of the receiver PC
8. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which
is intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand
the data flow in a bus network using switches.

Ring Topology

1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection

Box and drag four 2960-24TT switches from Device-Specific Selection Box
onto the workspace. Align these as vertices of a closed loop.
2. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Cross over cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on a switch and
then on another one, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports. Repeat such that a
closed shape is formed.
3. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag four
PC-PT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the others.
5. Connect PCs to switches using Copper Straight through cables from
Connections via Fast Ethernet ports such that one PC is exclusively
connected to one switch.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
ping ip address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which
is intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand
the data flow in a ring network using switch.
Star Topology

1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection

Box and drag a 2960-24TT switch from Device-Specific Selection Box onto
the workspace.
2. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag five
PC-PT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
3. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Straight through Cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on the
switch and then on one of the PCs, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for remaining PCs.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
ping ip address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which
is intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand
the data flow in a star network using switch.
Mesh Topology

1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection

Box and drag four 2960-24TT switches from Device-Specific Selection Box
onto the workspace. Align these as vertices of a closed loop.
2. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Cross over cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on a switch and
then on another one, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports. Repeat such that
each switch is connected to every other switch.
3. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag four
PC-PT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the others.
5. Connect PCs to switches using Copper Straight through cables from
Connections via Fast Ethernet ports such that one PC is exclusively
connected to one switch.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
ping ip address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which
is intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand
the data flow in a mesh network using switch.
Tree Topology

1. Select Switches under Network Devices from the Device-Type Selection

Box and drag four 2960-24TT switches from Device-Specific Selection Box
onto the workspace.
2. Select Connections from the Device-Type Selection Box and then Copper
Cross over cable from Device-Specific Selection Box. Click on a switch and
then on another one, connect these via Fast Ethernet ports. Repeat such that
each switch is connected to every other switch.
3. Select End Devices from the Device-Type Selection Box and then drag four
PC-PT(s) from Device-Specific Selection Box onto the workspace.
4. Click on one of the PCs, go to Desktop tab in the dialog box then click on IP
Configuration and enter the IP address. Repeat for the others.
5. Connect PCs to switches using Copper Straight through cables from
Connections via Fast Ethernet ports such that one PC is exclusively
connected to one switch.
6. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
ping ip address of the receiver PC
7. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC which
is intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to receive it.
Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to understand
the data flow in a mesh network using switch.
Hybrid Topology

1. Connect all topologies with each other.

2. Click on one of the PC, go to Desktop tab then open Command Prompt and
ping another PC to check if the network is working, using the command:
3. Select Add Simple PDU from the Common Tools Bar. Click on the PC
which is intended to send the PDU and then the PC which is intended to
receive it. Switch to Simulation Mode, click on Play under Play Controls to
understand the data flow in a mesh network using switch.
Conclusion: Every topology has its own advantages and disadvantage. It
depends on the network needs and size, which network topology would be suitable.