1 Units and Measurements

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Table of Content
1.1 Physical Quantities 1.6.2 Rounding Off Numbers
1.2 Measurement 1.6.3 Rules For Rounding Off Numbers
1.2.1 Unit of Measurement 1.6.4 Rules for Arithmetic Operations with Significant
1.2.2 Systems of Units Figures
1.3 Set of Fundamental Quantities 1.7 Errors in Measurement
1.3.1 Fundamental Quantities and Their S.I. Units 1.8 Representation of Errors
1.4 Dimensions and Dimensional Formula 1.8.1 True Value
1.4.1 Dimensions 1.8.2 Absolute Errors
1.4.2 Dimensional Formula 1.8.3 Mean Absolute Error
1.4.3 Dimensional Constants
1.8.4 Relative or Fractional Error
1.4.4 Dimensionless Constants
1.8.5 Percentage Error
1.4.5 Dimensional Equation
1.4.6 Principle of Homogeneity 1.8.6 Propagation of Errors
1.4.7 Uses of Dimensional Analysis 1.9 Vernier Caliper
1.4.8 Dimensions of Differential Coefficients and Integrals 1.9.1 Determination of Least Count of the Vernier Calipers
1.4.9 Limitations of Dimensional Analysis 1.9.2 Zero Error of Vernier Caliper
1.5 Abbreviations for Multiples and Sub Multiples 1.10 Screw Gauge
1.6 Significant Figures 1.10.1 Zero Error and Zero Correction of Screw Gauge
1.6.1 Rules to Determine Number of Significant Figures 1.11 Physical Quantities having same Dimensional Formulas
 2 PHYSICS Module - 1

Table 1.1: Fundamental Quantities and their S.I. Units

1.1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
S. No. Physical quantity Unit Symbol
There are two types of physical quantities 1. Length Metre m
2. Mass Kilogram kg
(i) Fundamental quantities
3. Time Second s
(ii) Derived quantities 4. Temperature Kelvin kg
Fundamental Quantities: The physical quantities that can neither
5. Electric current Ampere A
be derived from one another, nor they can be further resolved into
more simple units are known as fundamental quantities. 6. Luminous Intensity Candela cd
7. Amount of substance Mole mol
Examples: mass, length etc. are fundamental quantities.
Table 1.2: Supplementary quantities
Derived Quantities: All the other physical quantities which can
be expressed in terms of the fundamental units are called derived S. No. Physical quantity Unit Symbol
quantities. 1. Plane angle Radian Rad
Examples: Area, density, velocity, force etc. 2. Solid angle Steradian sr
 Velocity = Displacement Table 1.3: Physical Quantities and their definition
Time
Physical Quantity
Thus the velocity is a derived physical quantity. Definition
(SI Unit)

The distance traveled by light in vacuum

1.2 MEASUREMENT Length (m) 1
in second is called 1 metre.
299,792, 458
Measurement is the comparison of a physical quantity with a The mass of a cylinder made of platinum-
standard of the same quantity. iridium alloy kept at International
Mass (kg)
Bureau of Weights and Measures is de-
1.2.1 Unit of Measurement fined as 1 kilogram.
 A fixed measurement chosen as a standard of measurement to
measure a physical quantity is called a Unit. The second is the duration of
9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation
 To measure a physical quantity means to determine the number Time (s) corresponding to the transition between
of times its standard unit is contained in that physical quantity.
the two hyperfine levels of the ground
 The numerical value obtained on measuring a physical state of the cesium-133 atom.
quantity is given by.
If equal currents are maintained in the
n1U1 = n2U2 two parallel infinitely long wires of
Where n1 and n2 are the numerical values U1 and U2 are the negligible cross-section, so that the force
Electric Current (1)
units of the same physical quantity in different systems. between them is 2 × 10–7 newton per
metre of the wires, the current in any of
1.2.2 Systems of Units
the wires is called 1 Ampere.
Some of the commonly used systems of units are given below:
1
(i) CGS System: It is based on centimetre, gram and second as the Thermodynamic The fraction of the
273.16
fundamental units. This system of unit was set up in France.
Temperature (K) thermodynamic temperature of triple
(ii) FPS System: It is based on foot, pound and second as the point of water is called 1 Kelvin
fundamental units of length, mass and time respectively. fps
1 candela is the luminous intensity of a
system is a British system of units.
1
(iii) MKS System: It is based on metre, kilogram and second as blackbody of surface area m2
600,000
the fundamental units of length, mass and time respectively. Luminous Intensity (cd) placed at the temperature of freezing
(iv) International system (SI) of units: This system is a platinum and at a pressure of 101,325
modification of the MKS system of units. Besides the three N/m2, in the direction perpendicular to
its surface
fundamental units of MKS system four more fundamental units
and two supplementary units are also included in this system. The mole is the amount of a substance
Amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities
(mole) as there are number of atoms in 0.012 kg
1.3 SET OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES of carbon-12.
There are two Angle = arc/radius θ = l/r
1.3.1 Fundamental Quantities and Their S.I. Units
supplementary units too:
 There are seven fundamental quantities and two supplementary
1. Plane angle (radian)
quantities in S.I. system. The names and units of the
2. Solid Angle (steradian) W = Area/(Radius)2
fundamental quantities with their symbols are given below:

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Units and Measurements 3

Key Note 1.4.4 Dimensionless Constants

Dimensionless quantities are those which do not have dimensions
Rules to write units: but have a fixed value. [NEET 2024]
y Unit named after a scientist should be represented by a capital
letter. eg: N for newton, W for watt, A for ampere.
(a) Dimensionless constants without units.
Eg: Pure numbers, angle etc.,
y Full names of the units, named after a scientist should not start
with a capital letter. Eg: newton, watt, ampere, metre. (b) Dimensionless constants with units.
y Units must not be written in plural form.  Eg: Angular displacement-radian, Joule’s constant-joule/
calorie, etc.
Example: 10kg but not 10 kgs, 20W but not 20 Ws.
y Full stop or punctuation mark should not be used at the end of
1.4.5 Dimensional Equation
symbols for units. When the dimension of a physical quantity is equated with its
Example: 10W but not 10W. dimensional formula, we get a dimensional equation.
Eg: [F] = [MLT–2]
1.4.6 Principle of Homogeneity
1.4 DIMENSIONS AND DIMENSIONAL Principle of homogeneity states that the magnitude of a physical
FORMULA quantity may be added or subtracted from other physical quantity
only if they have the same dimension. [NEET 2024]
All the physical quantities of interest can be derived from the base 1.4.7 Uses of Dimensional Analysis
quantities. “The power (exponent) of base quantity that enters into
the expression of a physical quantity, is called the dimensions of (i) To Check the Correctness of a Given Physical Relation
the quantity in that base. To make it clear, consider the physical According to the principle of homogeneity, a given physical
quantity force. relation is dimensionally correct if the dimensions of the
Force = mass × acceleration various terms on LHS and RHS of the relation are the same.
length/time (ii) To Establish a Relation Between Different Physical Quantities
= mass ×
time On knowing the factors on which a physical quantity depends,
= mass × length × (time)–2 a relation can be derived among different factors by using
So the dimensions of force are principle of homogeneity.
[Force] = [MLT–2] (iii) To Convert Units of a Physical Quantity From One System of
Units to Another
Similarly energy has dimensional formula given by
[Energy ] = ML2T–2 If n1 and n2 are the numerical values of a given physical quantity
and u1 and u2 be the units respectively in two different systems of
Such an expression for a physical quantity in terms of base units, then
quantities is called dimensional formula n1u1 = n2u2
Physical quantity can be further classified into four types: a b c
M  L  T 
1. Dimensionless constant i.e. 1, 2, 3, π etc. n 2 = n1  1   1   1 

 M 2   L 2   T2 
2. Dimensionless variable i.e. angle q etc.
3. Dimensional constant i.e. G, h etc. 1.4.8 D
 imensions of Differential Coefficients
4. Dimensional variable i.e. F, v, etc.
and Integrals
 dn y   y 
1.4.1 Dimensions  n  =  n  and [∫ydx] = [ydx]
 dx   x 
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the
fundamental units are to be raised to obtain one unit of that quantity Practice
1.4.2 Dimensional Formula The Pause
An expression showing the powers to which the fundamental 1. Convert 1 joule to ergs.
quantities are to be raised to obtain one unit of the derived quantity a
M  L  T 
b c

is called Dimensional formula of that quantity. Sol. ∴ Using N2 = N1  1   1   1 

 M 2   L 2   T2 
In general the dimensional formula of a quantity can be written as 1 2 −2
[MxLyTz]. Here x,y,z are the dimensions. 1kg   1m  1s 
= 1     
 1g  1cm  1s 
1.4.3 Dimensional Constants 1 2
1000g  100cm  7
The physical quantities which have dimensions and have a fixed = 1     = 10
value are called dimensional constants.  1g   1cm 
∴ N2 = 107

Eg: Gravitational Constant (G), Planck’s Constant (h), Universal
gas constant (R), Velocity of light in vacuum (c) etc., So, 1J = 107 erg

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2. Check the accuracy of relation v2 – u2 = 2as, where v and According to the question
u are final and initial velocities, a is the acceleration, and s
is the distance. S ∝ Ea vb Tc
Sol. We have v2 – u2 = 2as. ⇒ [ML0T–2] = [ML2T–2]a[LT–1]b[T]c

Check the dimensions on both sides, ⇒ [ML0T–2] = [MaL2a+bT–2a–b+c]

LHS = [LT–1]2 – [LT–1]2
Equating the power on both sides, we get
= [L2T–2] – [L2T–2] = [L2T–2]
a = 1, 2a + b = 0 ⇒ b = –2
RHS = [LT–2][L] = [L2T2]
and –2a – b + c = –2 ⇒ c = –2
Comparing LHS and RHS, we find LHS = RHS. Hence,
the formula is dimensionally correct. \ [S] = [Ev–2T–2]

3. Find the value of 1 W on a system that has 100 g, 100 cm b − x2
and 1 min as the base units. 7. Find the dimensions of a in the relation: P = ; where
at
Sol. [Power] = ML2T–3 P is power, x is distance and t is time.

∴ a = 1, b = 2, c = –3 Sol. Using principle of homogeneity

a
M  L  T 
b c
[b] = [x2] = L2
n 2 = n1  l   1   1 
 M 2   L 2   T2  L2
[P] =
1
1000  100   1 
2 −3 [at]
=1 L2 L2
 100  100   60  ⇒ [a] =
= = M –1T 2
[P][t] ML2 T –3 T
= 2.16 × 106
Hence [a] = [M–1T2].
4. Find dimensional formula of [∫adt]
Sol. [∫adt] = [at]
Concept Application Questions
= [LT–2 × T]]
= [MoL'T–1] 1. For 10(at+3), the dimension of a is

5. If the dimensions of a physical quantity is given by MaLbTc, (1) M0L0T0 (2) M0L0T1
the physical quantity is (3) M0L0T–1 (4) None of these
2. The dimensions of universal gravitational constant are
(1) pressure if a = 1, b = –1, c = 2
(1) M2L2T–2 (2) M–1L3T–2
(2) velocity if a = 1, b = 1, c = –2 –1 –2
(3) ML T (4) ML2T–2
(3) acceleration if a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
3. When Bernoulli’s theorem is expressed as
(4) force if a = 0, b = –1, c = –2
Sol. (1) pressure if a = 1, b = –1, c = 2 P 1 v2
+ + h =constant the dimensions of the constant
ρg 2 g

The physical quantity is pressure.
on the right hand side of the equation are given as
6. If energy (E), velocity (v) and time (T) are taken as the
(1) M0L0T0 (2) M0L1T0
fundamental quantities, the dimensional formula of surface (3) M1L0T0 (4) M1L2T–2
tension will be
(1) [Ev2T–1] (2) [Ev–1T–2] 1.4.9 Limitations of Dimensional Analysis
(3) [Ev–2T–2] (4) [E2v–1T–3]
 Dimensionless quantities cannot be determined by this method.
Force(F)
Sol. (3) Surface tension (S) =  Constant of proportionality cannot be determined by this
Length(L)
method.
MLT –2
⇒ [S] = = ML0 T –2  The method of dimensional analysis is not applicable to derive
[L]
equations having trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential
Energy(E) = force × displacement functions.
⇒ [E] = [ML2T–2]

 It becomes difficult to derive equations in which a physical
displacement quantity depends on more than three physical quantities.
Velocity [v] =
time
 In some cases, the constant of proportionality also possesses
[v] = [LT–1]
dimensions. In such cases we cannot use this method.

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Units and Measurements 5

(iii) If the number is less than one, all the zeros to the right of the
1.5 ABBREVIATIONS FOR MULTIPLES decimal point are significant but to the first non-zero digit are
AND SUB MULTIPLES not significant.
Ex: 40.00 has 4 significant digits
Table 1.4: Multiples and It’s symbols Ex: 0.0500 has 3 significant digits.
Multiplier Symbol Name (iv) All zeros to the right of the last non-zero digit in a number
1024 Y Yotta having no decimal point are not significant.
1021 Z Zetta Ex: 4030 has 3 significant digits
1018 E Exa 1.6.2 Rounding Off Numbers
1015 P Peta The process of omitting the non significant digits and retaining only
1012 T Tera the desired number of significant digits, incorporating the required
modifications to the last significant digit is called rounding off the
109 G Giga
number.
106 M Mega
1.6.3 Rules For Rounding Off Numbers
103 K Kilo
 The preceding digit is raised by 1 if the immediate insignificant
102 h Hecto digit to the dropped is more than 5.
101 da Deca Ex: 4727 is rounded off to three significant figures as 4730.
10–1 d deci  The preceding digit is to be left unchanged if the immediate
10–2 c centi insignificant digit to be dropped is less than 5.
10–3 m milli Ex: 4722 is rounded off to three significant figures as 4720
10–6 m micro  If the immediate insignificant digit to be dropped is 5 then
10–9 n nano there will be two different cases
10–12 p pico (a) If the preceding digit is even, it is left unchanged and 5 is
dropped.
10–15 f femto
Ex: 4.7253 is to be rounded off to two decimal places.
10–18 a atto
The digit to be dropped here is 5 (along with 3) and the
10–21 z zpto preceding digit 2 is even and hence to be retained as two
10–24 y yocto only 4.7252 = 4.72
(b) If the preceding digit is odd, it is raised by 1
1.6 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Ex: 4.7153 is to be rounded off to two decimal places.
As the preceding digit 1 is odd, it is to be raised by
1 as 2.
 A significant figure is defined as the figure, which is considered 4.7153 = 4.72
reasonably, trust worthy in number.
1.6.4 R
 ules for Arithmetic Operations with
Eg: p = 3.141592654 (upto 10 digits)
Significant Figures
= 3.14 (with 3 figures ) (1) In multiplication or division, the final result should retain
= 3.1416 (upto 5 digits ) only that many significant figures as are there in the original
number with the least number of significant figures.
Key Note (2) In addition or subtraction the final result should retain only
that many decimal places as are there in the number with the
The significant figures indicate the extent to which the readings are
reliable.
least decimal places.
Ex: 2.2 + 4.08 + 3.12 + 6.38 = 15.78. Finally we should have
only one decimal place and hence 15.78 is to be rounded off
1.6.1 R
 ules to Determine Number of Significant as 15.8.
Figures
1.7 ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
(i) All the non-zero digits in a given number are significant
irrespective of the location of the decimal point if any.  Uncertainty in the measurement of a physical quantity is
Ex: 194,52 has five significant digits. known as the error in measurement.
 The difference between the measured value and true value as
1945.2 or 194.52 all have the same number of significant per standard method without mistakes is called the error.
digits, that is 5.
 Errors are broadly classified into three types:
(ii) All zeros accruing between two non zero digits are significant. (i) Systematic errors
Ex: 107008 has six significant digits. (ii) Random errors
107.008 or 1.07008 has also got six significant digits. (iii) Gross errors

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 6 PHYSICS Module - 1

Systematic Errors Key Note

 The errors due to a definite cause and which follow a particular y Personal errors like parallax error can be avoided by taking
rule are called systematic errors. They always occur in one proper care.
direction. Following are some systematic errors
y The instrumental errors are avoided by calibrating the instrument
Constant error with a standard value and by applying proper corrections.
 Systematic errors with a constant magnitude are called constant
errors.
 The constant error arised due to imperfect design, zero error in 1.8 REPRESENTATION OF ERRORS
the instrument or any other such defects. These are also called
instrumental errors. 1.8.1 True Value
Zero error  While measuring a physical quantity the arithmetic mean of
 Zero error due to improper designing and construction of the all the readings is found to be very close to the true value
measuring instrument. of the quantities. If a1, a2, a3 ............ an are the experimental
readings then mean value is given by
Example: If a screw gauge has a zero error of -4 head scale
divisions, then every reading will be 0.004cm less than the 1 n
true value.
amean = ∑ ai
n i =1
Environmental Error 1.8.2 Absolute Errors
 Experimental error arises due to external conditions like  The magnitude of the difference between the true value of
changes in environment, change in temperature, pressure, the measured physical quantity and the value of individual
humidity etc. measurement is called absolute error.
Example: Due to rise in temperature, a scale gets expanded Absolute error = |True value - measured values|
and this results in error in measuring length. Dai = |amean – ai|
Imperfection in Experimental technique or Procedure The absolute error is always taken as positive.
 The error due to experimental arrangement, procedure So, if the measured value o a quantity be 'a' and the absolute
followed and experimental technique is called Imperfection error or error in measurement be Da, then the true value can
error. be written as at = a ± D
Example: In calorimetric experiments, the loss of heat due 1.8.3 Mean Absolute Error
to radiation, the effect on weighing due to buoyancy of air
 The arithmetic mean of all the absolute errors is known as the
cannot be avoided. mean absolute error of the physical quantity.
Personal errors or observational errors ∆a1 + ∆a2 + − − − ∆an
∆amean =
 These errors are entirely due to personal peculiarities like n
individual bias, lack of proper settings of the apparatus
1 ∞
carelessness in taking observations. ∴ Damean = ∑ ∆ai
n i =1
1
Probable error ∝ The mean absolute error is always positive.
no. of readings
Example: Parallax error 1.8.4 Relative or Fractional Error
 Relative error of a physical quantity is the ratio of mean
Random Errors
absolute error to the mean value of the physical quantity being
 They are due to uncontrolled disturbances which influence measured.
the physical quantity and the instrument. These errors are
∆amean
estimated by statistical methods Relative error or fractional error =
amean
1
Random error ∝ Relative error is a pure number having no units.
no. of observations
Gross Errors 1.8.5 Percentage Error
 Gross errors occur due to improper recording, neglecting the Relative error when expressed in terms of percentage is known as
sources of the error, reading the instrument incorrectly, sheer percentage error
carelessness etc.  ∆a 
Percentage error
= in a  mean × 100  %  [NEET 2020 Covid]
 No correction can be applied to gross errors.  amean 

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Units and Measurements 7

Max. Percentage error in division is

Key Note
∆Z  ∆A   ∆B  [NEET 2023]
Relative error and percentage error give a measure of accuracy × 100 =  × 100  +  × 100  
of the physical quantity. Therefore, as percentage error increases Z  A   B 
accuracy decreases  Propagation of error due to Power:
A p Bq
If Z = then maximum fractional error in Z is
1.8.6 Propagation of Errors Cr
 Propagation of error due to addition of physical quantities ∆Z ∆A ∆B ∆C
= p +q +r
Let, Z = A + B Z A B C
Max. Possible error in Z is given by Maximum Percentage error in Z is given by [NEET 2019]

DZ = DA + DB ∆Z ∆A ∆B ∆C
× 100= p × 100 + q × 100 + r × 100
Z A B C
⇒ Z ± DZ = (A ± DA) + (B ± DB)

Relative error in Z =
∆A + ∆B Practice
A+ B The Pause
∆A + ∆B 8. Let the temperatures of two bodies measured by a
Percentage error
= in Z × 100
A+ B thermometer are t1 = 20°C ± 0.5°C and t2 = 50°C ± 0.5°C.
 Propagation of error due to subtraction of physical quantities The temperature difference with the error limit is
Let Z = A – B Sol. Here, t1 = 20°C ± 0.5°C

Max. Possible error in Z is given by t2 = 50°C ± 0.5°

DZ = DA + DB The temperature difference between the two bodies is

Z ± DZ = (A ± DA) – (B ± DB) t = t2 – t1 = 50°C – 20°C = 30°C

∆A + ∆B The error in temperature difference is given by

Relative error in Z =
A− B
∆t = (∆t1 + ∆t2) = (0.5°C + 0.5°C) = 1°C
∆A + ∆B
∴ The temperature difference is 30°C ± 1°C.
=
Percentage error in Z × 100
A− B
9. If E and H represents the intensity of electric field and
Key Note magntising field respectively, then the unit of E/H will be

Whether it is addition or subtraction, absolute error is same. (1) ohm (2) mho
In subtraction the percentage error increases.
(3) joule (4) newton
E Volt / metre Volt
Sol. Unit
= of = = ohm
 Propagation of error due to Multiplication of physical H Ampere / metre Ampere
quantities E

∴ Unit of = ohm
Let, Z = AB H
Relative error in Z is given by 10. A force is applied on a square plate of length L. If the
∆Z ∆A ∆B percentage error in the determination of L is 3% and in F
= + is 4%, the permissible error in the calculation of pressure
Z A B
Percentage error in Z is given by is.

 ∆A   ∆B  F F
∆Z Sol. P = =
× 100 =  A × 100  +  B × 100  A L2
Z    
 Here total percentage error is the sum of individual percentage Permissible error in pressure is
errors. ∆P ∆F ∆L
× 100= × 100 + 2 × × 100
P F L
 Propagation of error due to Division of quantities:
∆P
A ⇒ × 100 = 4 + 2 × 3 = 10%.
Let, Z = P
B 11. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum in the
Maximum possible relative error in Z is given by
experiment is recorded as 2.63s, 2.56s, 2.42s, 2.71s and
∆Z ∆A ∆B 2.80s respectively. The average absolute error is:
= +
Z A B

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 8 PHYSICS Module - 1

Sol. Mean value of the temperature is 5. There is an error of 2% in the measurement of side of a
2.63 + 2.56 + 2.42 + 2.71 + 2.80 cube. The percentage error in the calculation of its volume

T= will be
5
13.12 (1) 1% (2) 2%
T = = 2.624 = 2.62 s
5 (3) 3% (4) 6%
Absolute errors in T are given by
2.62 – 2.63 = –0.01s 1.9 VERNIER CALIPER
2.62 – 2.56 = +0.06s
2.62 – 2.42 = +0.20s A Vernier caliper is a measuring device that is used to measure linear
2.62 – 2.71 = –0.09s dimensions. It is also used to measure the diameters of spherical objects.
2.62 – 2.80 = –0.18s
Average absolute error
0.01 + 0.06 + 0.20 + 0.09 + 0.18
= = 0.11s
5–6
12. Subtract 2.5 × 10 from 4.0 × 10–4 with due regard to
significant figures.
Sol. Let x = 2.5 × 10–6 = 0.0000025
y = 4.0 × 10–4 = 0.00040

∴ y – x = 0.00040 – 0.0000025 = 0.0003975
⇒ y – x = 3.975 × 10–4 = 4.0 × 10–4
Fig. 1.1: Vernier Caliper

[Round off upto 2 significant figures] 1.9.1 Determination of Least Count of the Vernier
13. The time period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is
Calipers
T = 2π L/g. Measured value of L is 20.0 cm known to 1  Let the size of 1 main scale division (M.S.D) be M units
and that of 1 vernier scale division (V.S.D) be V units.
mm accuracy and time for 100 oscillations of the pendulum
is found to be 90 s using a wrist watch of 1 s resolution. Also, let the length of 'a' M.S.D is equal to the length for
What is the percentage error in the determination of g? 'b' V.S.D.
Sol. Given T = 2π L/g So,

Squaring both sides a
aM = bV ⇒ V = M
L 4π L 2 b
T 2 =π
4 2 ⇒ g= 2 Where, M = M.S.D and V = V.S.D
g T
Therefore percentage error in g \ Least count (LC) = M – V
∆g ∆L ∆T a

∴ × 100= × 100 + 2 × × 100 = M− M
g L T b
Now, L = 20.0 cm, ∆L = 1mm = 0.1cm, T for 100 oscillation  b−a 
= M  [NEET 2024]
= 90s, ∆T = 1s  b 

∴
∆g
× 100
=
0.1 1
× 100 + 2 × × 100
1.9.2 Zero Error of Vernier Caliper
g 20.0 90 Zero error of the vernier caliper is defined as the condition in which
it gives a reading even when there should not be any reading.
= 0.5 + 2.22 = 2.72% ≈ 3%
Actual reading = Main Scale + Vernier – (Zero error)
Concept Application Questions There are two types of zero error:

4. The unit of percentage error is  Positive zero error: When the jaw of the vernier caliper is
(1) Same as that of physical quantity closed and the reading is positive and away from the actual
(2) Different from that of physical quantity reading of 0.00 mm.
(3) Percentage error is unitless
 Negative zero error: When the jaw of the vernier caliper and
(4) Errors have got their own units which are different from
the reading is negative and away from the actual reading of
that of physical quantity measured
0.00 mm.

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Units and Measurements 9

1.10 SCREW GAUGE 15. A screw gauge with a pitch of 0.5 mm and a circular scale
with 50 divisions is used to measure the thickness of a
The screw gauge is an instrument which is used to measure the thin aluminium sheet. Before starting the measurement,
diameter of a thin wire or the thickness of a metallic sheet. it is found that when the two jaws of the screw gauge are
brought in contact, the 45th division coincides with the
main scale line and that the zero of the main scale is barely
visible. What is the thickness of the aluminium sheet if
the main scale reading is 0.5 mm and the 25th division
coincides with the main scale line?
(1) 0.50 mm
(2) 0.05 mm
Fig. 1.2: Screw Gauge (3) 0.80 mm
Distance moved by screw (4) 0.70 mm
Pitch of the screw gauge = ...(i)
No. of full rotations given Sol. (3) Least count of the screw gauge is given by
Pitch Least count = Pitch/ No. of division on circular scale
Least count = ...(ii)
Total number of divisions on the circular scale
= 0.5 mm/50 = 0.01 mm
 [NEET 2020]
Measured value of the screw gauge = main scale reading
1.10.1 Zero Error and Zero Correction of Screw + screw gauge reading – zero error
Gauge
= 0.5 mm + 25 × 0.01 mm – (–0.05 mm)
To remove zero error the screw is rotated forward till the screw
just touches the anvil and the edge of cap is on the zero mark of = 0.80 mm
the pitch scale.
16. If nth division of main scale coincides with (n + 1)th
When this is done, anyone of the following three situations can arise:
division of vernier scale, find the least count of the vernier
1. The zero mark of the circular scale comes on the reference line.
In this case, the zero error and the zero correction, both are nil. calliper. Given one main scale division is equal to 'a' units.
2. The zero mark of the circular scale remains above the Sol. As, (n + 1) divisions of vernier scale = n divisions of main
reference line. In this case, the error is positive and the zero scale
correction is negative. n
3. The zero mark of the head scale remains below the reference ∴ 1 V.S.D. = M.S.D.
n +1
line. In this case, the zero error is negative and the zero
correction is positive depending on how many divisions it is Least count of the vernier calliper is given by
below the reference line. Least count = 1 M.S.D. – 1 V.S.D.
Correct diameter = MSR + (n × LC) + Zero error. n 1
Where, n = number of circular division [NEET 2021] = 1M.S.D. − M.S.D = M.S.D
n +1 n +1
1 a
Practice = × a units = units
The Pause n + 1 n +1

14. The diameter of a cylinder is measured using a Vernier

calliper with nil zero error. It is found that the zero of Concept Application Questions
the vernier scale lies beween 5.10 cm and 5.15 cm of the 6. What is the reading of screw gauge shown in figure?
main scale. The vernier scale has 50 divisions equivalent
(100 divisions on circular scale)
to 2.45 cm. The 24th division of the vernier scale exactly
coincides with one of the main scale divisions. The
diameter of the cylinder is equal to: 0 1 2 35
30
(1) 5.112 (2) 5.124 cm mm 25
(3) 5.135 (4) 5.225 cm
Sol. (2) Smallest main scale division = 0.05 cm
(1) 2.29 mm (2) 2.30 mm
Main scale reading = 5.10 cm (comes just before the zero
(3) 2.35 mm (4) 2.40 mm
of the vernier scale)
7. A vernier calipers having 1 main scale division = 0.1 cm
vernier coincidence = 24 is designed to have a least count of 0.02 cm. If n be the
Least count = 0.05 – 2.45/50 = 0.001 cm number of divisions on vernier scale and m be the length of
Diameter of the cylinder = Main Scale reading + Vernier vernier scale, then
coincidence × Least count (1) n = 10, m = 0.8 cm (2) n = 10, m = 0.5 cm
= 5.10 + 24 × 0.001 = 5.124 cm (3) n = 9, m = 0.6 cm (4) n = 11, m = 0.3 cm

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10 PHYSICS Module - 1

Dimensions of Some Physical Quantities

Dimensional
S. No. Physical Quantity Formulae S.I. Unit
Formulae
1. Mass kg [M1 L0 T 0]
2. Distance m [M0 L1 T 0]

3. Time s [M0 L0 T1]

1
4. Frequency Reciprocal of time period n = Hertz (Hz) [M 0 L0 T –1]
T

5. Area A = length × breadth m2 [M0 L2 T 0]

6. Volume V = Length × breadth × height m3 [M0 L3 T 0]

Mass
7. Density D= kgm–3 [M1 L–3 T 0]
Volume

Mass
8. Linear density λ= kgm–1 [M1 L–1 T 0]
Length

displacement
9. Velocity v= ms–1 [M0 L1 T –1]
time
Change in Velocity
10. Acceleration a= ms–2 [M 0 L1 T –2]
time

11. Impulse J = Force × time Ns [M1 L1 T –2]

12. Linear Momentum P = mass × velocity kgms–1 [M1 L1 T –1]

13. Force F = Mass × acceleration N [M1 L1 T –2]

W = Force × displacement
P.E = mgh
14. Work,Energy,PE, KE 1 J(or) N.m [M1 L2 T –2]
KE = Mv 2
2
Work
15. Power P= JS–1 (or) watt [M1 L2 T–3]
time

Force
Pressure of stress =
Pressure , Stress, Modulus of Elasticity Area
16. Stress Nm–2 (or) Pascal [M1 L–1 T–2]
(Y, n, k)
Y=
Strain

length of arc
17. Angular displacement θ= rad [M0 L0 T0]
radius

Change in dimension
18. Strain No units [M0 L0 T0]
Original dimensions

angular displacement
19. Angular Velocity ω= rads–1 [M0 L0 T–1]
time

Change in angular velocity

20. Angular acceleration α= rads–2 [M0 L0 T–2]
time

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Units and Measurements 11

Dimensions of Some Physical Quantities

Dimensional
S. No. Physical Quantity Formulae S.I. Unit
Formulae
energy
21. Planck’s constant h= Js [M1 L2 T–1]
frequency

22. Angular momentum L = Linear momentum × arm Js [M1 L2 T–1]

23. Torque =τ force × ⊥ distance Nm [M1 L2 T–2]

Acceleration due to gravity(g) = weight

24. g= ms–2 or Nkg–1 [M0 L T–2]
gravitational field strength mass

dv
25. Velocity gradient s–1 [M0 L0 T–1]
dx

F . d2
26. Universal gravitational Constant G= Nm2 kg–2 [M–1 L3 T–2]
M1.M 2

27. Moment of inertia I = MK2 kgm2 [M1 L2 T0]

Surface Tension, Surface energy, surface energy force

S= =
Spring Constant change in area length
28. Nm–1 or Jm–2 [M1 L0 T–2]
force
K=
Force Constant elongation

tangential stress
29. Coefficient of Viscosity η= Pa s (or) Ns m–2 [M1 L–1 T–1]
Velocity gradient

30. Heat energy msq Joule [M1 L2 T–2]

31. Gravitational Potential Gravitational field × distance J.Kg–1 [M0 L2 T–2]
32. Temperature q Kelvin (K) [M0 L0 T0. q1]
dQ
33. Thermal Capacity = Mass × Sp. ht JK–1 [M1 L2 T–2. q–1]
dθ

heat energy
34. Specific heat Capacity S (or)C = JKg–1 K–1 [M0 L2 T–2. q–1]
mass × temp.

heat energy
35. Latent heat L= JKg–1 [M0 L2 T–2]
mass
36. Water Equivalent W = MC kg [M1 L0 T0]
37. Coefficient of Thermal expansion a or b or g k–1 [q–1]
PV
38. Universal gas constant R= Jmol–1 K–1 [M1 L2 T–2 q–1 mol–1]
nT

R
39. Boltzmann constant (for 1 Molecule) k= JK–1 molecule–1 [M1 L2 T–2 q–1]
Avagadro No.

R
40. Gas constant ( for 1 gram) r= Jkg–1 K–1 [M0 L2 T–2 q–1 mol–1]
Mol.wt

Q.d Js–1 m–1 K–1 (or)

41. Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity K= [M1 L1 T–3 q–1]
A ∆θ.t Wm–1 K–1

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12 PHYSICS Module - 1

Dimensions of Some Physical Quantities

Dimensional
S. No. Physical Quantity Formulae S.I. Unit
Formulae
W
42. Mechanical equivalent of heat J= no S.I. units [M0 L0 T0]
H

∆E Js–1 m–2 K–4 (or)

43. Stefan’s Constant σ= [M1 L0 T–3 q–4]
∆A.∆T .θ 4 Wm–2 K–4

dQ heat energy
44. Entropy = JK–1 [M1 L2 T–2 q–1]
T temperature

dθ temp × time
=R =
 dQ  Heat
 
45. Thermal resistance  dt  KsJ–1 [M–1 L–2 T3 q1]
d
or R =
K .A

Change in pressure dp
46. Pressure gradient = Pascal m–1 [M1 L–2 T–2]
length dl

Change in temp d θ
47. Temperature gradient = Km–1 [q L–1]
length dl

Energy ∆E
48. Solar constant = Js–1M–2 (or) Wm–2 [M1 L0 T–3]
area × time .
AT

49. Enthalpy Heat. (DQ) Joule [M1 L2 T–2]

M = I.L (or)
50. Magnetic Pole strength Magnetic Momement Am [M0 L T0 A]
Mag.Length

M = 2l × m = pole strength × length of

51. Magnetic Moment Am2 [M0 L2 T0 A]
magnet

M Magnetic Moment
52. Intensity of Magnetisation I
= = Am–1 [M0 L–1 T0 A]
V Volume

m
53. Magnetic intensity (or) Magnetising field H= Am–1 [M0 L–1 T0 A]
4πd 2

φ= B × A = (Magnetic induction ×
54. Magnetic flux Wb [M1 L2 T–2 A–1]
area)

4π.Fd 2 [M1 L1 T–2 A–2]

55. Magnetic permeability of free space µ0 = Hm–1
m1.m2 [NEET 2022]

φ Magnetic flux F Tesla (or) Wbm–2

56. Magnetic induction field strength B
= = = [M1 L0 T–2 A–1]
A area il (or) Na–1 m–1

I
57. Magnetic susceptibility χ= No units [M0 L0 T0]
H
58. Charge Q = Current × time C [M0 L0 T .A]
59. Electric current I A [M0 L0 T0 A.]

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Units and Measurements 13

Dimensions of Some Physical Quantities

Dimensional
S. No. Physical Quantity Formulae S.I. Unit
Formulae
60. Electric dipole moment P = Charge × distance Cm [M0 L1 T .A]

Electric field strength (or) Electric field force

61. E= NC–1 [M1 L T–3 A–1]
Intensity Charge

Work
62. Electric potential V= V [M1 L2 T–3 A–1]
Charge

63. Electrical flux (fE) Electrical Intensity × area Nm2C–1 [M1 L3 T–3 A–1]

Pot.diff
64. Electrical resistance R= W [M1 L2 T–3 A–2]
Current

R. A
65. Resistivity r ρ= Ohm m [M1 L3 T–3 A–2]
l

1 1 mho (or) siemen

66. Electrical conductance C= = [M–1 L–2 T3 A2]
R Resistance (S)

1
s=
Resistivity –1 –3 3 2
Ohm–1 m–1 (or) [M L T A ]
Electrical conductivity
–1
siemen m 70
67. Current density (Current per unit area of J = Electrical Intensity
cross section) Am–2
 Current  [M0 L–2 T0 A]
× Conductivity or  
 area 

Q Charge
68. Capacitance C
= = F [M–1 L–2 T4 A2]
V Potential

q .q
69. Electrical permittivity of free space ε0 = 1 2 2 farad/m [M–1 L–3 T4 A2]
4πFd

dE Voltage × time
=L =
70. Self (or) Mutual Inductance  dI  Current H (or) Wb/amp [M1 L2 T–2 A–2]
 
 dt 

Charge
71. Surface charge density Cm–2 [M0 L–2 T1 A1]
area

Light energy
72. Luminous flux Lumen [M1 L2 T–3]
time
73. Power of a lens 1 Dioptre [M0 L–1 T0]
P=
focal length

∆E  Luminious flux  Lumen m–2 (or)

74. Intensity of illumination (or) Iluminance =I =   [M1 L0 T–3]
∆t.∆A  area  Lux.

1
v=
75. Wave number (Propagation constant) λ m–1 [M0 L–1 T0]

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14 PHYSICS Module - 1

19. Intensity of magnetic field [IL–1], Intensity of magnetization

1.11 P
 HYSICAL QUANTITIES HAVING [IL–1]
SAME DIMENSIONAL FORMULAS
20. Frequency [M0L0T–1], angular frequency [M0L0T–1], angular
velocity [M0L0T–1], Disintegration constant and velocity
1. Distance [L], Wavelength [L], Radius of gyration [L] gradient have same dimensional formula [M0L0T–1]
2. Speed [LT–1], Velocity [LT–1] 21. Work [ML2T–2], energy [ML2T–2], heat [ML2T–2], torque
3. Acceleration [LT–2], Intensity of gravitational field [LT–2] [ML2T–2]
4. Impulse [MLT–1], Change in momentum [MLT–1] 22. Pressure [ML–1T–2], stress [ML–1T–2], coefficient of elasticity
5. Force [MLT–2], Weight [MLT–2], Tension [MLT–2] [ML–1T–2], energy density [ML–1T–2]
6. Work [ML2T–2], Energy [ML2T–2], Moment of force or 23. Momentum [MLT–1] and impulse [MLT–1]
Torque [ML2T–2] 24. Angular momentum [MLT–3A–1] and Planck’s constant
7. Force constant [MT–2], Surface Tension [MT–2], Spring [MLT–3A–1]
constant [MT–2]
25. Electric field [MLT–3A–1] and potential gradient [MLT–3A–1]
8. Momentum [ML2T–1], Impulse [ML2T–1], Planck’s constant
26. Surface tension [ML0T–2], surface energy [ML0T–2], force
[ML2T–1]
gradient [ML0T–2] and spring constant [ML0T–2]
9. Angular velocity [T–1], Frequency [T–1], Velocity gradient
[T–1], Decay constant [T–1] 27. Acceleration [M0LT–2] and gravitational field intensity
[M0LT–2]
10. Stress [ML–1T–2], Pressure [ML–1T–2], Modulus of Elasticity,
Energy density [ML–1T–2] 28. Force [MLT–2], weight [MLT–2] and Energy gradient
[MLT–2]
11. Gravitational potential [L2T–2], Latent heat [L2T–2]
12. Specific heat [L2T–1q–1], Specific gas constant [L2T–1q–1] 29. Rydberg’s constant [M0L–1T0], propagation constant
[M0L–1T0]
13. Thermal capacity [L2T–1q–1], Entropy [L2T–1q–1], Boltzmann
constant [ML2T–2q–1] 30. Light year [M0LT0], wave length [M0LT0] and radius of
gyration [M0LT0]
14. Wave number [L–1], Power of a lens [L–1], Rydberg constant
[L–1] 31. Strain, Poisson’s ratio, refractive index, dielectric
L constant, coefficient of friction, relative permeability,
15. Time [T], RC [T], [T ], LC [T ]
R Magnetic susceptibility, Electric susceptibility, angle, solid
16. Intensity of sound [MT–3], Intensity of radiation [MT–3]
angle, Trigonometric ratios, exponential constant are all
17. Coefficient of linear expansion [M 0L0T K–1], coefficient of dimensionless.
superficial expansion and coefficient of cubic expansion have
32. If L,C and R stands for inductance, capacitance and
same dimension and temperature coefficient of resistance
[M 0L0T K–1] L
resistance respectively then , LC , RC and time have
18. Electric potential [ML2T–3I–1], potential difference R
[ML2T–3I–1], electromotive force [ML2T–3I–1] same dimensional formula [M0L0T]

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Units and Measurements 15

Topic-Wise Questions

14. Imagine a system of units in which the unit of mass is 10 kg,

Units (Types of Unit, Units of Physical length is 1 km and time is 1 minute. Then 1 J in this system is
Quantities, Principle of Homogeneity) equal to _______ units of work:
1. Erg – m–1 can be the unit of measure for (1) 360 (2) 3.6 (3) 3.6 × 105 (4) 36 × 10–5
(1) Force (2) Momentum 15. In a new unit system, 1 unit of time is equal to 10 second,
(3) Power (4) Acceleration 1 unit of mass is 5 kg and 1 unit of length is 20 m. In the new
2. If the unit of length and force be increased four times, then system of units, 1 unit of energy is equal to:
the unit of energy is 1
(1) Increased 4 times (2) Increased 8 times (1) 20 Joule (2) Joule (3) 4 Joule (4) 16 Joule
20
(3) Increased 16 times (4) Decreased 16 times
3. Parsec is a unit of Dimensions & Dimensional Formulae
(1) Distance (2) Velocity (3) Time (4) Angle
16. Dimensions of bulk modulus are
4. If x = at + bt2, where x is the distance travelled by the body in
(1) [M–1 LT–2] (2) [ML–1 T–2]
kilometers while t is the time in seconds, then the units of b are
(3) [ML–2 T–2] (4) [M2 L2 T–1]
(1) km/s (2) km–s (3) km/s2 (4) km–s2
17. If momentum (p), area (A) and time (T) are taken to be
5. Which of the following physical quantity is not a unit of time? fundamental quantities, then energy has the dimensional
(1) Second (2) Parsec (3) Year (4) Month formula:
6. In a particular system, of units the unit of length, mass and (1) [pA–1T1] (2) [p2AT] (3) [pA–1/2T] (4) [pA1/2T-1]
time are chosen to be 10 cm, 10 g and 0.1 sec respectively. 18. Which of the following represents the dimensions of the
The unit of force in this system will be equal to: coefficient of viscosity?
(1) 0.1 N (2) 0.01 N (3) 10 N (4) 100 N (1) [ML–1 T–2] (2) [ML–2 T–2]
–1
(3) [ML T ] –1 (4) [MLT–1]
7. If we compare 3 units: millimeter, kilogram and micro
second. Which unit is largest? 19. The dimensions of magnetic field is given as
(1) millimeter (1) [M2 L2 T–1 A1] (2) [ML2 T0 A–2]
(2) microsecond 0 –2
(3) [ML T A ] –1 (4) [MLT–2 A–1]
(3) kilogram 20. Which of the following pairs does not have the same
(4) the units are not comparable dimensional formula?
8. If the unit of length be doubled then the numerical value (1) Pressure and stress
of the universal gravitation constant G will become (with (2) Angular momentum and Planck’s constant
respect to present value) (3) Tension and surface tension
(1) Double (2) Half (3) 8 times (4) 1/8 times (4) Impulse and linear momentum
9. The SI unit of length is the meter. Suppose we adopt a new unit 21. Two physical quantities A and B have different dimension.
of length which equals to x meters. The area 1m2 expressed in Which mathematical operation given below is physically
terms of the new unit has a magnitude meaningful?
1 1 (1) A B (2) A + B
(1) x (2) x2 (3) (4) 2 (3) A – B (4) None of these
x x
22. A unitless quantity:
10. The units of Planck's constant are
(1) May have a non-zero dimension
(1) J/s (2) Js2 (3) Js (4) Js–2
(2) Always has a non-zero dimension
11. In a particular system of unit, if the unit of mass becomes (3) Never has a non-zero dimension
twice and that of time becomes half, then 8 joules will be (4) None of the above
written as _______ units of work. 23. Magnitude of young’s modulus of steel is 1.9 × 1011 N m–2.
(1) 16 (2) 1 (3) 4 (4) 64 When expressed in dyne/cm2, it will be equal to
12. In a given system of units, 1 unit of mass = 2 kg, 1 unit of (1) 1.9 × 1010 (2) 1.9 × 1015 (3) 1.9 × 1012 (4) 1.9 × 1014
length = 5 m and 1 unit of time = 5 sec. Then in this system,
24. Out of the following pairs, which one does not have identical
1 N represents: dimensions
(1) 5/2 units of force (2) 2/5 units of force (1) Moment of inertia and moment of a force
(3) 2 units of force (4) 1/2 units of force (2) Work and torque
13. Length cannot be measured by (3) Angular momentum and plank's constant
(1) fermi (2) debye (3) micron (4) light year (4) Impulse and momentum

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 16 PHYSICS Module - 1

25. The position x of a particle at time “t” varies as 40. The dimensions of emf is:
(1) ML–1T–2Q–2 (2) ML2T–2Q–2
v
x = 0 (1 − e − at ) (3) MLT–2Q–1 (4) ML2T–2Q–1
a
41. Which of the following combinations of three dimensionally
Where v0 is a constant and a > 0. different physical quantities P, Q, R can never be a meaningful
What are the dimensions of v0 and a area: quantity?
(1) M0 L T–1 ­and T–1 (2) M0 L T0 ­and T–2 PQ 2
0 –1 ­
(3) M L T and LT –2 (4) M2 L T–1 ­and L3 (1) PQ – R (2) (3) P − Q (4) PR − Q
R R QR
26. Which one of the following options has the dimensions of 42. The dimensions of a physical quantity X in the given equation
pressure? X
M2 Force = is equal to:
(1) M
M
(2) 2 2 (3) M (4) Density
L2 T LT LT 2 LT 3
(1) M1L4T–2 (2) M2L–2T–2
27. What are the dimensions of electrical resistance 3 −1
(1) ML2T–2A2 (2) ML2T–3A–2 (3) M 2 L 2
T −2 (4) M½L–2T–1
2
(3) ML T A–3 2 (4) ML2T–2A–2 1
43. The dimension of is that of:
28. If R and L represents resistance and self inductance, ε0µ0
respectively, which one of the following options has the (1) Velocity (2) Time
dimensions of frequency? (3) Capacitance (4) Distance
R2 3 44. If V is the speed, r is the radius and g is the acceleration due
(1) R (2) (3) R (4) R
L L L L to gravity. Which of the following is dimensionless?
29. If P and Q have different non-zero dimensions, which of the (1) V2/rg (2) V2r/g (3) V2g/r (4) V2rg
following operation is possible: 45. The physical quantity which has dimensional formula as that
(1) P2 + Q2 (2) PQ2 (3) P2 – Q2 (4) All of these Energy
of Mass×Length is
30. Dimensions of gravitational constant are: (1) Force (2) Power
(1) M–1L3T–2 (2) M2L3T–1 (3) M3L–1T–2 (4) M–1L2T–3 (3) Pressure (4) Acceleration
31. The dimensional formula for magnetic flux is given by: γP
46. If V = , then which of the following are the dimensions
(1) [M1L2T–2A–1] (2) [M1L0T–2A–2] of γ: ρ
2 0 2 –1
(3) [M L T A ] (4) [M1L2T–1A3]
(1) [M0L0T0] (2) [M0L0T–1]
32. The dimensions of planck’s constant and angular momentum (3) [ML0T–1] (4) [M0L1T0]
are respectively:
47. Dimensions of electrical resistance are
(1) M1L2T–1 and M1LT–1 (2) M1L2T–1 and M1L2T–2 (1) [ML2 T3A–1] (2) [ML–2 T–2A–3]
1 –1
(3) M LT and M L T1 2 –1 (4) M1L2T–1 and M1L2T–1 (3) [ML3 T3A–2] (4) [ML–1 T3A2]
33. Which of the following physical quantity has the dimension 48. The dimensions of sparing constant “K” in the equation
of [ML2 T–3]? 1
(1) Work (2) Power (3) Pressure (4) Impulse U= Kx 2 is:
2
1 (1) [M1 L0 T–2] (2) [M0 L1 T–1]
34. Dimensions of , where symbols have their usual
µ ε (3) [M2 L0 T1] (4) [M1 L0 T–1]
meanings, are: 0 0
(1) [L–1 T] (2) [L2 T2] (3) [L2 T–2] (4) [LT–1] 49. In the relation:
y = a sin (ωt – kx),
35. Dimensions [ML–1 T–1] are related to the dimensional formula for k is:
(1) Work (2) Torque (1) [M0LT] (2) [M0L–1T0]
(3) Energy (4) Coefficient of viscosity (3) [M0LT–1] (4) [M0L–1T–1]
36. Dimensions of Hubble's constant are 50. The dimensional formula of the constant a in van der waal's
(1) [T–1] (2) [MLT4] (3) [M0L0T–2] (4) [MLT1] gas equation
(1) [ML3 T2] (2) [ML2 T–1]
37. The dimensions of electric potential are the same as that of: (3) [ML5 T–2] (4) [M2L5 T–3]
(1) Work
(2) Electric field per unit charge 51. Suppose refractive index of a medium μ is given by the relation:
B
(3) Work per unit charge µ= A + 2
(4) Force per unit charge λ
Where A and B are constants and λ is the wavelength, then
38. The dimensions formula for latent heat is:
dimensions of B are same as that of:
(1) [M0L2T–2] (2) [MLT–2] (3) [ML2T–2] (4) [ML2T–1] (1) Force (2) Volume (3) Density (4) Area
39. The dimension of the modulus of rigidity, is 52. Light year is the unit of
(1) [MLT–2] (2) [ML–1T–2] (1) Time (2) Distance
–2
(3) [ML T ]–2 (4) [ML–1 T–1] (3) Velocity (4) Intensity of light

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Units and Measurements 17

dy 2. Relative error or Fractional error

53. In the given relation: = 2ωsin ( 2ωt + φ0 ) , the dimensional
dt mean absolute error a mean
 
formula for (2ωt + ϕ0) is: mean value an
(1) [MLT] (2) [M2L2T–1] a mean
0 2 0
(3) [M L T ] (4) [M0L0T0] 3. Percentage error,   100%
an
54. Dimensions of Stefan’s constant are:
(1) [M L2 T–2] (2) [ML2 T–2 θ–4] S. No. Mathematical operation Error
–3
(3) [M T θ ] –4 (4) [M0 L0 T0 θ0] 1. Addition, x = a+b ∆x = ± (∆a + ∆b)
55. Which of the following is a dimensionless quantity? 2. Subtraction, x = a–b ∆x = ± (∆a + ∆b)
(1) Strain (2) Stress
(3) Specific heat (4) Quantity of heat x  a b 
3. Multiplication, x = a × b    
56. The magnetic moment has the dimensions of x  a b 
(1) [LA] (2) [L2 T–1A] (3) [LT–1 A] (4) [L2 A] x  a b 
57. Surface tension has the same dimensions as that of: 4. Division, x = a/b    
x  a b 
(1) Coefficient of viscosity (2) Velocity
(3) Planck's constant (4) Spring constant x  a 
58. One nanometer is equal to 5. Exponential power, x = an  n 
x  a 
(1) 109 mm (2) 10–6 cm (3) 10–7 cm (4) 10–9 m

Applications of Dimensions 64. The significant figures of the number 6.0023 are
(1) 1 (2) 5 (3) 4 (4) 2
Formulas/Tips
Conversion of one system of units into another for which we use 65. If error in radius is 3%, what is error in volume of sphere?
a b c
(1) 3% (2) 27% (3) 9% (4) 6%
M  L  T 
n 2  n1  1   1   1  66. Find the sum of the numbers 436.32, 227.2 and 0.301 taking
 M 2   L 2   T2  into account appropriate significant figures is:
(1) 663.82 (2) 664 (3) 663.8 (4) 663.821
59. If the unit of area (A), velocity (V) and density (ρ) are taken
as the fundamental units, then the dimensional formula for 67. If L = 2.331 cm, B = 2.1 cm, then L + B = ?
force is: (1) 4.431 cm (2) 4.43 cm
(1) [AV2ρ] (2) [AV3ρ2] (3) [A2Vρ2] (4) [AVρ] (3) 4.4 cm (4) 4 cm
60. In the relation, y = sin (ωt + kx), the dimensional formula for 68. If voltage V = (100 ± 5)V and current I = (10 ± 0.2)A, the
kx or wt is same as percentage error in resistance R is:
(1) r/ω (2) r/y (3) ωt/r (4) yr/ωt (1) 5.2% (2) 25% (3) 7% (4) 10%
61. If the units of distance, mass and force are chosen as the 69. If force is proportional to square of velocity, then the
fundamental units, the dimensions of time would be: dimensions of proportionality constant is:
(1) M1/2 L–1/2 F1/2 (2) M1/2 L1/2 F1/2 (1) [ML–1T] (2) [ML–1T0] (3) MLT0 (4) [M0LT–1]
1/2
(3) M L F 1/2 –1/2 (4) M2L1/2 F3 70. A wire has a mass 0.3 ± 0.003 g, radius 0.5 ± 0.005 mm and
62. Which of the following combinations have the dimensions of length 6 ± 0.06 cm. The maximum percentage error in the
time? L,C, R represent inductance, capacitance and resistance measurement of its density is
respectively. (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
(1) C/R2 (2) LC (3) R2/L (4) C/L 71. If Error in the value of radius of a sphere is 1%. The error in
the calculated value of its volume is:
63. If L, C, R represent inductance, capacitance and resistance (1) 1% (2) 3% (3) 2% (4) 4%
respectively, the combination having dimensions of frequency are
1 L R R 72. If A = 2.5 ms–1 ± 0.5 ms–1, B = 0.10 s ± 0.01 s. The value of
(1) (2) (3) (4) AB will be:
CL C L C (1) (0.25 ± 0.08) m (2) (0.25 ± 0.51) m
(3) (0.25 ± 0.05) m (4) (0.25 ± 0.06) m
Errors & Measurement, Significant 73. A wire has a mass of 0.3 ± 0.003g , radius 0.5 ± 0.005 mm
Figures and length 6 ± 0.06 cm. Find the maximum percentage error
in the density is:
Formulas/Tips (1) 5 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 4
a1  a 2  ..... a n 74. The values of two resistors with error limits are R1
1. Mean absolute error (∆amean) 
n = (6 ± 0.3) KΩ and R2 = (10 ± 0.2)KΩ. The percentage
1 in error in the equivalent resistance when the two resistors are
   ai connected in parallel is:
n i 1
(1) 4.25% (2) 2% (3) 4.125% (4) 10.125%

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18 PHYSICS Module - 1

76. In a circular vernier callipers value of 1 MSD is 1′ and 30th

Vernier caliper, Screw gauge
vernier division coincide with 29th MSD. calculate least
Formulas/Tips count of instrument.
(1) 1″ (2) 1′ (3) 2′ (4) 2″
• Least count (LC) of Vernier caliper = 1MSD – 1 VSD 77. Least count of vernier calipers depend on?
Pitch (1) Main scale division
• Least count = (2) Vernier scale
Total number of divisions on the circular scale
(3) No. of vernier scale division
• Correct diameter = MSR + (n × LC) + Zero error. (4) Main scale division & no. of vernier scale division
78. A student measures the diameter of a thick wire using
75. Least count of screw gauge depend on? a screw gauge of least count 0.001 cm. The main scale
(1) Main scale division reading is 2 mm and zero of circular scale division
(2) Circular scale coincides with 50 division above the reference level. If
the screw gauge has a zero error of 0.002 cm, the correct
(3) No. of circular scale division diameter of the thick wire is:
(4) Main scale division & no. of circular scale division (1) 0.248 (2) 0.428 (3) 0.521 (4) 0.224

Morale Booster Questions

Question Tagging
C M F R
Conceptual Understanding Memory Based Formula Based Reasoning and Comprehension

∆v ε0 LV
1. A quantity X is given by ε0 L where ε0 is the permittivity 6. If X = ; where ε0 is the permitivity of free space,
∆t t
of the free space, L is a length ΔV is a potential difference and L represents length, V represents potential difference and
Δt is a time interval. The dimensional formula for X is the t represent time. The dimensions of X are same as that of: [C + F]
same as that of [C + F] (1) Power (2) Charge (3) Time (4) Current
(1) Resistance (2) Charge 7. The velocity of a particle (V) at a instant (t) is given by
(3) Voltage (4) Current V = at + bt2, then the dimension of b is: [C]
2. A body travels uniformly a distance of (13.8 ± 0.2)m in a time (1) L (2) L2T (3) L3T (4) LT–3
(4.0 ± 0.3)sec. The velocity of the body with error limits is: 8. If force (F), length (l) and Current (I) and time (T) are taken
[M + R]
as bases then the dimensions of ε0 are: [C + F]
(1) (3.45 ± 0.1)m/sec (2) (3.45 ± 0.3)m/sec
(1) [FL2 I2 T–2] (2) [F–1 L2 I2 T2]
(3) (3.45 ± 0.4)m/sec (4) (3.45 ± 0.6)m/sec
(3) [F–1L–2T2I2] (4) [F2L2T2I2]
3. If pressure P varies as P = P0 exp (–αt2), where α is a constant
and t represents time. The constant α is: [C + M] 9. In the formula: x = 3YZ2, X and Z have dimensions of
(1) Has the dimension of pressure capacitance and magnetic induction respectively. What are
(2) Has dimensions T–2 the dimensions of Y in MKSQ system? [C + F]
–3 –1
(1) [M L T Q ]3 4 –3 –2
(2) [M L T Q ]4 4
(3) Has dimension of time
(4) Has dimensions T2 (3) [M–2 L–2 T4 Q4] (4) [M–3 L–2 T4 Q1]
4. Which of the following sets cannot enter into the list of 10. The SI unit sheet of energy is J = kg m2 s–2 that of speed v is
fundamental quantities in any system of units? [C] ms–1 and of acceleration a is ms–2. Which of the formulae for
(1) Length, time and velocity(2) Length, mass and velocity kinetic energy (K) given below can be discarded on the basis
(3) Mass, time and velocity (4) Length, time and mass of dimensional analysis. [C + F]
5. Dimensions of ‘ohm’ are same as (where h is planck’s I. K = m2v2 II. K = (1/2) mv2 III. K = ma
constant and e is charge): [C + M] 1
IV. K = (3/16) mv2 = V. K   mv 2 + ma
h 2 2 2
(1) h (2) h (3) (4) h
e e 2
e e2 (1) Only IV (2) Only II (3) II and IV (4) I, III and V

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Units and Measurements 19

11. Which of the following units represents the dimensions 21. The displacement of an oscillating particle varies as y = A
ML2Q–2, where Q denotes the electric charge? [F + R] sin(Bx + Ct + D). The dimensional formula for (ABCD) is: [C]
(1) henry (H) (2) weber (Wb) (1) [M1L1T1] (2) [M0L0T–1]
0 2
(3) [M L T ] –1 (4) [M0L0T0]
(3) Wb m–2 (4) Hm–2
12. The potential energy of a particle varies with distance x from 22. If P, Q and R are physical quantities, having different
dimensions, then which of the following combination cannot
A x 
a fixed origin as V =   ; where A and B are constants. be a meaningful quantity? [R]
 x+B (1) (PQ – Q)/R (2) PQ – R
The dimensions of AB are: [C + M] (3) PQ /R (4) (R + Q)/P
(1) [ML5/2 T–2] (2) [ML2 T–2] 23. If Planck’s constant (h) and speed of light in vaccum (c) are
taken as the two fundamental quantities, then which one of the
(3) [M3/2 L3/2 T–2] (4) [ML5/2 T–2]
following should not, in addition, be taken to express length,
13. If P, Q, R represents some physical quantities, having mass and time in terms of the three chosen fundamental
different dimensions, which of the following combinations quantities? [C + R]
(1) Mass of deutron (2) G
cannot never be a meaningful quantity? [C]
(3) Charge of electron (e) (4) Mass of α-particle
(1) (P – Q) 2
(2) P Q – R (3) P R 2
(4) ( PR − Q 2
)
α
R R R 24. Force F and density d are related as F = then find the
β+ d
14. Which of the following sets have different dimensions? [C] dimensions of α: [C + M]
(1) Pressure, Young's modulus, stress (1) [M1/2L–½T–2] (2) [M3/2L½T2]
(2) Emf, potential difference, electric potential (3) [M3/2L–½T–2] (4) [M2L–½T2]
(3) Heat, work done, energy
(4) Dipole moment, electric flux, electric field 25. If frequency depends on density (ρ), length (a) and surface
tension (T). The frequency f is equal to: [R]
15. The dimensions of length are expressed as Gx cy hz′ where G,
kr a r1/ 2 3 / 2
(1) kr a
3/ 2 3/ 2
1/ 2 3 / 2 k a
c and h are the universal gravitational constant, speed of light (2) (3) k3/2 (4)
T T3/ 2
and planck’s constant respectively, then [C + R] T
26. The speed (v) ripples on the surface of water depends on
(1) x = (1/2), y = (1/2) (2) x = (1/2), y = (1/2)
surface tension (σ), density (ρ) and wavelength (λ). The
(3) y = (–3/2), z = (1/2) (4) y = (1/2), z = (3/2)
square of speed (v) is proportional to: [C + R]
16. If E = energy, G = gravitational constant, I = Impulse and σ ρ λ
GIM 2 (1) (2) (3) (4) ρλσ
M = mass, then dimensions of are same as that of [R] ρλ σλ σρ
E2 27. A gas bubble formed from an explosion under water oscillates
(1) Time (2) Mass (3) Length (4) Force
e2 with a period T proportional to P a d b E c , where p is pressure
17. The dimension of , is equal to where e, ε0, h and c d is the density of water and E is the total energy of explosion.
4πε0 hc
The value of a, b, c are: [C + R]
are electric charge, electric permittivity of vacuum, Planck’s
(1) a = 1, b = 1, c = 2 (2) a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
constant and velocity of light in vacuum respectively[C + R]
5 5 1 5 1 1
(1) [M0L0T0] (2) [M0L2T0] (3) [MLT2] (4) [M0L0T] (3) a = , b = , c = (4) = – , b = , c =
6 6 3 6 2 3
18. A gas bubble formed under water has a time period of
oscillations T which is proportional to pa db Ec, where p is a 4b2
28. A physical quantity y = has four observables a, b, c
pressure, d is the density of water and E is the total energy of (cd 4 )1/3
explosion. The values of a, b and c are  [C + R] and d. The percentage error in a, b, c and d are 2%, 3% m 4%
(1)
= a =
1
,b
1
,c=
2
(2) a = 1, b = 2, c = 1 and 5% respectively. The error in y will be: [C]
6 3 3 (1) 6% (2) 11% (3) 12% (4) 22%
5 1 1 5 1 1 29. A body of mass m = 3.513 kg is moving along the x-axis
(3)=a =,b ,c = (4) a   , b  , c 
6 2 3 6 2 3 with a speed of 5.00 ms–1. The magnitude of its momentum is
19. The respective number of significant figures for the numbers recorded as: [C + M]
23.023, 0.0003 and 2.1 × 10–3 are [C + M] (1) 17.6 kg ms–1 (2) 17.565 ms–1
(1) 4, 4, 5 (2) 5, 1, 2 (3) 5, 1, 5 (4) 5, 5, 2 (3) 17.25 kg ms–1 (4) 17.57 kg ms–1
αz 30. On the basis of dimensions, decide which of the following
20. In the relation P = α e Kθ P represents pressure, Z represents
−

β relations for the displacement of a particle undergoing simple

distance, K is Boltzmann’s constant and θ is temperature. The harmonic motion is not correct? [C + M]
vt
dimensional formula of α is equal to: [C + M] (1) y = a sin 2π t/T (2) y = a sin
λ
(1) [M1L1T–2] (2) [M0L2T–1] a t  2 πt 2 πt 
(3) y = sin   = (4) y a 2  sin − cos 
(3) [M1L1T–1] (4) [M0L2T–1] t a  T T 

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20 PHYSICS Module - 1

Multi-Concept Questions
2k 3l2 11. A uniform wire of length L and mass M is stretched between
1. A physical quantity x varies as x = . The percentage two fixed points, keeping a tension F. A sound of frequency µ
m n
is impressed on it. Then the maximum vibrational energy is
error in the measurements of k, l, m and n are 1%, 2%, 3%
existing in the wire when µ=
and 4% respectively. The percentage error in the value of x is
equal to: (1) 2 ML (2) FL
(1) 14% (2) 10% (3) 12% (4) 16% F M
2. While measuring the diameter of a wire by screw gauge, three FM
readings were taken are 1.002 cm, 1.004 cm and 1.006 cm. (3) 2 (4) 1 F
L 2 ML
The absolute error in the third reading is:
(1) 0.002 (2) 0.004 (3) Zero (4) 1.002 cm dx  x −a 
12. Given that ∫ 2ax − x
= a n sin −1 
2
 a 
 using dimensional
abc 2
3. A physical quantity P = is determined by measuring
d 3e1/3 analysis find the value of n (given a = constant)
a, b, c, d and e separately with the percentage error of 2%, (1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4) 1/2
3%, 2%, 1% and 6% respectively. Minimum amount of error α
13. Given: Force = . What are the dimensions of α, β?
is contributed by the measurement of: density + β3
(1) b (2) a (3) d (4) c (1) ML–2T–2 , ML–1/3
4. The density of a material in CGS system of units is 4 g cm–3 (2) M2L4T–2 , M–1/3 L–1
in a system of units in which unit of length is 10 cm and unit (3) M2L–2T–2 , M1/3 L–1
of mass is 100 g, the value of density of material will be: (4) M2L–2T–2 , ML–3
(1) 0.04 (2) 0.4 (3) 40 (4) 400 14. The position of a moving particle at time t, is given by the
v
5. The relative density of a metal can be determined by hanging
a piece of the metal from a spring balance if in air, the balance
( )
reaction, x ( t ) = 0 1 − e −αt , where v0 is a constant and α > 0.
α
reads (5.00 ± 0.05)N while in water, it reads (4.00 ± 0.05)N. The dimensions of v0 & α are respectively.
The relative density of the metal would be: (1) MLT2 & T–2 (2) M0 L1 T–1 & T
0 1
(3) M L T & T –1 –1 (4) M0 L0 T0 & T–1
(1) 5.00 ± 9% (2) 5.00 ± 11%
(3) 5.00 ± 7% (4) 5.00 ± 6% 15. If voltage V = (100 ± 5)V and current = (10 ± 0.2)A, the
6. In a vernier calipers, one main scale division is x cm and n percentage error in resistance R is:
division of the vernier scale coincide with (n-1) divisions of (1) 5.2% (2) 25% (3) 7%+ (4) 10%
the main scale. The least count (in cm) of the calipers is: a - t2
16. Find the dimension of a/b in the relation P = where P
bx
(1)  n  1  x (2) 
nx 
 (3)
x (4)  x 
 is pressure, x is distance and t is time, is equal to:
 n   n 1  n  n 1 
(1) [M2 L T–3] (2) [MT–2] (3) [M0LT–2] (4) [ML3 T–1]
7. Solar constant may be defined as the amount of solar energy
17. A new system of units is used in which the values of µ0 and ε0
received per cm2 per minute. The dimensions of solar constant is:
are 2 and 8 respectively. Then the speed of light in this system
(1) [ML2T–3] (2) [ML0T–1] (3) [ML0T–2] (4) [M1 L0T–3] will be:
8. Using dimensional analysis, which of the following relation (1) 0.25 (2) 0.5 (3) 0.75 (4) 1
is correct? 18. If the units of distance, speed and force are half, then the units
3 of Power will be:
(1) T  2
R
(2) T  2
GM 1
GM R2 (1) Halved (2) 2 times (3) th (4) Same
4
R R2 19. Suppose mass, velocity & time were fundamental physical
(3) T  2 (4) T  2
GM GM quantities then find the dimensional formula of pressure.
cos θ.T x .τ (1) [M2V1T–2] (2) [M1V–1T–3]
9. If Young's formula Y = . If T = time period, τ = torque
t3 (3) [M1V–2T–3] (4) [M2V–2T–3]
and l = length, then find the value of x:
(1) Zero (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
Matching Questions
10. The position of a moving particle moving along Y-axis varies
as y = At2 – Bt3, where y is in metre and t in second. Then, the 20. If R is resistance, L is inductance, C is capacitance, h is latent
dimensions of B are heat, and s is specific heat, then match the quantity given in
(1) [L0T0] (2) [LT-1] (3) [LT-3] (4) [MLT-2] Column-I with the dimensions given in Column-II.

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Units and Measurements 21

Column-I Column-II Multiple Statement Type

A. LC p. L2T–2
B. LR q. L2T–2K–1 25. Read the statements and choose the correct answer:
(A) All derived quantities may be represented dimensionally
C. h r. T2
in terms of the base quantities.
D. s s. M2L4T–5A–4
(B) The dimensions of a base quantity in other base quantities
(1) A-(r), B-(q), C-(q), D-(s) (2) A-(q), B-(r), C-(s), D-(q) are always zero.
(3) A-(r), B-(s), C-(p), D-(q) (4) None of these (C) There are 7 fundamental quantities and 2 supplementary
21. There are four Vernier scales, whose specifications are quantities in S.I. system.
given in column-I and the least count is given in Column-II. (1) Only A is True (2) Only C is False
Match the Columns-I and II with correct specification and (3) A, B, and C are True (4) Only B is True
corresponding least count (s = value of main scale division, 26. Read the statements and choose the correct answer:
n = number of marks on Vernier). Assume (n – 1) main scale (A) Force can be subtracted from momentum.
divisions are equal to n Vernier divisions. (B) Physical quantities with different nature and dimensions
can be subtracted.
Column-I Column-II
(C) Quantities with different dimensions cannot be added.
A. s = 1 mm, n = 10 p. 0.05 mm (D) The equation y = 2x + t is physically incorrect if x & y are
B. s = 0.5 mm, n = 10 q. 0.01 mm distances and t is time.
C. s = 0.5 mm, n = 20 r. 0.1 mm (1) Only A, D are True (2) Only C is False
D. s = 1 mm, n = 100 s. 0.025 mm (3) A, B, C, and D are True (4) Only C and D are True
(1) A-(q), B-(r), C-(p), D-(s) (2) A-(r), B-(p), C-(s), D-(q) 27. Read the statements and choose the correct answer:
(3) A-(p), B-(q), C-(r), D-(s) (4) None of these (A) Absolute error may be negative or positive.
22. Match the columns. (B) Mean absolute error is the arithmetic mean of all the
absolute error.
Column-I Column-II
(C) Percentage error is relative error expressed in terms of
A. Backlash error p. Always subtracted
percentage.
B. Zero error q. Least count = 1 MSD – 1 VSD
(D) Fractional error is nothing but relative error.
C. Vernier callipers r. May be negative or positive
(1) Only A is false (2) Only C is False
D. Error in screw gauge s. Due to loose fittings (3) A, B, C, and D are True (4) Only C and D are True
(1) A-(s), B-(p,r), C-(q), D-(r,s)
28. Read the statements and choose the correct answer:
(2) A-(p), B-(q), C-(r), D-(s) (A) Number of significant figures in 0.008 is one and that in
(3) A-(s), B-(p), C-(q,r), D-(s) 0.900 is three.
(4) None of these (B) Zeros are not significant.
23. Using significant figures, match the following. (C) All Zeros between two non zero digits are significant.
Column-I Column-II (1) Only B is false (2) Only C is True
A. 0.12345 p. 5 (3) A, B, C are True (4) Only B and C are True
B. 0.12100 cm q. 4
C. 47.23 ÷ 2.3 r. 1 Assertion & Reason
D. 3 × 108 s. 2 Directions: These questions consist of two statements each,
(1) A-(p), B-(p), C-(s), D-(r) (2) A-(p), B-(q), C-(r), D-(s) printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these questions,
you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
(3) A-(r), B-(p), C-(q), D-(s) (4) None of these
(1) If both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason
24. Match the physical quantities given in Column-I with is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
dimensions expressed in terms of mass (M), Length (L), time (2) If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is
(T) and Charge (Q) given in Column-II not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
Column-I Column-II (3) If Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
A. Angular momentum p. ML2T–2 (4) If Assertion is False but the Reason is True.
B. Torque q. ML2T–1 29. Assertion: Dimensions of Planck’s constant represent
angular momentum
C. Inductance r. M–1L–2T2Q2
D. Latent heat s. ML2Q–2 Reason: Both have same dimensions
E. Capacitance t. ML3T–1Q–2 30. Assertion: Power of an engine depends on angular speed,
F. Resistivity u. L2T–2 mass, angular momentum and torque, so the formula of
(1) A-(q), B-(p), C-(s), D-(u), E-(r), F-(t) power can’t be derived with the help of dimensional method.
(2) A-(s), B-(p), C-(q), D-(t), E-(r), F-(u) Reason: In mechanics, if a particular quantity depends on
(3) A-(t), B-(r), C-(u), D-(q), E-(p), F-(s) more than three quantities, then we can’t derive the formula
(4) A-(u), B-(r), C-(t), D-(q), E-(p), F-(s) of the quantity with the help of dimensional method.

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 22 PHYSICS Module - 1

31. Assertion: When the units of measurement of a quantity Statement-II: This guarantees that the equation is correct.
changed, its numerical value changes. 33. Statement-I: All physical quantities can be added or
Reason: Smaller the unit of measurement, smaller is its subtracted.
numerical value.
Statement-II: The physical quantities should not have same

Statement Based Questions dimensions for additions and subtraction.

Directions: These questions consist of two statements each, 34. Statement-I: Let us consider an equation 1/2 mv2 = mgh
printed as Statement-I and Statement-II. While answering these where, m is the mass of the body, v is velocity, g is the
questions, you are required to choose any one of the following acceleration due to gravity and h is the height.
four responses. Statement-II: Equation is dimensionally correct.

(1) Statement-I and Statement-II both are correct
(2) Statement-I and Statement-II both are incorrect
35. Statement-I: The method of dimensions analysis cannot
(3) Statement-I is correct and Statement-II is incorrect validate the exact relationship between physical quantities in
(4) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct any equation.
32. Statement-I: When an algebraic equation has been derived,
Statement-II: It does not distinguish between the physical
it is advisable to check it for dimensional consistency. quantities having same dimensions.

NEET Past 10 Year Questions

1. The quantities which have the same dimensions as those of 8. The area of a rectangular field (in m2) of length 55.3 m
solid angle are: (2024) and breadth 25 m after rounding off the value for correct
(1) strain and arc (2) angular speed and stress significant digits is : (2022)
(3) strain and angle (4) stress and angle (1) 14 × 102 (2) 138 × 101
2. In a vernier calipers, (N + 1) divisions of vernier scale coincide (3) 1382 (4) 1382.5
with N divisions of main scale. If 1 MSD represents 0.1 mm, 9. If E and G respectively denote energy and gravitational
the vernier constant (in cm) is: (2024) E
(1) 100 N (2) 10(N+ 1) constant, then has the dimensions of: (2021)
G
1
(3) 1 (4) (1) [M][L–1][T–1] (2) [M][L0][T0]
10N 100( N + 1)
(3) [M2][L–2][T–1] (4) [M2][L–1][T0]
3. A force defined by F = at 2 + bt acts on a particle at given time t. The 10. A screw gauge gives the following readings when used to
factor which is dimensionless, if a and b are constants, is: measure the diameter of a wire
(2024) Main scale reading : 0 mm
(1) abt (2) ab/t Circular scale reading : 52 divisions
(3) bt/a (4) at/b Given that 1 mm on main scale corresponds to 100 divisions
4. The errors in the measurement which arise due to on the circular scale. The diameter of the wire from the above
unpredictable fluctuations in temperature and voltage supply data is: (2021)
are: (2023) (1) 0.026 cm (2) 0.26 cm
(1) Random errors (2) Instrumental errors (3) 0.052 cm (4) 0.52 cm
(3) Personal errors (4) Least count errors 11. If force [F], acceleration [A] and time [T] are chosen as the
5. A metal wire has mass (0.4± 0.002) g, radius (0.3± 0.001) mm funDamental physical quantities. Find the dimensions of
and length (5 ± 0.02) cm. The maximum possible percentage energy. (2021)
error in the measurement of density will nearly be: (2023) (1) [F] [A] [T2] (2) [F] [A] [T–1]
(1) 1.4% (2) 1.2% (3) [F] [A–1] [T] (4) [F] [A] [T]
(3) 1.3% (4) 1.6% 12. A screw gauge has least count of 0.01 mm and there are 50
6. Plane angle and solid angle have : (2022) divisions in its circular scale.
(1) Both units and dimension
(2) Units but no dimensions The pitch of the screw gauge is: (2020)
(3) Dimensions but no units (1) 0.25 mm (2) 0.5 mm
(4) No units and no dimensions (3) 1.0 mm (4) 0.01 mm
13. Taking into account of the significant figures, what is the
7. The dimension [MLT–2A–2] belong to the : (2022)
value of 9.99 m – 0.0099 m? (2020)
(1) electric permittivity (2) magnetic flux (1) 9.98 m (2) 9.980 m
(3) self inductance (4) magnetic permeability (3) 9.9 m (4) 9.9801 m

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Units and Measurements 23

14. Dimensions of stress are : (2020) 2

(1) [ML2T–2] (2) [ML0T–2] (3) 1 G e
(3) [ML–1T–2] (4) [MLT–2] c 2 4πε0
15. The intervals measured by a clock given the following  2
1
 2
readings: (4) 1 G e 
1.25 s, 1.24 s, 1.27 s, 1.21 s and 1.28 s. What is the percentage c 2  4πε0 
relative error in the observations? (2020-Covid) 20. A student performs an experiment of measuring the thickness
(1) 4% (2) 16% of a slab with a vernier calliper whose 50 divisions of the
(3) 1.6% (4) 2% (vernier scale are equal to 49 divisions of the) main scale.
16. The angle of 1′ (minute of arc) in radian is nearly equal to, He noted that zero of the vernier scale is between 7.00 cm
 (2020-Covid) and 7.05 cm mark of the main scale and 23rd division of
(1) 4.85 × 10–4 rad (2) 4.80 × 10–6 rad
the vernier scale exactly coincides with the main scale. The
(3) 1.75 × 10–2 rad (4) 2.91 × 10–4 rad measured value of the thickness of the given slab using the
17. In an experiment, the percentage of error occurred in the calliper will be: (2017-Gujarat)
measurement of physical quantities A, B, C and D are 1%, (1) 7.73 cm
2%, 3% and 4% respectively. Then the maximum percentage (2) 7.23 cm
1
A 2B 2 (3) 7.023 cm
of error in the measurement of X, where X = will be
1
C 3 D3 (4) 7.073 cm
 (2019) 21. Planck’s constant (h), speed of light in vacuum (c) and
3 Newton’s gravitational constant (G) are three fundamental
(1)   % (2) 16% (2) –10% (4) 10%
 13  constants. Which of the following combinations of these has
18. A student measured the diameter of a small steel ball using a the dimension of length? (2016-II)
screw gauge of least count 0.001 cm. The main scale reading hc Gc
is 5 mm and zero of circular scale division coincides with (1) (2)
G h 3/ 2
25 divisions above the reference level. If screw gauge has
a zero error of –0.004 cm, the correct diameter of the ball is hG hG
(3) (4)
 (2018) c3/ 2 c5/ 2
(1) 0.053 cm (2) 0.525 cm 22. If energy (E), velocity (V) and time (T) are chosen as the
(3) 0.521 cm (4) 0.529 cm fundamental quantities, the dimensional formula of surface
19. A physical quantity of the dimensions of length that can tension will be: (2015)
e2 (1) [EV–1T–2] (2) [EV–2T–2]
be formed out of c, G and is [c is velocity of light,
4πε0 (3) [E–2V–1T–3] (4) [EV–2T–1]
G is universal constant of gravitation and e is charge]: 23. If dimension of critical velocity of liquid flowing through a
 (2017-Delhi) tube are expressed as νc∝[ηxρyrz] where η, ρ and r are the
 e2 
1
2 coefficient of viscosity of liquid, density of liquid and radius
(1) c 2 G  of the tube respectively, then the values of x, y and z are
 4πε0  given by: (2015-Re)
1

(2) 1  e 
2 2
(1) 1, 1, 1 (2) 1, –1, –1
c 2  G4πε0  (3) –1, –1, 1 (4) –1, –1, –1

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24 PHYSICS Module - 1

Answer Key

Concept Application Questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(3) (2) (2) (3) (4) (3) (4)

Topic-wise Questions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(1) (3) (1) (3) (2) (1) (4) (4) (4) (3) (2) (1) (2) (4) (1) (2) (4) (3)
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
(3) (3) (1) (3) (3) (1) (1) (3) (2) (1) (2) (1) (1) (4) (2) (3) (4) (1)
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
(3) (1) (2) (4) (3) (3) (1) (1) (4) (1) (2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (2) (4) (3)
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
(1) (4) (4) (4) (1) (2) (3) (2) (1) (2) (3) (2) (3) (3) (2) (4) (2) (1)
73 74 75 76 77 78
(4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (1)

Morale Booster Questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(4) (2) (2) (1) (2) (4) (4) (3) (2) (4) (1) (3) (1) (4) (3) (1) (1) (4)
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
(2) (1) (2) (4) (3) (3) (4) (3) (4) (4) (1) (3)

Multi-Concept Questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(3) (1) (2) (3) (2) (3) (4) (1) (1) (3) (4) (3) (3) (3) (3) (2) (1) (3)
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
(2) (3) (2) (1) (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (1) (1) (3) (3) (2) (1) (4)

NEET Past 10 Year Questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(3) (4) (4) (1) (4) (2) (4) (1) (4) (3) (1) (2) (1) (3) (3) (4) (2) (4)
19 20 21 22 23
(4) (3) (3) (2) (2)

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