Mechanics & Materials 1

Chapter 10 - continued
Axial Loading

FAMU-FSU College of Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Composite Bars in Tension or
Compression
• Any tensile or compressive
member which consists of two or
more bars or tubes in parallel,
usually of different materials, is
called a compound bar.
• A composite bar is one made of
two materials, such as steel rods
embedded in concrete.
• The construction of the bar is
such that constituent components
extend or contract equally under
load.
Example:Indeterminate Structure
• Two components of
different materials are
arranged concentrically
and loaded through rigid
end plates as shown.
• Determine the force
carried by each
component.
 Solution
•Equilibrium: In this case the load is shared in some unknown
proportions between two parts so that

F1 + F2 = F

•Geometry of deformation (compatibility): If the unloaded

lengths, l, are initially the same, then they will remain the
same under load; hence

δ1 = δ2 = δ

Stress-strain relations: For a simple unaxial situation,
σ1 and σ2
= E1 = E2
ε1 ε2
 Solution
•From equilibrium and stress equations
δ δ
F1 = E1 A1 and F2 = E2 A2
l l
•Substituting the equilibrium equation
δ δ
E1 A1 + E2 A2 =F
l l
•thus
Fl
δ=
E1 A1 + E2 A2
FE1 A1 FE2 A2
F1 = and F2 =
E1 A1 + E2 A2 E1 A1 + E2 A2
 Composite Bars in Tension or
Compression
• To illustrate the behavior of such bars consider a rod made
of two materials, 1and 2, A1, A2 are the cross-sectional area
of the bars, and E1, E2 are values of Young’s modulus.

• We imagine the bars to be rigidly connected together at the

ends; then for the longitudinal strain to be the same when
the composite bar is stretched we must have

σ σ
ε = 1
= 2
E 1 E 2
 Composite Bars in Tension or
Compression
• where σ1 and σ2 are the stresses in the two bars.
But the total tensile load is
P = σ 1 A1 + σ 2 A 2

• Together with the strain equation we obtain

PE 1
σ =
A1 E 1 + A1 E
1
1

PE 2
σ =
A1 E 1 + A1 E
2
1
Shearing Stress in Axial Loaded
Member

• The bar is uniformly stressed in tension in the x direction,

the tensile stress on across-section of the bar parallel to Ox
being σx.
• Consider the stresses acting on an inclined cross-section of
the bar; an inclined plane is taken at an angle θ to the yz-
plane.
Shearing Stress in Axial Loaded
Member

Fn = A′σ x cos θ
Ft = A′σ x sin θ

• For equilibrium the resultant force parallel to Ox on an

inclined cross section is also P= A’σx

• At the inclined cross-section, resolve the force A´ σx into

two components-one perpendicular, and the other
tangential, to the inclined cross-section,.
Shearing Stress in Axial Loaded
Member
• The normal and tangential F n = A ′σ x cos θ
forces acting on the
inclined surface are given F t = A ′σ x sin θ
as:
A
• the area of the inclined A ′ = A sec θ =
cos θ
surface A’ is:
A
A′ = A sec θ =
• so that the normal and cos θ
tangential stresses acting Fn A σ x cos θ
on the inclined cross- σ ′ = = = σ cos 2
θ
A′ A sec θ
x x
section are :
F A σ x sin θ
τ′ = t = = σ x cos θ sin θ
A′ A sec θ
 Example: Stress on Inclined
Surface
• A prismatic bar has a cross-sectional area A=1200mm2 and is
compressed by a load P=90kN. Determine the stresses acting on
the plane cut through the bar at an angle θ = 25o. Then show the
complete state of stress for the angle by determining the stresses
on all faces of the stress element.
 Solution

•The normal stress

acting on a cross
section is:
P 90 kN
σx =− =− 2
= − 75 MPa ( compressio n )
A 1200 mm

Substituting this value into the equations and using θ = 25o

we obtain

σ θ = σ x cos 2 θ = (−75MPa)(cos 25) 2 = −61.6 MPa

τ θ = −σ x sin θ cosθ = (75MPa)(sin 25)(cos 25) = 28.7 MPa
 Thermal Stress
• When the temperature of a body
is changed its overall size will
also change.
• If the temperature is increased
all directions will increase, and
if the temperature is decreased
all dimensions will contract.

• For the majority of engineering

materials this relationship is
linear.
 Thermal Stress
• The thermal strain formula is then:
∆L=α ∆T L
Or, in terms of strain: εthermal = α ∆T
• Where
– α is the coefficient of thermal expansion in units of
1/temperature
– L is the original length of the sample
– ∆L is the change in length due to the change in
temperature
 Example :Thermal Stress
• The steel bar shown is
constrained to just fit
between two fixed
supports when T1 = 60o F.
If the temperature is raised
to T2= 120o F, determine
the average normal
thermal stress developed
in the bar. Take EST =
29(103) ksi and αST =
6.5(10-6)/o F.
 Solution
• Since there is no external load, the
force at A is equal but opposite to the
force acting on B.

FA = FB = F

• The problem is statistically

indeterminate, since this force cannot
be determines from equilibrium

Using the principle of superposition, the

redundant support at A is removed, and
the thermal displacement ∆A at A occurs.
The force F, developed at the redundant,
A, then pushes the bar δA back to its
original position; i.e., the compatibility
condition at A becomes
0 = ∆A - δA
 Solution
• Applying the thermal and load-displacement relationships:

FL
• Thus 0 = α∆TL −
AE
F = α∆TAE
= [6.5(10−6 )/oF ](120oF − 60oF )(0.5in.)2[29(103 )]kip / in2
= 2.83kip
F 2 . 83 kip
σ = = 2
= 11 . 3 ksi
A ( 0 . 5 in .)
What would the stress be if the temperature had DECREASED?
 Example :Thermal Stress

• Suppose that the temperature is allowed to increase by10o F.

Determine the stress in each material due to the temperature
change alone. The thermal expansion coefficients for steel and
aluminum are 6.5*10-6in/in/o F and 13*10-6 in/in/o F,
respectively.
•From the Free-body diagram
+
→ ∑ Fx = 0; PST − PAL = 0

•Under the unconstrained thermal

expansion the composite rod will
elongate an amount
∆ = ∆ ST + ∆ AL
•They are:
∆ ST = α ST l ST ∆ T

∆ AL =α AL l AL ∆ T
•Thus
∆ = (6.5 *10 −6 )(20)(10) + (13 *10 −6 )(10)(10)
= 0.0013 + 0.0013
= 0.0026in.
 Solution
•Now the walls constrain the composite rod from expanding this
amount. The net change in length of the composite rod is zero.
Therefore, internal strains must be induced in the steel and the
aluminum so that the sum of the deformations in the steel and the
aluminum caused by thermal expansion and internal forces is
zero.

δ ST + δ AL − 0.0026 = 0

PST lST PAL l AL

δ ST = and δ AL =
AST EST AAL E AL

and PST − PAL = 0

 Solution
 EST AST l AL  EST AST
PST 1 + = 0.0026
•These equations yield:  EAL AAL lST  lST
 30 2 10  30 ×10 (2)
6
PST 1 + = 0.0026
 10 4 20  20
7
PST = 7800
4
•Consequently:
PST = PAL = 4457lb
4457
σ ST = = 228 psi (C )
The corresponding stresses are: 2

4457
σ AL = = 1114 psi (C )
Why is the stress in the Al so much higher? 4
 Example: Thermal Stress
• A steel tube 24 mm OD, 18
mm ID encloses a copper
rod 15 mm OD, they are
both rigidly attached to a
wall at one end and are
attached to a rigid plate at
the other. At 10oC there is
no stress. Calculate the
stress in the rod and tube at
200oC. For steel Es = 210
GPa, αs = 11x10-6 /oC; for
copper Ec = 100 GPa,αc =
18x10 -6 /oC
 Solution
• If both were not attached
to the rigid plate then the
would just extend freely,
however because they are
both attached to a rigid
plate, the copper is going
to be prevented from
being fully expanded by
the steel. And the steel is
going to be expanded
further by the copper.
Producing a combined
elongation as shown.
 Solution
• Because both the steel and
copper are attached, the
change in temperature is
going to produce an
internal load on both. But
because we don't know
their orientation we
assume them to be
positive, and draw the
following FBD.
 Solution
• Using the equations of statics:
+ → ∑ F x = 0 = Pc + Ps = 0

• Which gives us only one equation with two unknowns.

As no more equations of statics can be used, we now
need to come up with a compatibility equation relating
the displacement of both the tube and the rod.
• Because both the rod and tube are attached to the rigid
plate then their displacement must be the same. Which
gives that:
δc = δs
 Solution
• Divide δ by the length, since εc = εs
both materials have same length σ
ε c = ε stress + ε thermal = α c ∆ T + c

Ec
• The stress strain relation for σ
combined thermal and ε s = ε stress + ε thermal = α s ∆ T + s

Es
mechanical loading σc σs
αc∆T + =αs∆T +
Ec Es
• Putting stress in terms of load
P P
and area αc∆T + c = αs ∆T + s
Ac Ec As Es
• From statics we have Pc=-Ps (α s − α c ) ∆ T
Pc =
1 1
Substitute into the stress equation +
Ac E c As E s
Pc P
σc = = −93.3MPa and σ s = s = 83.9MPa
Substitute the values given we find Ac As
the stresses
 Example: Statically Indeterminate
Member with Thermal Stress
• The bimetallic component illustrated in the figure consists of a steel rod
of cross sectional area 600mm2 coaxially surrounded by a copper tube of
cross-sectional area 1200mm2. It is not subjected to any external load but
its temperature is changed from 20oC to 100oC.
• Determine the axial stresses set up in the copper and the steel.

Es = 205GN / m 2 , Ec = 115GN / m 2
α s = 11×10−6 / oC , α c = 16 ×10−6 / oC
 Solution
•Since there is no applied external force, the sum of the
internal forces in the copper and steel must be zero. Therefore
Fc + Fs =0
or
σcAc + σsAs =0
•Since the two materials are initially stress-free and their ends
are fixed together the total strain must be the same for each.
Therefore
ε c = ε s or (ε σ + ε T )c = (ε σ + ε T )s

•Where εσ = strain due to stress, εT = strain due to temperature change

 Solution
σC
εc = + α c (T − T0 )
•Stress- strain relation: Ec
σs
εc = + α s (T − T0 )
•Equating εc and εs from the equations: Es
σc σs
+ α c (T − T0 ) = + α s (T − T0 )
Ec Es
•Eliminating σs gives σc
+ α c (T − T0 ) = −
σ c Ac
+ α s (T − T0 )
Ec Es As
 1 Ac 
σ c  +  = (T − T0 )(α s − α C )
 Ec Es As 
or
As Es Ec (T − T0 )(α s − α c )
σc =
As Es + Ac Ec
 Solution
Ac Ec Es (T − T0 )(α s − α c )
and σs = −
As Es + Ac Ec
The negative sign for σs does not necessarily indicate a component of stress
but simply that it is opposite in sign to σc. The type of stress in the material
is determined by the numerical values of the quantities (T-To) and the
difference in the coefficient of thermal expansions. Substituting the values
into the equations gives :

σc = -21.7 MPa and

σs = 43.4MPa
Thus for an increase in temperature σc being greater than σs, the component
is prevented from expanding as much as if it were free and is put in
compression.
 Example: Statically Indeterminate
with Thermal Stress

• A copper ring having an internal diameter of 150mm and an

external diameter of 154mm is to be shrunk into a steel ring,
of the same width having internal and external diameters of
140mm and 150.5mm respectively.
• What change in temperature is required in the copper ring so
that it will just slide on to the steel ring?
• What will the uniform circumferential stress in each ring and
the interface pressure when assembled and back at room
temperature?
• Assume Ec = 100GN/m2, αc = 18x10-6/oC
 Solution
•The circumferential length of the copper ring has to be increased by heat till it is
fractionally larger than the circumferential length of the steel ring
•Minimum required change in circumference = πds - πdc
= π x 0.05
Change in C due to heating = πdc x α(T-T0)

= π x 150 x 18 x 10-6(T-T0)
•Therefore
0.05
T − T0 = −6
= 18 . 5 o
C
2700 × 10
Let the width of the ring be w; then, the thickness of 2 and 5mm
respectively
(w × 2)σ c + (w × 5)σ s = 0

σ c = −2.5σ s
 Solution
•The circumferential strains of in the copper and steel must be the
same at the mating surface, so
εs = εc
•Stress-strain relations
σ σ
ε s = s and ε c = c + α c ∆T
Es Ec

Since it is only the copper ring that has the thermal strain
component.
σs σc
= + α c∆T
Es Ec
 1 2 .5 
σ s
 +  = − 18 × 10 − 6 × 18 . 5
 Es Ec 
 Solution

•The negative sign is due to ∆T being a reduction in temperature

•Substituting for Es and Ec

•σs = -11.15MN/m2 and σc = 27.9MN/m2
•The radial pressure at the interface between the two rings may
be treated as a thin cylinder under internal or external pressure so
that
ρ = σct/r = 27.9 x 2/75 = 745kN/m2