STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS:

When the reactive forces or internal resisting forces over a cross-

S
section exceeds the number of independent equations of equilibrium,

O
AM
the structure is called statically indeterminate. These cases requires
the use of additional relations that depends on the elastic deformation

R
in the members.

N
Equations of Equilibrium:
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

O
σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0ቑ 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠

YN
σ𝑀 = 0

E
R
R
G
N
E
Illustrative Problem:
A timber column 8′′ 𝑥8′′ in cross-section is reinforced on each side by a

S
steel plate 8′′ wide and 𝑡 inches thick. Determine the thickness 𝑡 so that

O
AM
the column will support an axial load of 300 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 without exceeding a
maximum timber stress 𝜎𝑇 = 1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖 or a maximum steel stress 𝜎𝑆 = 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖.

R
Use 𝐸 = 1.5𝑥106 𝑙𝑏Τ𝑖𝑛2 for timber and 𝐸 = 29𝑥106 𝑙𝑏Τ𝑖𝑛2 for steel.

N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Illustrative Problem:

S
The composite bar in the figure is firmly attached to an unyielding

O
supports. A horizontal load 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 is applied as shown. Determine;
a) the stress in the aluminum bar

AM
b) the stress in the steel bar

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Illustrative Problem:

A rigid beam with negligible weight is pinned at one end and attached to

S
two vertical rods as shown in the figure. The beam was initially

O
horizontal before the load 𝑊 = 50 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 was applied. Determine the vertical

AM
movement of 𝑊.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Illustrative Problem:

S
The rigid platform in the figure has negligible mass and rests on two

O
steel bars each 250 mm long. The center bar is aluminum and 249.90 mm

AM
long. Determine the stress in the aluminum bar after the center load P
has been applied. For each steel bars, the area is 1200 𝑚𝑚2 and 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎

R
for the aluminum bar, the area is 2400 𝑚𝑚2 and 𝐸 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎

N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Illustrative Problem:

An aluminum rod of length 300 mm, cross-sectional area 1250 𝑚𝑚2 and

S
O
𝐸 = 70𝐺𝑃𝑎 has been placed inside a steel tube of the same length, cross-
sectional area 700 𝑚𝑚2 and 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 as shown in the figure. Determine

AM
the deformation of the aluminum rod and steel tube when the 𝑃 = 50 𝐾𝑁 force was
applied.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Problem Set:

S
The light rigid bar ABCD as shown in the figure is pinned at B and

O
connected to two vertical rods. Assuming that the bar was initially

AM
horizontal and the rods stress-free, determine the stress in each rod
after the load 𝑃 = 90 𝑘𝑁 is applied.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Problem Set:

S
As shown in the figure, a rigid bar ABCD with negligible mass is pinned

O
at B and attached to two vertical rods. Assuming that the rods were

AM
initially stress-free, what maximum load P can be applied without
exceeding a stress of 150 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in the steel rod and a stress of 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in the

R
bronze rod.

N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Problem Set:
The support consists of a solid brass post with 𝐸 = 98 𝐺𝑃𝑎 surrounded by a

S
steel tube with 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 . Before the load was applied, the gap between

O
these parts is 1-mm. Given the dimensions as shown, determine the largest

AM
axial load that can be applied to the rigid cap A without causing
yielding of any one of the materials. Also, are the two materials loaded.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Problem Set:
The distributed loading of intensity 𝑤 is supported by three suspended

S
bars AB and EF are made from aluminum, 𝐸 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎, cross-sectional area of

O
𝐴 = 450 𝑚𝑚2 and bar CD made from steel, 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑝𝑎, cross-sectional area of

AM
𝐴 = 400 𝑚𝑚2 . Determine the intensity of the load 𝑤 so as not to exceed an
allowable stress of 𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 94 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for aluminum and an allowable stress of

R
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 180 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for steel

N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Problem Set:
The rigid link is supported by a pin at A and two steel wires, each

S
having an unstretched length of 12 inches and cross-sectional area of 〖

O
0.0125 𝑖𝑛〗^2. Determine the force developed in the wires when the link

AM
supports the vertical load of 350 lb.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
THERMAL STRESSES:
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount 𝛿𝑇

S
O
is given by;

AM
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
where:
𝛼 – coefficient of thermal expansion in 𝑚𝑚Τ𝑚𝑚°𝐶

S
O
𝐿 – length in (m, mm, ft, in)

AM
𝑇𝑓 - final temperature in °𝐶, °𝐹
𝑇𝑖 - initial temperature in °𝐶, °𝐹

R
For steel 𝛼 = 11.25𝑥10−6 Τ°𝐶

N
If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no loads

O
YN
or stress will be induced to the structures. In some cases were
temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal stress is

E
R
created, the internal stress created is called thermal stress.
R
For homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as shown,
G

the thermal stress is computed as;

N
O
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇

YN
Deformation due to an equivalent axial stress;

E
𝛿𝑃 = 𝛿𝑇

R
𝑃𝐿 𝑃
= 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇, but =𝜎
𝐴𝐸 𝐴
R
𝜎𝐿
G

= 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝐸
N

𝜎 = 𝐸𝛼∆𝑇
E
where:
𝜎 = thermal stress

S
O
𝐸 = modulus of elasticity

AM
If the wall yields a distance 𝑥 as shown;

R
N
O
YN
E
𝛿𝑇 = 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑃 R
R
𝜎𝐿
G
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = 𝑥 +
𝐸
N

𝑥
𝜎 = 𝐸 𝛼∆𝑇 − where: 𝜎 represents the thermal stress
E

𝐿
Note:
A rise in temperature, the rod will be in compression, a drop in

S
O
temperature the rod will be in tension.

AM
Illustrative Problem:

R
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 𝑖𝑛2 is stretched between

N
two fixed points. The tensile load at 70°𝐹 is 1200 𝑙𝑏. Assuming 𝛼 = 6.6𝑥10−6 Τ°𝐹

O
and 𝐸 = 29𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖, determine;

YN
a) the stress at 0℉

E
b) the temperature when the stress is zero

R
R
G
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Illustrative Problem:
Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar

S
shown in Fig. P-266 if the temperature increases by 100°F. Assume that

O
the supports are unyielding and that the bar is suitably braced against

AM
buckling. (www.mathalino.com)

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Illustrative Problem:

As shown in the figure there is a gap between the aluminum bar and the

S
rigid slab that is supported by two copper bars. At 10℃, 𝛿 = 0.18 𝑚𝑚.

O
Neglecting the mass of the slab, determine the stress in each rod when

AM
the temperature in the assembly is increased to 95℃. For each copper
bars, 𝐴 = 500 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐸 = 120 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝛼 = 16.8𝑥10−6 Τ℃, for the aluminum bar 𝐴 = 400𝑚𝑚2 ,
𝐸 = 70 GPa, 𝛼 = 23.1𝑥10−6 Τ℃.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Illustrative Problem:
A 1.2-m concrete post is reinforced by four steel bars, each of diameter

S
O
18-mm. Using 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝛼 = 11.7𝑥10−6 Τ℃ for steel and 𝐸 = 25 𝐺𝑃𝑎,
𝛼 = 9.9𝑥10−6 Τ℃ for concrete, determine the stresses induced in the steel

AM
and in the concrete by a temperature rise of 27℃.

R
N
Given:

O
𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎

YN
𝛼𝑠 = 11.7𝑥10−6 Τ℃

E
𝐸𝑐 = 25 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝛼𝑐 = 9.9𝑥10−6 Τ℃
R
R
∆𝑇 = 27℃
G
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Illustrative Problem:

S
For the assembly shown, determine the stress in each of the two vertical

O
rods if the temperature rises 40℃ after the load 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑁 is applied.
Neglect the deformation and mass of the bar AB

AM
R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Problem Set:
The two circular rod segments one of an aluminum and the other a copper,

S
are fixed to the rigid walls such that there is a gap of 0.008 inches

O
between them when the temperature is 60℉. Each rod has a diameter of 1.25

AM
inches. 𝛼𝑎𝑙 = 13𝑥10−6 Τ℉,𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 10𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖, 𝛼𝑐𝑢 = 9.4𝑥10−6 Τ℉,𝐸𝑐𝑢 = 18𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖. Determine
the average normal stress in each rod if the temperature is 300℉, and

R
also calculate the new length of the aluminum segment.

N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Problem Set:
At 20℃, a rigid slab having a mass of 55-Mg is placed upon two bronze rod

S
and one steel rod as shown in the figure. At what temperature will the

O
stress in the steel rod be zero? For the steel rod, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 6000 𝑚𝑚2 ,

AM
𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝛼𝑠𝑡 = 11.7𝑥106 𝑚𝑚Τ𝑚𝑚℃. For bronze, 𝐴𝑏𝑟 = 6000 𝑚𝑚2 ,𝐸𝑏𝑟 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎,
𝛼𝑏𝑟 = 19𝑥106 𝑚𝑚Τ𝑚𝑚℃.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Problem Set:
A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as

S
shown in the figure. If the system is initially stress-free. Determine

O
the temperature change that will cause a tensile stress of 90 MPa in the

AM
brass rod. Assume that both rods are subjected to the change in
temperature.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Problem Set:
The aluminum rod has a diameter of 0.5” and is lightly attached to the

S
rigid supports at A and B when the temperature is 70℉. Determine the

O
force P that must be applied to the collar so that, when the temperature

AM
is 0℉, the reaction at point B is zero.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E