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Chapter 4

The document discusses statically indeterminate members subjected to axial loads and thermal stresses. It explains that equilibrium equations alone are not sufficient to solve for indeterminate reactions, and additional compatibility equations using load-displacement relationships are needed. The principle of superposition can be used to determine internal forces in each member segment. Thermal stresses occur when a constrained member expands or contracts due to temperature changes. Examples show how to calculate reactions, internal forces, and thermal stresses.

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201 views21 pages

Chapter 4

The document discusses statically indeterminate members subjected to axial loads and thermal stresses. It explains that equilibrium equations alone are not sufficient to solve for indeterminate reactions, and additional compatibility equations using load-displacement relationships are needed. The principle of superposition can be used to determine internal forces in each member segment. Thermal stresses occur when a constrained member expands or contracts due to temperature changes. Examples show how to calculate reactions, internal forces, and thermal stresses.

Uploaded by

rienalen placa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statically Indeterminate

Axially Loaded Member


Principle of Superposition

σ1 States that the resultant stress or displacement


at the point can be determined by algebraically
summing the stress or displacement caused by
each load component applied separately to the
member.
σ2
2 Conditions:
1. The loading must be linearly related to the
stress or displacement that is to be
determined.
σ 2. The loading must not significantly change the
σ = σ1 + σ2 original geometry or configuration of the
𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 member.
Consider this bar which is fixed
supported at both of its ends.
We are to determine the support
reactions at A and B.
Applying the equilibrium equations
(ΣFx, Σfy and ΣMo) are not sufficient to
determine the unknown reactions.
Statically Indeterminate Member
We need to establish an additional
equation to solve the 2 unknowns.

We can still create an equation if we


evaluate the deformation of the
member.
Compatibility Equation
In the figure, it is obvious that because
the bar is fixed on both ends, it will not
deform. Then 𝛿A/B = 0.

Load-Displacement Relationship

PL
𝛿 =
AE
Determining Internal Forces
in each Segment
At segment AB, the internal force is +FA
and at segment BC, -FB, then using the
load-displacement relationship:
Assuming that AE is constant, then:
Example 1
The steel rod has a diameter of 10 mm. It is fixed to the wall at A, and
before it is loaded, there is a gap of 0.2 mm between the wall at B’ and the
rod. Determine the reactions at A and B’ if the rod is subjected to an axial
force of P = 20 kN as shown. Neglect the size of the collar at C. Take Est =
200 GPa.
Example 2

The aluminum post is reinforced with a


brass core. If this assembly supports
an axial compressive load of P = 9 kip,
applied to the rigid cap, determine the
average normal stress in the aluminum
and the brass. Take Eal=10(103) ksi and
Ebr = 15(103) ksi.
Example 3

The three A-36 steel bars are pin


connected to a rigid member. If the
applied load on the member is 15 kN,
determine the force developed in each
bar. Bars AB and EF each have a
cross-sectional area of 50 mm2, and
bar CD has a cross-sectional area of
30 mm2.
Force Method of Analysis

It is also possible to solve statically


indeterminate problems by writing
compatibility equations using the
principle of superposition.
By applying Force Method, select an
end reaction as “redundant” and remove
its effect temporarily on the bar.
In this example, end B is taken as the
redundant.
By Principle of Superposition, we must
add back the unknown redundant load
FB .
If load P causes B to be displaced
downward by an amount 𝛿P, the reaction
= + FB must displace end B of the bar
upward by an amount 𝛿B, such that no
displacement occurs at B when the two
loadings are superimposed. Thus,

𝛿P - 𝛿B = 0
Applying the load-displacement
relationship to each case,

&'() ,- '
- =0
*+ *+

Therefore, FB can be calculated as,

𝐿*4
𝐹1 = 𝑃
𝐿
By applying the equilibrium equations, FA
can also be determined.
Example 1
The steel rod has a diameter of 10 mm. It is fixed to the wall at A, and
before it is loaded, there is a gap of 0.2 mm between the wall at B’ and the
rod. Determine the reactions at A and B’ if the rod is subjected to an axial
force of P = 20 kN as shown. Neglect the size of the collar at C. Take Est =
200 GPa.
Thermal Stress
A change in temperature can cause a body
to change its dimensions.
Generally, if the temperature increases, the
body will expand, whereas if the
temperature decreases, it will contract.
Ordinarily this expansion or contraction is
linearly related to the temperature increase
or decrease that occurs.

Expansion joint on roads to


minimize thermal stress
By experiments, given that the material is
homogenous and isotropic, it is found out that
the displacement of a member having a length L
can be calculated using the formula,

𝛿5 = 𝛼(Δ𝑇)(𝐿)
;
𝛼 - linear coefficient of thermal expansion
℃
∆𝑇 - change in temperature of the member
𝐿 - original length of the member
𝛿5 - change in length of the member
Thermal stress is produced when a statically
indeterminate member tends increases it length
due to change in temperature but is constrained
by its supports.

This is also an important consideration in design.


Example 1

The A-36 steel bar is


constrained to just fit between
two fixed supports when T1 =
60°F. If the temperature is
raised to T2 = 120°F, determine
the average normal thermal
stress developed in the bar.
Example 2

The rigid beam is fixed to the top of the


three posts made of A-36 steel and
2014-T6 aluminum. The posts each
have a length of 250 mm when no load
is applied to the beam, and the
temperature is T1 = 20°C. Determine
the force supported by each post if the
bar is subjected to a uniform distributed
load of 150 kN/m and the temperature
is raised to T2 = 80°C. 𝛼>? = 23(10CD )/
℃ , 𝛼FG = 12(10CD )/℃, 𝐸>? = 73.1 𝐺𝑃𝑎,
𝐸FG = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
Example 3

A 2014-T6 aluminum tube having a cross-


sectional area of 600 mm2 is used as a sleeve for
an A-36 steel bolt having a cross-sectional area of
400 mm2. When the temperature is T1 = 15°C, the
nut holds the assembly in a snug position such
that the axial force in the bolt is negligible. If the
temperature increases to T2 = 80°C determine
the force in the bolt and sleeve. 𝛼F = 23(10CD )/℃
, 𝛼N = 12(10CD )/℃, 𝐸F = 73.1 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐸N = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎

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