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MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM - PRELIM

The document provides an overview of microprocessor architecture and organization, detailing the differences between architecture (visible attributes) and organization (implementation features). It discusses the evolution of computers from vacuum tubes to microprocessors, highlighting key developments such as the ENIAC, von Neumann architecture, and the introduction of transistors. Additionally, it addresses the performance challenges in modern computing, including memory speed and processor speed mismatches, along with potential solutions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views7 pages

MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM - PRELIM

The document provides an overview of microprocessor architecture and organization, detailing the differences between architecture (visible attributes) and organization (implementation features). It discusses the evolution of computers from vacuum tubes to microprocessors, highlighting key developments such as the ENIAC, von Neumann architecture, and the introduction of transistors. Additionally, it addresses the performance challenges in modern computing, including memory speed and processor speed mismatches, along with potential solutions.

Uploaded by

Nel Jun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1
Architecture & Organization 1
 Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer
o Instruction set, number of bits used Functional View
for data representation, I/O
mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
o e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

 Organization is how features are


implemented
o Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology.
o e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit
or is it done by repeated addition?

Architecture & Organization 2


 All Intel x86 family share the same basic
 The IBM System /370 family share the same
basic architecture
 This gives code compatibility
o At least backwards
 Organization differs between different
versions

Structure & Function


 Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
 Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure

Function
 All computer functions are:
o Data Processing
o Data Storage
o Data Movement
o Control
 The computer must be able to process data. Operation (b) Storage
The data could be in a variety of forms.
 It is also essential that the computer can
store data
 The computer could also able to move data
between itself and the outside world
 The computer must control the process,
storing data and move data Operation (c) Processing from/to Storage

Operation (a) Data Movement

Operation (d) Processing from Storage to I/O


Structure - Top Level computers
o ALU: Performs the computer’s data
processing functions
o Registers: Provides storage internal
to the CPU
o CPU interconnection: probably the
best example is bus system

Structure – The CPU

 Control Processing Unit: control the


operation of the computer and performs its
data processing functions, often simply
referred to a processor
 Main Memory: stores data
 I/O: moves data between the computer and
its external environment
 System Interconnection: There should be a
mechanism for communication among CPU,
main memory, and I/O.
CHAPTER 2
COMPUTER EVOLUTION AND
PERFORMANCE

ENIAC – Background
 Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer
Structure – The Control Unit

 Major Structural Components:


o Control Unit: controls the
operations of the CPU and hence the
 Eckert and Mauchly o Memory Address Register
 University of Pennsylvania o Instruction Register
 Trajectory Tables for Weapons o Instruction Buffer Register
 Started 1943 o Program Counter
 Finished 1946 o Accumulator
o Too late for ware effort o Multiplier Quotient
 Used until 1955

ENIAC – Details
Structure of IAS - Detail
 Decimal (not binary)
 20 accumulators of 10 digits
 Programmed manually by switches
 18,000 vacuum tubes
 30 tons
 15,000 square feet
 140 kW power consumption
 5,000 additions per second

Von Neumann/Turing
 Stored Program concept
 Main memory storing programs and data
 ALU operating on binary data
 Control unit interpreting instructions from Commercial Computers
memory and executing
 Input and output equipment operated by  1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer
control unit Corporation
 Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies  UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
o IAS (Institute for Advanced Study)  US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
 Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
 Completed 1952
 Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
o Faster
o More memory

IBM
 Punched-card processing equipment
 1953 - the 701
o IBM's first stored program computer
o Scientific calculations
Structure of von Neumann Machine
 1955 - the 702

IAS – Details
 1000 x 40-bit words
o Binary number
o 2x 20-bit instructions
 Set of registers (storage in CPU)
o Memory Buffer Register
o Business applications o 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a
 Lead to 700/7000 series chip
 Ultra large-scale integration
o Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Transistors
 Replaced vacuum tubes Moore’s Law
 Smaller
 Cheaper  Increased density of components on chip
 Less heat dissipation  Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel
 Solid State device  Number of transistors on a chip will double
 Made from Silicon (Sand) every year
 Invented 1947 at Bell Labs  Since 1970’s development has slowed a
 William Shockley et al. little
o Number of transistors doubles every
18 months
Transistor Based Computers
 Cost of a chip has remained almost
 Second generation machines unchanged
 NCR & RCA produced small transistor  Higher packing density means shorter
machines electrical paths, giving higher performance
 IBM 7000  Smaller size gives increased flexibility
 DEC – 1957  Reduced power and cooling requirements
o Produced PDP-1  Fewer interconnections increases reliability

Microelectronics
 Literally - “small electronics” Growth in CPU Transistor Count
 A computer is made up of gates, memory
cells and interconnections
 These can be manufactured on a
semiconductor
 e.g. silicon wafer

Generations of Computer
 Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
 Transistor - 1958-1964
 Small scale integration - 1965 on
o Up to 100 devices on a chip
 Medium scale integration - to 1971
o 100-3,000 devices on a chip IBM 360 Series
 Large scale integration - 1971-1977
o 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip  1964
 Very large-scale integration - 1978 to date  Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000
series
 First planned “family” of computers o i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage
o Similar or identical instruction sets  Holds 256 bits
o Similar or identical O/S  Non-destructive read
o Increasing speed  Much faster than core
o Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e.  Capacity approximately doubles each year
more terminals)
o Increased memory size
INTEL
o Increased cost
 Multiplexed switch structure  1971 – 4004
o First microprocessor
o All CPU components on a single
DEC PDP-8
chip
 1964 o 4 bits
 First minicomputer (after miniskirt!)  Followed in 1972 by 8008
 Did not need air-conditioned room o 8 bits
 Small enough to sit on a lab bench o Both designed for specific
 $16,000 applications
o $100k+ for IBM 360  1974 – 8080
 Embedded applications & OEM o Intel’s first general purpose
 BUS STRUCTURE microprocessor

Speeding
 Pipelining
 On board cache
 On board Li & L2 cache
 Branch prediction
 Data flow analysis
 Speculative execution
DEC PDP-8 Bus Structure

Performance Mismatch
 Processor speed increased
 Memory capacity increased
 Memory speed lags behind processor speed

Semiconductor Memory
DRAM and Processor Characteristics
 1970
 Fairchild
 Size of a single core
Trends in DRAM use

Solutions
 Increase number of bits retrieved at one time
o Make DRAM “wider” rather than
“deeper”
 Change DRAM interface
o Cache
 Reduce frequency of memory access
o More complex cache and cache on
chip

 Increase interconnection bandwidth


o High speed buses
o Hierarchy of buses

Internet Sources
 http://www. intel.com/
 Search for the Intel Museum
 http://www.ibm.com
 http://www.dec.com
 Charles Babbage Institute
 PowerPC
 Intel Developer Home

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