MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1
Architecture & Organization 1
 Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer
o Instruction set, number of bits used Functional View
for data representation, I/O
mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
o e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

 Organization is how features are

implemented
o Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology.
o e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit
or is it done by repeated addition?

Architecture & Organization 2

 All Intel x86 family share the same basic
 The IBM System /370 family share the same
basic architecture
 This gives code compatibility
o At least backwards
 Organization differs between different
versions

Structure & Function

 Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
 Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure

Function
 All computer functions are:
o Data Processing
o Data Storage
o Data Movement
o Control
 The computer must be able to process data. Operation (b) Storage
The data could be in a variety of forms.
 It is also essential that the computer can
store data
 The computer could also able to move data
between itself and the outside world
 The computer must control the process,
storing data and move data Operation (c) Processing from/to Storage

Operation (a) Data Movement

Operation (d) Processing from Storage to I/O

 Structure - Top Level computers
o ALU: Performs the computer’s data
processing functions
o Registers: Provides storage internal
to the CPU
o CPU interconnection: probably the
best example is bus system

Structure – The CPU

 Control Processing Unit: control the

operation of the computer and performs its
data processing functions, often simply
referred to a processor
 Main Memory: stores data
 I/O: moves data between the computer and
its external environment
 System Interconnection: There should be a
mechanism for communication among CPU,
main memory, and I/O.
CHAPTER 2
COMPUTER EVOLUTION AND
PERFORMANCE

ENIAC – Background
 Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer
Structure – The Control Unit

 Major Structural Components:

o Control Unit: controls the
operations of the CPU and hence the
  Eckert and Mauchly o Memory Address Register
 University of Pennsylvania o Instruction Register
 Trajectory Tables for Weapons o Instruction Buffer Register
 Started 1943 o Program Counter
 Finished 1946 o Accumulator
o Too late for ware effort o Multiplier Quotient
 Used until 1955

ENIAC – Details
Structure of IAS - Detail
 Decimal (not binary)
 20 accumulators of 10 digits
 Programmed manually by switches
 18,000 vacuum tubes
 30 tons
 15,000 square feet
 140 kW power consumption
 5,000 additions per second

Von Neumann/Turing
 Stored Program concept
 Main memory storing programs and data
 ALU operating on binary data
 Control unit interpreting instructions from Commercial Computers
memory and executing
 Input and output equipment operated by  1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer
control unit Corporation
 Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies  UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
o IAS (Institute for Advanced Study)  US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
 Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
 Completed 1952
 Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
o Faster
o More memory

IBM
 Punched-card processing equipment
 1953 - the 701
o IBM's first stored program computer
o Scientific calculations
Structure of von Neumann Machine
 1955 - the 702

IAS – Details
 1000 x 40-bit words
o Binary number
o 2x 20-bit instructions
 Set of registers (storage in CPU)
o Memory Buffer Register
 o Business applications o 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a
 Lead to 700/7000 series chip
 Ultra large-scale integration
o Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Transistors
 Replaced vacuum tubes Moore’s Law
 Smaller
 Cheaper  Increased density of components on chip
 Less heat dissipation  Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel
 Solid State device  Number of transistors on a chip will double
 Made from Silicon (Sand) every year
 Invented 1947 at Bell Labs  Since 1970’s development has slowed a
 William Shockley et al. little
o Number of transistors doubles every
18 months
Transistor Based Computers
 Cost of a chip has remained almost
 Second generation machines unchanged
 NCR & RCA produced small transistor  Higher packing density means shorter
machines electrical paths, giving higher performance
 IBM 7000  Smaller size gives increased flexibility
 DEC – 1957  Reduced power and cooling requirements
o Produced PDP-1  Fewer interconnections increases reliability

Microelectronics
 Literally - “small electronics” Growth in CPU Transistor Count
 A computer is made up of gates, memory
cells and interconnections
 These can be manufactured on a
semiconductor
 e.g. silicon wafer

Generations of Computer
 Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
 Transistor - 1958-1964
 Small scale integration - 1965 on
o Up to 100 devices on a chip
 Medium scale integration - to 1971
o 100-3,000 devices on a chip IBM 360 Series
 Large scale integration - 1971-1977
o 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip  1964
 Very large-scale integration - 1978 to date  Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000
series
  First planned “family” of computers o i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage
o Similar or identical instruction sets  Holds 256 bits
o Similar or identical O/S  Non-destructive read
o Increasing speed  Much faster than core
o Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e.  Capacity approximately doubles each year
more terminals)
o Increased memory size
INTEL
o Increased cost
 Multiplexed switch structure  1971 – 4004
o First microprocessor
o All CPU components on a single
DEC PDP-8
chip
 1964 o 4 bits
 First minicomputer (after miniskirt!)  Followed in 1972 by 8008
 Did not need air-conditioned room o 8 bits
 Small enough to sit on a lab bench o Both designed for specific
 $16,000 applications
o $100k+ for IBM 360  1974 – 8080
 Embedded applications & OEM o Intel’s first general purpose
 BUS STRUCTURE microprocessor

Speeding
 Pipelining
 On board cache
 On board Li & L2 cache
 Branch prediction
 Data flow analysis
 Speculative execution
DEC PDP-8 Bus Structure

Performance Mismatch
 Processor speed increased
 Memory capacity increased
 Memory speed lags behind processor speed

Semiconductor Memory
DRAM and Processor Characteristics
 1970
 Fairchild
 Size of a single core
 Trends in DRAM use

Solutions
 Increase number of bits retrieved at one time
o Make DRAM “wider” rather than
“deeper”
 Change DRAM interface
o Cache
 Reduce frequency of memory access
o More complex cache and cache on
chip

 Increase interconnection bandwidth

o High speed buses
o Hierarchy of buses

Internet Sources
 http://www. intel.com/
 Search for the Intel Museum
 http://www.ibm.com
 http://www.dec.com
 Charles Babbage Institute
 PowerPC
 Intel Developer Home