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Module-3
DC Machine
Any electrical machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy is called as Generators. The
electrical machine that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy is called as motor. They work
on the principle of electromechanical energy conversion. However, the construction of both
motors and generators are same, they differ by the principle of operation.

The first DC electrical machine was invented in 1839 in Edinburgh but took 4 decades to be
commercialized.

3.1 Basic principle of operation of D.C machine as a generator

Generator works on the principle of Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction and

the type of emf is dynamically induced emf. When a conductor cuts the magnetic flux
lines of flux an emf is induced in the conductor. The magnitude of the emf
induced in the conductor is given by:

Induced emf = 𝐵𝑙𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Where B: magnetic flux density in wb/m2

l : length of the portion of the conductor in the magnetic field in m
v: velocity of the conductor in m/s

𝜃 : Angle between direction of movement of the conductor in the magnetic

field and the direction of magnetic flux

Fig 3.1: Generator working principle

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The working principle of a generator can be better understood by simple concept of faradays
laws. Consider two conductors AB and CD which are tied together in the back end and to the
separate slip rings S1 and S2 in the front end as shown in the Fig 3.1(a). the conductors ABCD
as a whole forms one coil. Let the coil be rotated in the counterclockwise direction such that
AB rotates under the influence of north pole and CD under south pole and the current flows
from M to N through the resistor as shown. Similarly, after rotation of 1800 the conductor CD
will be under the influence of north pole and AB under the influence of south pole thus from
1800 to 3600 rotation the emf induced in the conductor gets reversed and the current flows from
N to M through resistor R as shown in Fig 3.1(b). The type of emf generated will be alternating.
In view of obtaining DC voltage, split ring can be replaced with slip rings as depicted in Fig
3.1(c). In the split rings there are two segments a and b which are separated by an insulting
medium and the brushes are placed on these segments. When AB is under the influence of south
pole and CD under north pole the brushes just slide through the split rings to maintain the
direction of current flow from M to N only.

Fleming's right-hand rule (for generators): - shows the direction of induced emf
(current) when a conductor moves in a magnetic field.

The right hand is held with the thumb, first finger and second finger
mutually perpendicular to each other (at right angles)

• The thumb represents the direction of Motionof the

conductor, first finger represents the direction of the Fieldor
Flux. (north to south) and the second finger represents the
directionof the induced or generated current as shown in
figure 3.2 (the direction of the induced current or emf will be
the direction of conventional current; from positive to
negative).
Fig 3.2: Flemings Right handrule

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3.2 Construction of DC machine

The construction of the motor parts can be broadly classified into two: stator and rotor. Stator
is the stationary part and rotor is rotating. The stator parts include: Base Plate, yoke,
field system, lifting eye and terminal box. The rotor parts include: armature. Commutator
and brushes is shown in Fig 3.3.

Fig: 3.3. Parts of DC Machine

Yoke: yoke is the outermost part of the machine which is made of either cast iron or cast
steel depending on the application. For instance, for small applications such as toys, fans
etc, it is made of cast iron. For bigger application such as industrial and generating
stations the yoke is made up of cast steel. The outer frame or yoke serves double
purpose:
(i) It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a protecting cover for the whole
machine. (ii) It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles. Base plate is to give the
support for the entire system to stand.

Pole Cores and Pole Shoes: The field system consists of pole shoe and pole field. The
poles are made up of alloy steel that has high permeability and less hysteresis loss. The
coil is wound on the pole which is excited to provide the magnetic field. The poles are
tightly reverted to the yoke using nuts and bolts. The pole shoes serve two purposes: (i)
They spread out the flux in the air gap and also, being of larger cross-section, reduce the

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reluctance of the magnetic path. (ii) They support the exciting coils (or field coils) as
shown below. There will be small ducts provided along the pole shoe that keeps the air
circulation intact.
Pole Coils: The field coils or pole coils, which consist of copper wire or strip, are former-
wound for the correct dimension. Then, the former is removed and wound coil is put into
place over the core. When current is passed through these coils, they electro magnetize
the poles which produce the necessary flux that is cut by revolving armature conductors.

Armature Core: It houses the armature conductors or coils and causes them to rotate and
hence cut the magnetic flux of the field magnets. In addition to this, its most important
function is to provide a path of very low reluctance to the flux through the armature from
a N-pole to a S-pole. It is cylindrical or drum-shaped and is built up of usually circular
sheet steel discs or laminations approximately 0.5 mm thick. The slots are either die-cut
or punched on the outer periphery of the disc and the keyway is located on the inner
diameter as shown. In small machines, the armature stampings are keyed directly to the
shaft. Usually, these laminations are perforated for air ducts which permit axial flow of
air through the armature for cooling purposes. The purpose of using laminations is to
reduce the loss due to eddy currents. Thinner the laminations, greater is the resistance
offered to the induced emf, smaller the current and hence lesser the I2 R loss in the core.

Armature Windings: The armature windings are usually former-wound. These are first
wound in the form of flat rectangular coils and are then pulled into their proper shape in
a coil puller. Various conductors of the coils are insulated from each other. The
conductors are placed in the armature slots which are lined with tough
insulatingmaterial. This slot insulation is folded over above the armature conductors
placed in the slot and issecured in place by special hard wooden or fiber wedges.

Commutator: The functions of the commutator are to facilitate collection of current from
the armature conductors, and to convert the alternating current induced in the armature
conductors into unidirectional current in the external load circuit. It is of cylindrical
structure and is built up of wedge-shaped segments of high-conductivity hard-drawn or
drop forged copper. These segments are insulated from each other by thin layers of mica.
The number of segments is equal to the number of armature coils. Each commutator
segment is connected to the armature conductor by means of a copper lug or riser. To
prevent them from flying out under the action of centrifugal forces, the segments have V-
grooves, these grooves being insulated by conical micanite rings.

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Brushes and Bearings: The brushes, whose function is to collect current from
commutator, are usually made of carbon or graphite and are in the shape of a rectangular
block. These brushes are housed in brush-holders, the brush-holder is mounted on
a spindle and the brushes can slide in the rectangular box open at both ends. The brushes
are made to bear down on the commutator by a spring. A flexible copper pigtail mounted
at the top of the brush conveys current from the brushes to the holder. The number of
brushes per spindle depends on the magnitude of the current to be collected from the
commutator.

Because of their reliability, ball-bearings are frequently employed, though for heavy
duties, roller bearings are preferable. The ball and rollers are generally packed in hard oil
for quieter operation and for reduced bearing wear, sleeve bearings are used which are
lubricated by ring oilers fed from oil reservoir in the bearing bracket.

3.3 E.M.F Equation of DC Generator:

Let, Ф = Flux / pole in webers

Z = Total number armature conductors

P = Number of poles
A = Number of parallel paths in the armature.
N = Rotational speed of armature in revolutions per minute (r.p.m)
E = emf of a generator or e.m.f induced / parallel path in armature.

According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

Time taken to complete one revolution = 60/N sec.

Z
Number of armature conductors per parallel path =
A
Eg= emf generated per conductor x Number of conductors in each parallel path

For a Simplex Wave-Wound Generator :Number of parallel paths, A = 2

For Simplex Lap-Wound Generator: Number of parallel paths, A = P

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3.4 Types or Classification of Generators

The type of DC machine depends on the way the magnetic flux is established in it.
There can be three ways of establishing magnetic flux in a generator:
(a) Using a permanent magnet (called permanent magnet generators).
(b) Using some external source to excite the field coils
(called separately excited generators).
(c) Using the armature supply to excite the field coil (called self-excited generators).

In describing various relations for a DC generator, following notations are used:

Ia = armature current
Ra= net resistance of the armature circuit
E = emf generated in the armature winding
Ise = current through series field coil
Rse= resistance of the series field coil
Ish = current through shunt field coil
Rsh = resistance of the shunt field coil
IL = current supplied to the load
V= terminal voltage across the load
RL = load resistance

(a) Permanent Magnet Generators: These do not find application in the industry because of
their low efficiency. However, low-power, low-cost, small size machines use permanent
magnet.
(b) Separately Excited Generators As shown in Fig 3.4, the field coils are excited from a
storage battery or from a separate de source.

Fig: 3.3. Separately excited DC generator.

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(c) Self-Excited Generators The field coils are excited by the de voltage generated by
the generator itself. Such generators are further subdivided into following three
categories

Fig: 3.4. Self excited DC generator.

(i) Series-Wound Generators: The field coils are connected in series with the armature
circuit (Fig. 3.5).

Fig: 3.5. Series wound

(ii) Shunt-Wound Generators: The field coils are connected across the armature circuit
(Fig 3.6).

Fig: 3.6. Series wound

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(iii) Compound-Wound Generators: There are two windings on each pole, one
connected in series and the other in parallel with the armature circuit. The
compound-wound generators may again be of two types:
• Short-Shunt in which the shunt field winding is connected in parallel with the
armature (Fig 3.7).

Fig: 3.7. Short-Shunt Compound-Wound

• Long-Shunt in which the shunt field winding is connected in parallel with both the
armature and series winding (Fig 3.8).

Fig: 3.8. Long-Shunt Compound-Wound

The compound-wound generators can also be classified, from another point of

view, they are differential compound generators and cumulative compound
generators depending on the fact whether the series field opposes or supports the
shunt field, respectively.

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Further details on the Classification of Generators

The field windings provide the excitation necessary to set up the magnetic fields in the
machine. There are various types of field windings that can be used in the
generator or motor circuit.
In addition to the following field winding types, permanent magnet fields are used on
some smaller DC products. Generators may be divided in to

(a) Separately-excited generators and

(b) Self-excited generators

(a) Separately-excited generators are those whose field magnets are energized
from an independent external source of DC current

Fig 3.9: Separately-excited generator

Armature current Ia=IL\

Terminal voltage V=Eg-IaRa volts
Power developed P=EgIa watts

Power delivered to the load =EgIa-Ia2Ra=Ia(Eg-IaRa)=VIa watt

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(b) Self-excited generators are those whose field magnets are energized by the
current produced by the generators themselves. Due to residual magnetism, there is
always present some flux in the poles. When the armature is rotated, some emf and
hence some induced current is produced which is partly or fully passed through the
field coils thereby strengthening the residual pole flux.

Self-excited generators are classed according to the type of field connection they use.

Fig 3.10 Self-excited generators

There are three general types of field connections:

(a) Series-Wound,
(b) Shunt- Wound (parallel),
(c) Compound-wound
Compound-wound generators are further classified as cumulative-compound and
differential- compound.

Series-wound generator: - In the series-wound generator, shown in Fig 4.6, the field
windings are connected in series with the armature. Current that flows in the armature
flows through the external circuit and through the field windings. The external circuit
connected to the generator is called load circuit.

A series-wound generator uses very low resistance field coils, which consist of a few
turns of large diameter wire.

Fig 3.11 Series-wound generator

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The voltage output increases as the load circuit starts drawing more current. Under
low-load current conditions, the current that flows in the load and through the
generator is small. Since small current means that a small magnetic field is set up by
the field poles, only a small voltage is induced in the armature. If the resistance of the
load decreases, the load current increases. Under this condition, more current flows
through the field. This increases the magnetic field and increases the output voltage.
A series-wound dc generator has the characteristic that the output voltage varies with
load current. This is undesirable in most applications. For this reason, this type of
generator is rarely used in everyday practice.

Armature current

Ia=Ise=IL=I Terminal

voltage V=Eg-

I(Ra+Rse) Power

developed P=EgIa

Power delivered to the load= EgIa-I2(Ra+Rse)=I[Eg-I(Ra+Rse)]=VI

Shunt wound: - In this field winding is connected in parallel with the armature
conductors and have the full voltage of the generator applied across them. The field
coils consist of many turns of small wire. They are connected in parallel with the load.
In other words, they are connected across the output voltage of the armature.

Fig 4.7: Shunt wound

Current in the field windings of a shunt-wound generator is independent of the load

current (currents in parallel branches are independent of each other). Since field
current, and therefore field strength, is not affected by load current, the output
voltage remains more nearly constant than does the output voltage of the series-
woundgenerator.

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In actual use, the output voltage in a dc shunt-wound generator varies inversely as load
current varies. The output voltage decreases as load current increases because the
voltage drop across the armature resistance increases (E = IR).

In a series-wound generator, output voltage varies directly with load current. In the
shunt-wound generator, output voltage varies inversely with load current.
A combination of the two types can overcome the disadvantages of both. This
combination of windings is called the compound- wound dc generator.

• Armature current Ia=IL+Ish

• Shunt field current Ish=(V/Rsh)

• Terminal voltage V=Ish Rsh

• Power delivered P=Eg Ia

• Power given to the load =VIL

Compound-wound generator: -

Compound-wound generators have a series-field winding in addition to a shunt-field

winding, as shown in Fig 4.8. The shunt and series windings are wound on the same
pole pieces. They can be either short-shunt or long shunt as shown in Fig 4.8. In a
compound generator, the shunt field is stronger than the series field. When series
fieldaids the shunt field, generator is said to be commutatively-compounded. On the
other hand if series field opposes the shunt field, the generator is said to be
differentially compounded.

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In the compound-wound generator when load current increases, the armature voltage
decreases just as in the shunt-wound generator. This causes the voltage applied to the
shunt-field winding to decrease, which results in a decrease in the magnetic field. This
same increase in load current, since it flows through the series winding, causes an
increase in the magnetic field produced by that winding.

Short shunt compound wound generator: -

• Series field current Ise=IL

• Shunt field current Ish=(V+Ise Rse)/Rsh

• Terminal voltage V=Eg-Ia Ra-Ise Rse

• Power delivered P=Eg Ig

• Power given to the load =VIL

Long shunt compound wound generator:-

• Series field current Ise=IL=Ia=Ish+IL

• Shunt field current Ish=(V/Rsh)

• Terminal voltage V=Eg-Ia(Ra+Rse)

• Power delivered P=Eg Ig

• Power given to the load =VIL

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Module 3B
DC MOTOR
Principle of operation:
Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a force and
the force is given by:
F = 퐵I푙
Where F: Force experienced in Newtons
B: Flux Density of magnetic field in Wb/m2
I: current flowing through the conductor in amperes
l: length of the conductors in meters

By Fleming’s left-hand rule: -It states that “when the thumb, fore finger and middle
finger are held mutually perpendicular to each other, with the fore finger in the
direction of magnetic field, middle finger in the direction of the current, then
the direction of thumb indicates the direction of force experienced by the conductor”.

Principle of operation of a D.C. Motor

The principle of operation of a d.c. motor can be stated in a single statement as ‘when a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field; it experiences a mechanical force’. In a
practical d.c. motor, field winding produces a required magnetic field while armature
conductors play a role of a current carrying conductors and hence armature conductors
experience a force. As conductors are placed in the slots which are on the periphery, the
individual force experienced by the conductors acts as a twisting or turning force on the
armature which is called a torque. The torque is the product of force and the radius at which
this force acts. So overall armature experiences a torque and starts rotating. Let us study this
motoring action in detail.

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Consider a single conductor placed in a magnetic field as shown in the Fig. 3.1(a). The
magnetic field is produced by a permanent magnet but in a practical d.c. motor it is produced
by the field winding when it carries a current.

Figure 3.1: (a) conductors in a magnetic field, (b) flux produced by current carrying conductor.

Now this conductor is excited by a separate supply so that it carries a current in a particular
direction. Consider that it carries a current away from an observer as shown in the fig. 3.1(b).
Any current carrying conductor produces its own magnetic field around it, hence this conductor
also produces its own flux, around. The direction of this flux can be determined by right hand
thumb rule. For direction of current considered, the direction of flux around a conductor is
clockwise. For simplicity of understanding, the main flux produced by the permanent magnet is
not shown in the Fig. 3.1(b).

Now there are two fluxes present,

1. The flux produced by the permanent magnet called main flux.

2. The flux produced by the current carrying conductor.

These are shown in the fig.3.2(a). From this, it is clear that on one side of the conductor, both
the fluxes are in the same direction. In this case, on the left of the conductor there is gathering
of the flux lines as two fluxes help each other. As against this, on the right of the conductor, the
two fluxes are in opposite direction and hence try to cancel each other. Due to this, the density
of the flux lines in this area gets weakened. So on the left, there exists high flux density area
while on the right of the conductor there exists low flux density area as shown in the Fig. 3.2(b).

This flux distribution around the conductor acts like a stretched rubber band under tension. This
exerts a mechanical force on the conductor which acts from high flux density area towards low
flux density area, i.e, from left to right or the case considered as shown in the fig.3.2(b)

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Figure 3.2: (a) Interaction of two fluxes, (b) force experienced by the conductor.

Direction of Rotation of Motor

The magnetic of the force experienced by the conductor in a motor is given by,

F = BlI newtons (N)

B = Flux density due to the flux produced by the field winding

l = Active length of the conductor

I = Magnitude of the current passing through the conductor

The direction of such force i.e., the direction of rotation of a motor can be determined by
Fleming’s left hand rule. So Fleming’s right hand rule is to determine direction of induced
e.m.f. i.e., for generating action while Fleming’s left hand rule is to determine direction of
force experienced i.e. for motoring action.

Figure 3.4: Fleming’s left hand rule.

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Figure 3.5: Direction of force experienced by conductor

Back EMF (Eb):When the voltage V is applied to the motor, current Ia will flow through the
armature and Ish will flow through the field of the motor which will set the flux causing EMF. The
EMF developed in the armature opposes the applied voltage and hence it is called the back e.m.f
(Eb).The applied voltage V has to drivecurrent through the armature conductors against the opposition of

the back E.M.F andhence work has to be done. It is in the form of mechanical power developed by the
armature. The armature current Ia is given by eq (1)

Significance of Back EMF: Back EMF is a must in a motor which helps to regulate the armature
current and also the real cause for the production of torque.

Expression for the back Emf is given by E=V-IaRa,

Where E is the back emf, V is the applied emf, Ia is the armature current and
Ra is the armature circuit resistance. And also, E= PZNФ/60A volts, from the
machine parameters.

Torque Equation:
Torque is the turning moment about its axis. It is also equal to Force x Distance

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Consider the armature of the DC Motor of radius r and let F be the force acting
tangential to its surface as shown in Fig .
Therefore, Torque = Ta = F x r in Newton meter ------------------------- (1)

The work done by this force F in one revolution

W = F x distance covered in revolution

W = F x 2πr watt second.

The power developed by the armature = work done in one second.
= F x r x 2π N / 60 where N = No of revolutions / minute
= (2πN / 60) x Ta watts

But power developed in the armature =Eb Ia

The actual torque or shaft torque (torque available at the shaft) or

Useful torque =Tsh = Ta – TL whereTsh = shaft torque

Ta = armature torque
TL = lost torque due to iron losses and mechanical

losses Output = 2πNTsh/60

Tsh = output x 60 / 2πN

If output is in Horse Power,

Tsh = output in H.P x 735.5/(2πN/60) N-M

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Types of DC Motors

Separately Excited DC Motor: - As the name suggests, in caseof a separately excited

DC motor the supply is given separately to the field and armature windings. The
main distinguishing fact in these types of dc motor is that,the armature current does
not flow through the field windings, the field winding is energized from a
separate external source.
From the torque equation of dc motor we know Tg = Ka φ Ia So the torque in this case
can be varied by varying field flux φ, independent of the armature current Ia.

Self-Excited DC Motor:-In case of self-excited dc motor, the field winding is

connected either in series or in parallel or partly in series, partly in parallel to the
armature winding, and on this basis its further classified as

(1) DC Shunt Motor

(2) DC Series Motor
(3) DC Compound Motor
(i) Cumulative Compound Motor
(a) Long shunt
(b) Short shunt
(ii) Differential Compound Motor
(a) Long shunt
(b) Short shunt

DC Shunt Motor: -In this type of motor, the field winding is connected in parallel
with armature as shown in Fig 3.7. There are as many number of field coils as there
are poles. When connected to supply, constant voltage appears across the field
windings (as they are connected in parallel with armature). The field current is
therefore constant and is independent of the load current.Shunt field winding usually
are designed to have large number of turns of fine wire. Its resistance, therefore, is
high enough to limit the shunt field current to about 1 to 4 percent of the rated motor
current

Figure 3.7: DC Shunt Motor

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Ish = V/Rsh and Ia= I – Ish.

where I is the line current

Eb = V – Ia Ra – B.C.D – A.R.D

where B.C.D is brush contact drop (1 V/brush, A.R.D is the armature reaction drop

DC Series Motor: -A series motor receives its excitation from a winding which is connected
in series with the armature and carries load current Fig 3.8 dc series motor. As the series field
has to carry high load current, it is made of a thick wire and a few turns. As the resistance is
low, the voltage drop across the series winding is small.This motor has excellent starting and
over-load torque characteristics. The disadvantages are that the motor attains dangerously high
speed at no-load. Speed adjustment of the motor is somewhat difficult.

Ia = I = Ise

Eb = V – Ia (Ra +Rse) – B.C.D – A.R.D.

Figure 3.8: dc series motor

DC Compound Motor: -In compound motors excitation results from combined
action of both shunt field winding and series field winding. In the short-shunt
connection, which is sometimes used, the shunt field is directly connected in parallel
with the armature, in which case, the series field current is the same as the line current.
Excitation of a compound motor is a combination of series and shunt excitation. The
motor, therefore, has mixed characteristic between that of a series motor and a shunt
motor. These motors behaves somewhat better than a shunt motor from the point of

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view of starting and overload torque; and has definite stable no-load speed like a shunt
motor. Speed of this motor is adjustable as easily as that of a shunt motor. It’s speed,
however, tends to change as much as 25 percent between full-load and no-load due to
the effect of series winding.

Figure 3.9 Differential compound

Figure 3.10 Cumulative compound motor

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Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor:

(a) Ta/Ia characteristics (electrical characteristics):- As assumed that flux ϕ is
constant in the shunt machine

TaαIa

This implies that the characteristic is a straight line. Larger armature current is
required to start a heavy load. Therefore, a shunt motor should not be started on
heavy load.

(b) N/Ia characteristics: -

N (Eb/ϕ), As ϕ is assumed to be constant, NEb. As Ebis also practically constant,

the speed is constant.

However, to be accurate both Eb and ϕ decrease with increasing load. But Eb

decreases somewhat more than ϕ so that there is some decrease in speed, the drop
ranging from 5 to 15 % of full load, depending on certain other conditions. The
actual speed curvewill be somewhat dropping as shown by line AC.

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The characteristic does not have a point of zero armature current, because a small current
is necessary to maintain the rotation of motor at no-load.

As there is no change in the speed of shunt motor, during the transition from no load to
full load, it may be connected to loads which can be suddenly disconnected withoutfear of
excessive speeding.
(c) N/Ta characteristics or mechanical characteristics:-

The values of N and Ta for various armature currents Ia is shown. The speed falls as
the load torque increases.The N/Ta characteristic is of great importance
in determining which type of motor is best suited to drive a given load.

Characteristics of series motor

(a) Torque vs. armature current characteristic

Since T α Ia 2 in the linear zone and Tα Ia in the saturation zone, the T vs.
Ia characteristic is as shown in Fig. At light loads, Ia and hence ϕ is small, but as Ia
increases, Ta increases as the square of the current in a parabolic manner till the point
of saturation A is reached. After saturation ϕ is practically independent of Ia, hence Ta α
Ia and so that the characteristic becomes straight line.

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(b) Speed vs. armature current

The changes in speed can be determined from the formula

Nα (Eb/ϕ)

variation of Eb for different load currents is negligible that Eb may be treated as a

constant. If Ia is increased, flux ϕ too increases. So speed is inversely proportional to
the armature current.When there is heavy load Ia is large. But when the load
and consequently Ia decreases to a low value, the speed becomes dangerously high.
Hence, a series motor should invariably be started with some mechanical load on it, to
prevent excessive speed and damage due to heavy centrifugal forces produced.

(c) Speed vs. Torque characteristic

The speed vs torque characteristic of a series motor is shown. From the curve, it is
apparent that the series motor develops a high torque at low speed and vice versa. This
is because an increase in torque requires an increase in armature current, which is also
the field current. The result is that the flux is strengthened and hence speed drops.
Similarly, at low torque, the motor speed is high.

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Applications of DC Motors:

(1) DC Shunt Motor: When constant speed is required DC shunt motors are used.

Example: Lathes, Centrifugal pumps, fans, drilling machines. etc.

(2) DC Series Motor: For high starting torque we prefer DC series motor. Example:
Electric traction, electric locomotive, cranes, hoists, conveyors etc.

(3) DC Compound Motor: When we require constant speed and high starting torque
Cumulative compound motors are preferred. Example: shears, punches, coal cutting
machine, elevators, conveyors, printing presses etc. Differential compound motors
have no practical applications (being unstable).
Problems

1) A 6 pole lap wound dc generator has 51 slots, each slot has 18 conductors. The
useful flux per pole is 35 mwb. Find the generated emf in the armature, if it is
driven at a speed of 750 rpm.

Given: P = 6, A = P (lap wound)

51 slots with Conductors/slot =18

Total No. of conductors = 51* 18 = Z

ϕ= 35mwb; N =750 rpm,

emf generated

= 401.6 volts.

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2) An 8 pole d.c. generator has 650 armature conductors. The flux per pole is 20
mWb. Find the value of emf generated when the armature is wave wound and
is rotating at a speed of 1200 rpm. What must be speed at which the armature
is to be driven to generate the same emf, if the armature is lap wound.
generate the same emf, if the armature is
lap wound. Given: P = 8;
A = 2 (wave wound)
No. of conductors = 650
ϕ = 20 mWb; N = 1200 rpm,emf
generated
To find the speed of armature, when it is lap wound,

3) A d.c series motor is running with a speed 800 rpm while taking a current of
20 A from the supply. If the load is changed such that the current drawn by the
motor is increased to 50A, calculate the speed of the motor on new load. The
armature and series field winding resistances are 0.2 ohm and 0.3 ohm
respectively. Assume that the flux produced is proportional to the current.
Assume the supply voltage as 250 V.

or load 1, N1 = 800 rpm, I1 = Ia1 = 20 A

For load 2, I1 = Ia2 = 50
A
Eb1 = 240 V.......................... (Eb1 = V – Ia1 (Ra +
Rse)) Eb2 = 225 V .......................... (Eb2 = V – Ia2 (Ra + Rse))

N2 = 300 rpm

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4) The armature current of a series motor is 60 A when on full load. If the load
is adjusted so that this current decreases to 40 A, find the new torque
expressed as a percentage of full load torque. The flux for a current of 40 A is
70% of thatwhen the current is 60 A.

TϕIa,
i) Full load torque = Tfl = ϕ x 60
ii) T40 = 0.7 ϕ x 40
Tfl/ T40 = 60 ϕ/
(0.7 ϕx 40) T40 =
0.4667 Tfl
Torque at 40 A is 46.67% of full load torque
5) A 4 pole 250 V d.c. shunt motor has a back emf of 240.8 V and takes a
current of 20 A. Calculate the power developed. Take the resistance of the
field winding as 250 ohms.
P=4
V = 250 V
Eb= 240.8 V
IL=20A
Rsh= 250 ohms
Rsh= 250 ohms
Power developed = EbIa
Ia = IL – Ish and
Ish = V/Rsh
Ish = 250/250 =1 A
Ia = 20 – 1 = 19 A
Power developed =240.8 x 19 = 4572.8 W.

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6) A 230 V dc series motor takes 12 A and runs at 800 rpm. At what speed will
it run, when 10 ohm resistance is connected in series with the armature the
motor taking the same current at the same supply voltage. Take Ra and Rse
of the motor as 0.5 ohm each.

V = 230 V
IL = Ia = Ise = 12 A
Ra = Rse = 0.5 ohms
Eb1 = V – IseRse- IaRa.
= 230 - 12 x 0.5 - 12 x 0.5 = 218.
When 10-ohm resistance is connected in series with the armature, thenEb2
= V – Ise (Rse + Ra + 10)
= 230 - 12(0.5 + 10 + 0.5) = 98 V.
Let N2 be the corresponding speed then
Eb2/Eb1=(N2/N1) x (f1/f2)
Since f1 = f2
N2 = (Eb2/Eb1) xN1
N2 = 98 x 800/218 =359.6 rpm.

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