BBA 4/10/2021

Abdurrahman Sabir
Abdurrahmansabir27@gmail.com
MPhil Schoolar
Set
Set is a collection of well define and distinct objects is known as set. The objects that are in the
sets are called members or elements of that sets. Sets are usually denoted by capital letters such
as A, B, C, etc. while their elements are represented by small letters such as a, b, c, etc. elements
are denoted by braces {} to represent a set
A = {a, b, c, d} or B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
That is an elements of set, A, we write x A, which is read as “x belong to set A” or “x is in set
A” If it’s does not belong to A, such that x is not an elements of A, we write x A.
Example: Set of vowels in English alphabets.
Set of books in a library.

Set of students in a college etc.

Note: The objects in a set may be the numbers, people, letters, books, rivers etc.
Finite sets
A set consisting of finite number of elements is called finite set.
Example: Set of vowels
Set of months of a year
Set of days in a week
Infinite Sets
A set consisting of infinite number of elements is called infinite set.
Example: Set of points on a line

Set of stars on the sky

Set of odd numbers

Set of even numbers etc.

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Null Set
A set that contains no elements is called an empty set or null set.
It is also called empty sets and is denoted by the symbol  (phi) or {}.

Example: Number of male students in a girl’s college

Set of first semester statistics students older than 35 years etc.

Sub-Set
If each element of a set A is also the elements of set B then A is said to be the subset of B
written as: A  B
Example if A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Then A B
Through Venn diagram

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Note: It should be noted that a set A is always regarded a subset of itself and an empty set; is
considered to be (or accepted as) a subset of every set. Two sets A and B are equal or identical, if
and only if they contain exactly the same elements. That is A = B if and only if A B and
BA.
Proper Sub-Set
If a set B contains some but not all of the elements of another set A. while A contains
each element of B, i.e. if then the set B is defined to be proper subset.
BA and A ≠ B
Written as: A  B
Example: A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then A  B

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Improper Sub-Set
We call A is an improper sub set of B if A is a sub set B and A = B
Example: A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {1, 2, 3}
then A is an improper sub set of B
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Equal Sets
Two sets “A” and “B” are said to be equal, if they contain exactly the same elements.
In other words
If A  B and B  A then A = B
Example: A = {1, 2, 3}
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B = {1, 3, 2}
then A equal to B
Disjoint Sets
If there is no element common in between the two “A” and “B”, then they are called
disjoint sets. It is also called mutually exclusive sets.
Example: A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {a, b, c}
then A and B are disjoint sets. 1 2

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Overlapping sets
If at least one element is common in between two sets such that they are not subsets of
each other then they are called overlapping sets.
Example: : A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
Then A and B are overlapping sets

Power Set
The set of all possible sub-sets of a set is called power set and is denoted by P (A).
The number of subsets in power set may be counted by .
Example: A = {1, 2, 3}
Then power set contains subsets i.e.
P (A) = {{}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2,3}, {1, 2, 3}}
Universal Set
The set which is consisted of all the elements specified for some discussion is called universal
set”. It is denoted by U or S.
Product Set OR Cartesian product of Sets
The Cartesian product of sets “A” and “B” denoted by A B (read as “A” cross “B”) is
the set of elements that contains all the ordered pairs ( , y) where  A and y  B

Example: A  H ,T and B  1, 2



A B  H ,1,H , 2,T ,1, T, 2

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Tree diagram
A systematic method of finding Cartesian product through a diagram is called tree diagram.

Example: A  H , T and B  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

A B = {(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6),
(T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}

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Venn diagram
The simple and effective way of representing the relationships between sets
diagrammatically is called Venn diagram.
In Venn diagram the universal set U (or S) is represented by a rectangle and the sub sets
are represented by circles inside the rectangles
Example: A= {1, 2, 3, 4}
B= {4, 5, 6, 7}
then, they can be represented by the Venn diagram as
S

Operations on Sets
Like algebraic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division in mathematics, wehave basic operations on sets.
Such that
 Union of two sets
 Intersection of two set
 Difference of two sets
 Complement of a set
Union of sets
The union of two sets “A” and “B” is the set of all elements that belongs to “A” or to “B”
or to both “A” and “B”. The union of two sets “A” and “B” is denoted by A  B.
Example: A= {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {5, 6, 7, 8}
Then A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}