1

EARTH LEAKAGE DETECTOR USING

ARDUINO WITH GSM MODEM

[U17EEP7702 – PROJECT PHASE I]

A REPORT

Submitted by

KOWSALYA R - 17BEE080

NANNILA K - 17BEE092
SHALINI S - 17BEE110

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
COIMBATORE 641 049
DECEMBER 2020
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KUMARAGURU COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

COIMBATORE 641049

CERTIFICATE

The project work embodied in the present Report entitled “EARTH

LEAKAGE DETECTOR USING ARDUINO WITH GSM MODEM” has
been carried out in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore. The work reported herein is
original and does not form part of any other project or thesis or paper published
on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion or
to any other scholar.

I understand the Institution policy on plagiarism and declare that the

project report and publications are my own work, except where specifically
acknowledged and has not been copied from other sources or been previously
submitted for award or assessment.

KOWSALYA R - 17BEE080
NANNILA K - 17BEE092
SHALINI S - 17BEE110

Signature of project guide Signature of HOD-EEE

Dr.UDHAYSHANKAR.C, Prof./EEE Dr.K. MALARVIZHI.

Submitted to the viva-voce Examination held on 23/06/2021

Signature of the Internal Examiner Signature of the External Examiner

Mr. S ARUNKUMAR/AP/EEE Dr S JAGANATHAN/Prof/Dr NGPIT
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ABSTRACT

Protection system’s main function is to clear faults from the power system

at high speed to ensure safety.Minimize equipment damage and maintain power

system stability. If any current leaks from any electrical installation, there must-

be any insulation failure in the electrical circuit, it must be properly detected and

prevented otherwise there may be a high chance of electrical shock if-anyone

touches the installation. An earth leakage detector does it efficiently. Means it

detects the earth leakage current and makes the power supply off by opening the

associated circuit breaker

One terminal of the relay coil is connected to the metal body of the

equipment to be protected against earth leakage and other terminal is connected

to the earth directly. If any insulation failure occurs or live phase wire touches

the metal body, of the equipment, there must be a voltage difference appears

across the terminal of the coil connected to the equipment body and earth. This

voltage difference produces a current to flow the relay coil. If the fault occur it

will display on the LCD and give information through wireless communication.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to record my deep sense of gratitude and profound thanks to

KCT Management, Principal, Head of the Department and Project Coordinator
for the keen interest, inspiring guidance, constant encouragement with my work
during all stages, to bring this work into fruition.

We express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to our project guide
Dr.UDHAYSHANKAR.C, Prof./EEE, Kumaraguru College of Technology,
coimbatore for his/ her valuable suggestions and support.

We also thank the faculty and non-teaching staff members of the

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kumaraguru College of
Technology, Coimbatore , for their valuable support throughout the course of our
project work.

KOWSALYA R - 17BEE080

NANNILA K - 17BEE092

SHALINI S - 17BEE110
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
NO.
ABSTRACT 3
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 6
1 INTRODUCTION 7-8
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 7
1.2 FIELD OF THE PROJECT 7
1.3 OBEJCTIVES 7
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT 8
2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 9-19
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EARTH 9
LEAKAGE DETECTOR USING
ARDUINO WITH GSM MODEM
2.2 CONFIGURATION OF 10
COMPONENTS
2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 18
2.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE 19
COMPONENTS
3 IMPLEMETATION 20-21
3.1 ALGORITHM/FLOW CHART 20
3.2 IMPLEMENTATION 21
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23-25
4.1 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS 23
4.2 SIMULATION AND HARDWARE 25
RESULTS

5 CONCLUSION 26-34
5.1 CONCLUSION 26
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 26
APPENDIX 27
REFERENCES 34
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DC - DIRECT CURRENT

AC - ALTERNATING CURRENT

CT - CURRENT TRANSFORMER

LCD - LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

GSM - GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

This project enables us to prevent any damage to the person due to

earth shock by using the microcontroller. The power generated is used in many
ways, but if leakage or any other thing happens it will cause major effects. We
can monitor the voltage and current values which are generated during the course
of time through the LCD display. Fault may occur by,

The external sourses,

1) Man made causes.

Poor installations where there could be a breakdown in the

conductor insulation or moisture ingress.

The natural sources,

2) Lightning,

3) Falling of a tree.

1.2 FIELD OF THE PROJECT:

Field : This project is to detect the earth fault and indicate using alarm. It is
very useful in costal area and remote location to find the earth fault.

1.3 OBJECTIVES:

• Protection system’s main function is to clear faults from the power system
at high speed to ensure safety.
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• Minimize equipment damage and maintain power system stability.

• This system is fully automatic and no need of manual work.

• The information is given to the customer through wireless

communication.

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT:

CHAPTER 1 – Describes with the problem identification and objectives of

the project

CHAPTER 2 – Deals with the proposed system configuration and overall

structure of the project.

CHAPTER 3 – Focuses on the implementation of earth leakage detector

using Arduino.

CHAPTER 4 – Presents the result of earth leakage detector using Arduino

with GSM modem.

CHAPTER 5 – Points the conclusion of the project results and future

scope of the project.

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CHAPTER 2

PROPOSED SYSTEM

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

The overall block diagram of the Earth Leakage Detector using Arduino with
GSM modem. 1)block diagram of power supply 2)block diagram of control unit

.
STEP DOWN
DIODE
TRANSFORMER
RECTIFIER
AC 220V 220V/12V
AC-DC

7805 FILTER
REGULATOR

LCD DISPLAY

4 5 6 7

En D5 D0 D1 D2 D3

UNIT

ARDUINO
CT1 A0

LOAD
RELAY
UNIT

CT2 A1
Rx GSM
Tx
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2.2 CONFIGURATION OF COMPONENTS:

The system structure represents the connection of the individual components

and their working principle.

2.2.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

Current transformers are the current-sensing units of the power

system and are used at generating stations, electrical substations, and in industrial
and commercial electric power distribution. A current transformer (CT) is a type
of transformer that is used to reduce or multiply an alternating current (AC). It
produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its
primary.

A CT for operation on a 110 kv grid Current transformers, along with

voltage or potential transformers, are instrument transformers. Instrument
transformers scale the large values of voltage or current to small, standardized
values that are easy to handle for measuring instruments and protective relays.
The instrument transformers isolate measurement or protection circuits from the
high voltage of the primary system. A current transformer provides a secondary
current that is accurately proportional to the current flowing in its primary. The
current transformer presents a negligible load to the primary circuit.

Current transformers can be mounted on the low voltage or high

voltage leads of a power transformer. The CTs shall be suitable for metering
purpose. The CTs shall be of ring type or window type (bar type or bus-bar type
CTs shall not be accepted).

The secondary leads shall be terminated with Tinned Cooper rose

contact terminals with arrangements for sealing purposes.
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Fig:2.2.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

2.2.2 ARDUINO:

Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the

ATmega328P . It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used
as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much
about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip
for a few dollars and start over again.

ATmega328P is a high performance yet low power consumption 8-bit

AVR microcontroller that’s able to achieve the most single clock cycle
execution of 131 powerful instructions thanks to its advanced RISC
architecture. It can commonly be found as a processor in Arduino boards
such as Arduino Fio and Arduino Uno.
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Features:

High endurance non-volatile memory segments

• In system self-programmable flash program memory.

• Programming Lock for software security.

Peripheral features

• Two 8-bit Timer/Counter with separate prescaler, compare mode.

• One 16-bit Timer/Counter with separate prescaler, compare mode, and
capture mode.
• Temperature measurement.
• Programmable serial USART and watchdog timer with separate on-chip
oscillator.

Parametrics

Program Memory Type Flash

Program Memory Size 32

CPU Speed (MIPS/DMIPS) 20

SRAM (KB) 2,048

Data EEPROM/HEF (bytes) 1,024

Digital Communication Peripheral 1-UART, 2-SPI, 1-I2C

Capture/Compare/PWM Peripheral 1 Input Capture, 1 CCP, 6PWM

Timers/Counters 2 x 8-bit, 1x 16 bit

Number of Comparators 1
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Temperature Range -40 to 85deg

Operating Voltage Range (V) 1.8 to 5.5V

Pin Count 32

Low Power Yes

Fig:2.2.2 ARDUINO

2.2.3 LIQUID CRSTAL DISPLAY:

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the

properties of both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point,
they have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as
mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered
form similar to a crystal.

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material
sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are
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coated with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or

patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the
electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules
to maintain a defined orientation angle.

One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These
polarisers would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite
angle, in a particular direction

When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two
polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the
LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.
When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal
molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays
passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would
result in activating / highlighting the desired characters.

The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness.

Since the LCD’s consume less power, they are compatible with low power
electronic circuits, and can be powered for long durations. The
LCD’s don’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By
using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s have long
life and a wide operating temperature range. Changing the display size or
the layout size is relatively simple which makes the LCD’s more customer
friendly. The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and
measuring instruments are the simple seven-segment displays, having a
limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in technology have
resulted in better legibility, more information displaying capability and a
wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCDs being
extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The
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LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for
the display of text and graphics, and also in small TV applications.

Fig :2.2.3 LIQUID DISPLAY

2.2.4 DIODE RECTIFIER:

A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction.
That is the current should always flow from the Anode to cathode. The
cathode terminal can be identified by using a grey bar as shown in the
picture.

For 1N4007 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it with

stand peaks up to 30A.Hence we can use this in circuits that are designed
for less than 1A. The reverse current is 5uA which is negligible. The power
dissipation of this diode is 3W.
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Fig 2.2.4 DIODE RECTIFIER

2.2.5 RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input

terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating
contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in
multiple, contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations thereof.

Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent

low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal
repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting
it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges
and early computers to perform logical operations.

2.2.6 GSM MODULE:

The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT

module which can be embedded in the customer applications. Featuring
an industry-standard interface, the SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS
850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for voice, SMS,
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Data, and Fax in a small form factor and with low power consumption.
With a tiny configuration of 24mm x 24mm x 3 mm, SIM900 can fit almost
all the space requirements in your M2M application, especially for slim
and compact demand of design.

Fig 2.2.6 GSM module

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2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 2.3 Circuit diagram

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2.4 DESCRIPTION:

This project demonstrates the design of working model of Earth leakage

detector using Arduino with GSM modem.
In this, the project demonstrate the design of working model of earth
leakage detector using GSM modem.
In this proposed system, the new method is proposed to detect the fault
with no need of manual work and the system is fully automatic.
In this project, the system is consists of 3 units
* Power unit
* Control unit
* Protection unit
In this the power unit which is mainly a power supply for the system and
here we convert AC to DC current using step down transformer, diode rectifier,
capacitor filter and then regulator.
In this the control unit, the fault from the current sensor is given as the
input to the Arduino nano. Here we calibrate and compared the current values. If
any of the values are greater the circuit will cut off.
In this the protection unit, the buzzer will turn on and the LCD display
indicates the earth leakage detect then the message is sent to the customer
through the GSM modem.
In addition to the existing system we also using GSM module to update
the status for the customer.
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CHAPTER 3

IMPLEMENTATION OF EARTH LEAKAGE DETECTOR USING

ARDUINO WITH GSM MODEM

3.1 FLOW CHART:

START

NO
Inputs are given to the arduino

The system
has no fault

Compare
the values
YES

STOP

If CT1>CT2 or
If CT1=CT2
CT1<CT2

Send SMS
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3.2 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION:

The Software used are

• Proteus Professional
• Arduino IDE

PROTEUS PROFESSIONAL:

The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for
electronic design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design
engineers and technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for
manufacturing printed circuit boards.

Schematic Capture

Schematic capture in the Proteus Design Suite is used for both the simulation of
designs and as the design phase of a layout project. It is therefore a core
component and is included with all product configurations.

Microcontroller simulation

The micro-controller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a hex file

or a debug file to the microcontroller part on the schematic. It is then co-
simulated along with any analog and digital electronics connected to it. This
enables its use in a broad spectrum of project prototyping in areas such as motor
control, temperature control and user interface design. It also finds use in the
general hobbyist community and, since no hardware is required, is convenient to
use as a training or teaching tool.

Full feature (ISIS) schematic capture with support for hierarchical design bus
pins configurable bill of materials and much more, ISIS lies at the heart of the
Proteus system, and is far more than just another schematics package. It
combines a powerful design environment with the ability to define most aspects
of the drawing appearance. Whether your requirement is the rapid entry of
complex designs for simulation and PCB layout, or the creation of attractive
schematics for publication, ISIS is the tool for the job. ISIS supports Object
oriented editor with automatic wire routing and dot placement or removal.
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ARDUINO IDE:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform

application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions from C and
C++. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but
also, with the help of third-party cores, other vendor development boards.

The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload
it to the board. This software can be used with any Arduino board.

The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License.
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring
project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-
written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the
main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into
an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included
with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program to convertthe
executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the
Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

With the rising popularity of Arduino as a software platform, other vendors

started to implement custom open-source compilers and tools (cores) that can
build and upload sketches to other microcontrollers that are not supported by
Arduino's official line of microcontrollers.
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CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS:

Table 4.1 ARDUINO ATMEGA 328p

Input voltage 6-20 V

DC current per I/O pin 20 mA

DC current for 3.3V pin 50 mA

Table 4.2 LCD DISPLAY

Input voltage 4.7 to 5.3 V

Current Consumption 1 mA

Function 16Chr*2lines
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Table 4.3 RELAY

Trigger Voltage (V across coil) 5V DC

Trigger Current (Nominal Current) 70 mA

Maximum switching 300 operating/minute

Table 4.4 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Input Voltage (V across coil) 220V to 250V AC

Input Current 70 mA to 6A

Output Voltage 5V AC

Table 4.5 GSM SIM800A

Input voltage 5v DC

DC current per I/O pin 20 mA

DC current for 3.3V pin 50 mA

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4.2 SIMULATION RESULTS:

Fig 4.2 SIMULATION OUTPUT

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CHAPTER 5

5.1 CONCLUSION:

In this, detecting the earth leakage system by a microcontroller is

discussed. The procedure consists of building the schematic design, simulation,
and software design.

A digital earth leakage detection system was designed in the environment

in which processing work was carried out by the microcontroller and its results,
in different situations were discussed using software simulation. Simulation tests
in possible events were done. The whole system was controlled through a
microcontroller which changes the analogue nature of earth leakage detection to
the digital one and adds an ease and luxury at the user end.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

Can be used to detect the overload.

Can be used in home purpose.

This system is easy to implement and economical.

Can be used to secure the electrical equipment from fluctuations.

We can also increasing the delay timing.

This project is very useful in costal area and remote location to find the
earth fault.
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APPENDIX

HARDWARE OUTPUT

i)NORMAL CONDITION ii)FAULT CONDITION

iii)INDICATION THROUGH GSM

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SOURCE CODE:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

#include <EEPROM.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(13,12,11,10,9,8);

enum _actionState {

AS_IDLE,

AS_WAITING_FOR_RESPONSE

};

byte actionState = AS_IDLE;

unsigned long lastActionTime = 0;

//const int emg = 2; //sms key

unsigned char val[10];

unsigned char
EB,unit,amt,EB1,unit1,sec=0,se=0,yy=0,ss=0,ar=0,ae=0,ct,pt,ct1;

unsigned char xx = 0;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

delay(1000);

lcd.begin(20, 2);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(" EARTH LEAKAGE ");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
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lcd.print(" DETCTOR ");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

void loop()

ct = analogRead(A0);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("CT1:");

Lcd_Decimal3(4,0,ct);delay(50);

ct1 = analogRead(A1);

lcd.setCursor(8,0);

lcd.print("CT2:");

Lcd_Decimal3(12,0,ct1);delay(50);

if(ct>ct1+50)

ar=1;

lcd.setCursor(0,1);lcd.print(" EARTH LEAKAGE ");

delay(2000);

send_msg1();

else {

ar=0;

lcd.setCursor(0,1);lcd.print(" NORMAL ");

}
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void decimal2(char a,char b,unsigned char val)

char x0;

lcd.setCursor(b,a);

lcd.write((val/100)+0x30);

x0=val%100;

lcd.setCursor(b+1,a);

lcd.write((x0/10)+0x30);

lcd.setCursor(b+2,a);

lcd.write((x0%10)+0x30);

void Lcd_Decimal3(unsigned char com,unsigned char com1,unsigned int val)

unsigned int Lcd_h,Lcd_hr,Lcd_t,Lcd_o;

lcd.setCursor(com,com1);

Lcd_h=val/100;

Lcd_hr=val%100;

Lcd_t=Lcd_hr/10;

Lcd_o=Lcd_hr%10;

lcd.setCursor(com,com1);

lcd.write(Lcd_h+0x30);

lcd.setCursor(com+1,com1);

lcd.write(Lcd_t+0x30);

lcd.setCursor(com+2,com1);
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lcd.write(Lcd_o+0x30);

void gsm_init()

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(" Gsm Initialize ");

Serial.println("AT"); // ATTENTION COMMAND

delay(2000);

Serial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); // COMMAND MESSAGE FORMAT=1-

>TEXT MODE

delay(1000);

Serial.println("AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0"); // COMMAND NEW MESSAGE

INDICATION

delay(1000);

Serial.println("AT+CREG=2"); // TOWER CHECK

delay(1000);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("GSM Init Over... ");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

void send_msg1()

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Sending Message");
 32

Serial.print("AT+CMGS="); delay(100);

Serial.write('"');

Serial.print("9095599000");

Serial.write('"');

Serial.write(0x0d);Serial.write(0x0a);

delay(1000);

Serial.print("CURRENT 1:");

Serial.println(ct);delay(50);

Serial.println(ct);delay(50);

Serial.print("CURRENT 2:");

Serial.println(ct1);delay(50);

if(ar==0){Serial.println("NORMAL");}

if(ar==1){Serial.println("EARTH
LEAKAGE");Serial.println("LOCATION:MGR NAGAR,NAMAKAL");}

Serial.write(0x0d);Serial.write(0x0a); delay(1000);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(" Message Sent ");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

void serial_Decimal3(unsigned char val)

unsigned int Lcd_h,Lcd_hr,Lcd_t,Lcd_o;

Lcd_h=val/100;

Lcd_hr=val%100;
 33

Lcd_t=Lcd_hr/10;

Lcd_o=Lcd_hr%10;

Serial.write(Lcd_h+0x30);

Serial.write(Lcd_t+0x30);

Serial.write(Lcd_o+0x30);
 34

REFERENCES:

[1] Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Rolin D. McKinlay, Danny Causey “PIC

Microcontroller and Embeddedsystem using Assembly and C for PIC18”.

[2] Microchip “Datasheet of PIC18F452”.

[3] Zoolnasri Bin Abu Harun, University Malaysia Pahang, “Over Current
Protection Relay Using PICMicro Controller”, Project report. PP 1-24

[4] “Microcontroller based fault detection”, International Journal of

Advancements in Research &Technology, Volume 1, Issue 5, October-2012 1
ISSN 2278-7763

[5] “Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset for Temporary Fault and Trip
for Permanent Fault”,Sathish Bakanagari1, A. Mahesh Kumar2, M. Cheenya3
12(Asst.prof in EEE Department) 3(Asst.Prof in ECE Department) Mahaveer
Institute of Scienceand Technology, bandlaguda, Hyderabad.A.P.